Abstract: A method for performing quantum control on infinitesimal quanta includes: an independent reaction space provision step, wherein at least one three-dimensional closed space is provided; an infinitesimal-quantum kinetic energy enhancement step, wherein differently shaped reaction elements are provided on at least one inner surface of each closed space, each reaction element having at least two slits and plural pores; and a parameter control step, wherein at least a first reaction parameter is provided, and, upon occurrence thereof, wave control is performed on a corresponding one of the at least one closed space. The method provides an executable quantum control mechanism which is meaningful in terms of reaction and capable of modifying the properties of matter in a purely physical manner, such that a wavefunction is controlled to provide different energies, thereby providing assistance to environmental improvement techniques, agricultural techniques, and traditional medical techniques.

Abstract: A method and an apparatus are described for use in the irradiation of fluids. The apparatus has an elongate conduit (312) having a central axis (334) and two or more elongate ultraviolet radiation sources (114) extending along the interior of the conduit for irradiation of the fluid within the conduit. An array of static mixer elements (300) is located within the conduit, and the two or more elongate ultraviolet radiation sources (114) are arranged to extend through apertures in deflection surfaces of the static mixer elements making up the array (300). The apparatus and method allows for reliable and uniform ultraviolet irradiation of fluids of low UV transmissivity, such as turbid fluids, particularly for ultraviolet disinfection of such fluids. Wipers may be fitted to the static mixer elements to enable relative movement between the static mixer elements and the surfaces of the elongate ultraviolet radiation sources to clean the surfaces of the sources without need to dismantle the apparatus.

Abstract: A highly portable solar UV disinfection and water storage container with a uniquely traceable security seal that passively indicates by means of a permanent photochromic color change the efficacy of the UV disinfection process performed upon the drinking water within the sealed container.

Abstract: Disclosed herein are methods of performing microchemical reactions and electro- wetting-on-dielectric devices (EWOD devices) for use in performing those reactions. These devices and method are particularly suited for preparing radiochemical compounds, particularly compounds containing 18F.

Abstract: Methods and reagents for photo-initiated carbonylation with carbon-isotope labeled carbon monoxide using amines and alkyl/aryl iodides are provided. The resultant carbon-isotope labeled amides are useful as radiopharmaceuticals, especially for use in Positron Emission Tomography (PET). Associated kits for PET studies are also provided.

Abstract: This invention relates to a system and a method for generating emulsified fuels for improved fuel efficiency of combustion devices with reduced specific fuel consumption rate and emissions, comprising at least a continuous phase fuel, a dispersed phase component, and an infrared radiation source whose infrared radiation spans at least a portion of 3-16 micrometers wavelength spectrum. In said system the continuous phase fuel and/or dispersed phase component are exposed to said infrared before or during emulsification. The continuous phase fuel may be selected from fossil fuels, biofuels, alcohol fuels, vegetable oils, or any combustible liquid fuels, while the dispersed phase component may be oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen, carbon monoxide, methane, propane, butane, any petroleum gas, hydrogen peroxide, or water. The emulsified fuels can be used in combustion devices such as internal combustion engines, boilers, burners, or gas turbines.

Abstract: A method for sorting carbon nanotubes (CNTs) is disclosed. In one embodiment, a method for sorting CNTs of the present disclosure comprises providing to a surface of a substrate, the surface modified with a trans isomer of photo-isomerization-reactive diazo compound, a dispersion containing a mixture of conducting CNTs and semiconducting CNTs; removing CNTs which are not associated with the modified surface from the surface; and irradiating the modified surface to detach the CNTs associated with the modified surface.

Abstract: A process has been developed to selectively dissociate target molecules into component products compositionally distinct from the target molecule, wherein the bonds of the target molecule do not reform because the components are no longer reactive with each other. Dissociation is affected by treating the target molecule with light at a frequency and intensity, alone or in combination with a catalyst in an amount effective to selectively break bonds within the target molecule. Dissociation does not result in re-association into the target molecule by the reverse process, and does not produce component products which have a change in oxidation number or state incorporated oxygen or other additives because the process does not proceed via a typical reduction-oxidation mechanism. Target molecules include ammonia for waste reclamation and treatment, PCB remediation, and targeted drug delivery.

Abstract: Disclosed is a mobile type electron accelerator which enables a high voltage generator and a beam extraction device irradiating electron beams, and a reactor to be safely placed in containers mounted on trailers of a vehicle having mobility so as to allow a sample (for example, waste water, waste gas, and a sample to be investigated) to be tested in real time while maximally suppressing danger of environmental pollution or radiation exposure, thereby assuring rapidity, field applicability, and accuracy.

Abstract: The present invention provides a method for making hypericin comprising the steps of converting a protohypericin to a protohypericin salt, and irradiating the protohypericin salt with visible light to form hypericin. The present invention also provides an apparatus comprising a transparent column having a top end and a bottom end, an inlet attached to the column at the top end to flow reactants into the column, a container attached to the column at the bottom end; and a visible light source positioned to cast light on to the column. The present invention further provides a method for making hypericin using said apparatus.

Abstract: A fluid feed stream is flowed, subject to electromagnetic pulses, to a filter element via an input feed conduit for the filter element. A coil assembly is disposed about the input feed conduit and an AC power source is connected with the coil assembly. The AC power source has a period including first and second half-cycles of opposing polarities. A switch in series with the coil assembly forms a series connected circuit. A second switch connected with the coil assembly forms a second circuit. A control means closes the first switch and opens the second switch during a first half-cycle of the AC power source. During a second half-cycle, the control means closes and then opens the second switch to produce a first large ringing pulse in the coil assembly. A subsequent pulse may be produced either before or after the first pulse substantially decays.

Abstract: Methods and reagents for photo-initiated carbonylation with carbon-isotope labeled carbon monoxide using alkyl/aryl iodides with carbanion precursors pretreated by a base are provided. The resultant carbon-isotope labeled ketones, and pharmaceutical acceptable salts and solvates are useful as radiopharmaceuticals, especially for use in Positron Emission Tomography (PET). Associated kits and method for PET studies are also provided.

Abstract: An optical reactor has a reactor enclosure defining a reaction chamber. In the reaction chamber, a light source operating at a very high frequency is arranged to radiate light to a fluid to be treated. A low voltage electrode is arranged to surround the light source. The light source is energized by a driving circuit which is arranged adjacent to the reactor enclosure. The driving circuit has a high voltage output terminal connected to a high voltage input terminal of the light source. The driving circuit has a low voltage output terminal which is connected to the low voltage electrode.

Abstract: A solar reflector assembly is provided for generating energy from solar radiation. The solar reflector assembly is configured to be deployed on a supporting body of liquid and to reflect solar radiation to a solar collector. A solar reflector assembly comprises an inflatable elongated tube having an upper portion formed at least partially of flexible material and a lower ballast portion formed at least partially of flexible material. A reflective sheet is coupled to a wall of the tube to reflect solar radiation. The elongated tube has an axis of rotation oriented generally parallel to a surface of a supporting body of liquid. The lower ballast portion may contain photocatalytic particles.

Abstract: The invention described herein generally pertains to utilization of high power density microwave energy to reduce organic compounds to carbon and their constituents, primarily in a gaseous state. The process includes, but is not limited to, scrap tires, plastics, asphalt roofing shingles, computer waste, medical waste, municipal solid waste, construction waste, shale oil, and PCB/PAH/HCB-laden materials. The process includes the steps of feeding organic material into a microwave applicator and exposing the material to microwave energy fed from at least two linear polarized sources in non-parallel alignment to each other, and collecting the material. The at least two sources of microwave energy are from a bifurcated waveguide assembly, whose outputs are perpendicular to each other and fed through waveguide of proper impedance, such that the microwave sources are physically and electrically 90° out of phase to each other. The microwave frequency is between 894 and 1000 MHz, preferably approximately 915 MHz.

Abstract: Apparatus and methods for the photochemical purification of fluids are disclosed. Fluids containing organic, inorganic and/or microbiological contaminants are treated by photochemical processes in a hybrid photoreactor incorporating a photocatalyst bonded to a light transmissive fiber substrate within at least a portion of the fluid and light sources to illuminate the fluid and photocatalyst. Photochemical processes include photocatalytic oxidation, photocatalytic reduction, photoadsorption, photolysis and photodisinfection. Some aspects of the disclosure include optimization of distribution of photocatalyst within the fluid, optimization of mass transport of contaminants by distribution of randomly-oriented fiber substrate, optimization of photoefficiency by control of light source wavelengths, use of LEDs to achieve optimized light source wavelengths, optimization of light delivery from light sources to fluid, and use of a microprocessor to optimize system performance.

Abstract: An apparatus for treating the interior of containers includes a chamber for holding a container and provides precursor materials via an annulus formed by coaxially arranged electrodes at which plasma is created upon application of voltage and the container is treated.

Abstract: A processing apparatus that is formed from a plurality of metal layers that are stacked and aligned together and then connected together to form one or more portions of the processing apparatus.

Abstract: An ozone generator cartridge 60 suitable for a sterilisation, decontamination and/or sanitation device. The cartridge comprises a sealable housing 60 for providing a corona discharge, the housing containing at least one power supply unit 64 and at least one inlet 65 for connection to an oxygen or air supply, the cartridge including at least part of at least one ozone conversion cell 63 attached to and extending from an external surface of a wall of the sealed housing, the conversion cell extending into a delivery conduit 52 of a decontamination device that leads to at least one discharge outlet 16.

Abstract: A liquid supply apparatus capable of removing micro-bubbles and particles is described, including a pipe, a laser provider and at least one micro-bubble/particle outlet. The laser provider provides a laser crossing the pipe, wherein the laser is provided in a manner such that a micro-bubble/particle blocking/repelling barrier is formed crossing the pipe blocking or repelling micro-bubbles, particles or both in the liquid in the pipe. The micro-bubble/particle outlet is disposed on the pipe between the barrier and the liquid inlet of the pipe, adjacent to the barrier for discharging micro-bubbles, particles or both.

Abstract: A liquid supply apparatus capable of removing micro-bubbles and particles is described, including a pipe, a laser provider and at least one micro-bubble/particle outlet. The laser provider provides a laser crossing the pipe, wherein the laser is provided in a manner such that a micro-bubble/particle blocking/repelling barrier is formed crossing the pipe blocking or repelling micro-bubbles, particles or both in the liquid in the pipe. The micro-bubble/particle outlet is disposed on the pipe between the barrier and the liquid inlet of the pipe, adjacent to the barrier for discharging micro-bubbles, particles or both.

Abstract: Improvements to a triple helical flow vortex reactor improve the radio-transparent portion of the reactor. A central part is added thereto consisting of an electrically conductive, non-magnetic material. A movable electrode configured to controllably extend into a zone, discharge and retract. A protrusion on the wall optionally aids in the discharge. A feedstock injection unit includes nested pipes: an outer pipe conveys coolants and the inner pipe conveys feedstock. An additional fuel inlet may be connected to an additional reaction chamber connected in series to the reaction chamber. The central part may be porous permitting inward flow of fuel. Slots penetrating the inner wall of the central part enhance the introduction of magnetic and electric fields. An outer shell over the reaction chamber is configured to flow coolant over the outer wall of the reaction chamber.

Abstract: A waste treatment system processes waste upon the application of energy. The system includes a vessel that has an open space that receives waste feedstock. At least two plasma electrodes are mounted to the vessel. An electrode movement control system may position the plasma electrodes to facilitate a pryolysis process to treat the waste feedstock.

Abstract: A system includes an emissions control system. The emissions control system includes a chemical injection conduit. The emissions control system also includes a chemical injector coupled to the chemical injection conduit, wherein the chemical injector is configured to output an emissions control chemical into the chemical injection conduit. The emissions control system further includes a wave generator coupled to the chemical injection conduit, wherein the wave generator is configured to output multiple waves that propagate through the chemical injection conduit into a flow path of combustion products to drive improved mixing of the emissions control chemical with the combustion products.

Abstract: This invention concerns with the plasma inactivating method and processor that can inactivate the surface of the object without causing the degradation inside of it. The inactivation of toxins on the surface of the object proceeds as removing the toxins by nitriding or oxidizing the toxins by the following triple effects, the sharp pulsed electric field by the supply of the electric pulses, the generated N-radicals (N*) contained inside of the plasma in the surrounding gases composed mainly by N2 gas under the low pressure.

Abstract: Apparatus, method and system for delivering sterile unit dose of ozone. System includes sterile vial containing oxygen and corona discharge assembly. Sterile vial is engaged to ozone conversion unit having high voltage transformer, ozone measurement mechanism, data input mechanism, and displayed read-out. When power is supplied to sterile vial containing corona discharge assembly, oxygen is converted to specified concentration of ozone. Sterile vial is disengaged from ozone conversion unit, drawing port is attached, and needle or similar extraction tool is used to withdrawal ozone for treatment.

Abstract: A plasma gasification reactor, and process for its operation, with one or both of, first, a quench zone within an upper part of a top section of the reactor and, second, feed ports through a lateral wall of a middle section of the reactor for supplying feed material to a feed bed within the middle section and the feed ports located proximate the feed bed. The quench zone is provided with nozzles for introducing a fluid to reduce the temperature of molten solid bits sufficiently to minimize their sticking within external ductwork. The middle section feed port arrangement assists in more thorough reaction of light particles in the feed material that may otherwise exit with gaseous products.

Abstract: A cathode electrode for plasma generation. The cathode is made of graphite with highly ordered structure such as Pyrolitic Graphite or Carbon-Carbon composites. Furthermore, carbon containing gases will be used as plasma gas. The cathode will allow for theoretically an unlimited lifetime of the cathode.

Abstract: There is disclosed a composition for converting electromagnetic energy to ultraviolet C (UVC) radiation or radiation of a shorter wavelength, the composition comprising at least one phosphor capable of converting an initial electromagnetic energy (A) to an electromagnetic energy (B) comprising UVC radiation or radiation of a shorter wavelength, and an organic or inorganic media containing said phosphor. There is also a method of sterilizing an article by exposing it to UVC radiation or radiation of a shorter wavelength for a time sufficient to deactivate or kill at least one microorganism and/or for a time sufficient to inhibit abnormal cell growth within the body, when said composition is in an implantable medical device. A method of coating an article with such compositions is also disclosed.

Abstract: A method and apparatus is described comprising of a plurality of electromagnetic resonant structures coupled to a common process or reaction volume, such that resonance of each structure is maintained while the process or reaction volume is a part of each resonant structure. At the same time, each resonant structure is matched to its respective electromagnetic generator. Such a system allows each generator and its delivery system to run at rated power, with summation of all the powers occurring in the common process or reaction volume. In various embodiments of this invention, the various electromagnetic generators can run at the same or different frequencies. The various resonant structures can be single mode or multimode, or a mixture of single mode and multi mode. The various resonant structures can be arranged spatially in order to couple several structures to the process or reaction volume.

Abstract: A device and method for inactivating infectious biological or chemical agents using microwave-activated diazoluminomelanin (DALM). The agents are typically vacuumed into a load cavity, which is at least partially filled with DALM. The load is irradiated with microwaves via a cylindrical waveguide disposed under the load cavity, thereby inactivating or destroying the agents. The system is preferably temperature controlled and operation is preferably automated.

Abstract: A method for treating a material comprising: applying energy to a predetermined portion of the material in a controlled manner such that the local chemistry of the predetermined portion is altered to provide a predetermined result. When the material is a shape memory material, the predetermined result may be to provide an additional memory to the predetermined portion or to alter the pseudo-elastic properties of the shape memory material. In other examples, which are not necessarily restricted to shape memory materials, the process may be used to adjust the concentration of components at the surface to allow the formation of an oxide layer at the surface of the material to provide corrosion resistance; to remove contaminants from the material; to adjust surface texture; or to generate at least one additional phase particle in the material to provide a nucleation site for grain growth, which in turn, can strengthen the material.

Abstract: A system for increasing the conversion efficiency in a Fischer Tropsch based reactor system operating at low pressure for treating reactants or an exhaust stream generated by industrial processes. CO or CO2 are sequestered and the gas is converted into a useful fuel. A plasma converter is used to generate the primary reactant which is hydrogen.

Abstract: Method and device for inactivating a microbiologically contaminated mass containing solid particles. The method includes mixing the mass containing solid particles with a gelatinizing agent, transporting the mixed mass of solid particles and gelatinizing agent through a shaping device structured so that the mixed mass, at least in one area, is shaped to form a lamellar volume with a layer thickness of between 1 mm and 3 mm, and impinging the formed lamellar volume of the mixed mass with accelerated electrons.

Abstract: Methods and reagents for photo-initiated carbonylation with carbon-isotope labeled carbon monoxide using alkyl/aryl iodides with sulfoxides and triethylamine are provided. The resultant carbon-isotope labeled acids, and pharmaceutical acceptable salts and solvates are useful as radiopharmaceuticals, especially for use in Positron Emission Tomography (PET). Associated kits and method for PET studies are also provided.

Abstract: In various embodiments, the present disclosure describes fullerene derivatives that are capable of photocatalytically generating reactive oxygen species in the presence of ultraviolet and/or visible light. In some embodiments, the fullerene derivatives are aminofullerenes containing a plurality of amine-terminated moieties covalently bonded to the fullerene cage. The fullerene derivatives may optionally be covalently bonded to a substrate surface for use in photocatalytic disinfection systems for removing various contaminants including, for example, bacteria, viruses, protozoa and chemical pollutants. Methods using the present fullerene and aminofullerene derivatives in various purification processes are also described herein.

Abstract: A chemical reactor comprises a microwave irradiating apparatus and a chemical reaction apparatus. The microwave irradiating apparatus comprises a microwave generator and a microwave irradiating cavity (3). The chemical reaction apparatus comprises a tank (2) and a device for controlling the flow of the material. At least a part of the tank (2) is located in the microwave irradiating cavity (3). The chemical reactor can be used for chemical reactions of all kinds of liquid materials, especially multiphase reactions, multiphase catalytic reaction, and the chemical reaction with its reactive materials having high viscosity, semi-solid phase, and high fouling tendency. When the chemical reaction apparatus is used for chemical reaction for producing gaseous byproducts, it can increase the conversion rate of reactants and the yield of product.

Abstract: There is provided an ignition or plasma generation apparatus that eliminates the need for resonance means in a combustion chamber and simplifies the electrode structure within the combustion chamber in an instance where energy from each of a spark discharge and microwaves is used to ignite an air-fuel mixture gas in an internal combustion engine. The ignition or plasma generation apparatus includes a mixing circuit for mixing a high-voltage pulse from a high-voltage pulse generator and microwave energy from a microwave generator; and an ignition plug into which an output from the mixing circuit is supplied, the plug used for introducing the output into a combustion chamber of an internal combustion engine. The output supplied from the mixing circuit to the ignition plug is supplied in a manner in which the microwave energy and the high-voltage pulse are superimposed on each other on a same transmission line.

Abstract: The apparatus has a rotating body 11 in an irradiation processing chamber 10. Outside the rotating body 11, plural retaining mechanisms 2 are installed at regular interval to retain open-mouthed containers. Above the conveying path, an electron beam generating means 40 is arranged. The rotating body 11 has a rotary shaft 12 that penetrates into the electron beam generating means 40. On the rotary shaft 12, a grid plate 45 of an electron beam source 41 of the electron beam generating means 40 is rotatively installed. On the grid plate 45, plural emission holes 46 are provided at the same interval as that of the retaining mechanisms 2 on the rotating body 11. In an predetermined irradiation area, the emission holes 46 and a irradiation windows 43 on the irradiation processing chamber 10 and the retaining mechanism 2 for holding the container are aligned approximately on the same axes.

Abstract: An integrated production apparatus for production of boron nitride nanotubes via the pressure vapor-condenser method. The apparatus comprises: a pressurized reaction chamber containing a continuously fed boron containing target having a boron target tip, a source of pressurized nitrogen and a moving belt condenser apparatus; a hutch chamber proximate the pressurized reaction chamber containing a target feed system and a laser beam and optics.

Abstract: The invention relates to an apparatus for continuously carrying out heterogeneously catalyzed chemical reactions, comprising a microwave-transparent tube, the longitudinal axis of which extends in the direction of propagation of the microwaves of a single-mode microwave applicator and which is filled with an open-cell foam that carries or is made of catalytically active species.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for microfluidic processing by programmably manipulating a packet. A material is introduced onto a reaction surface and compartmentalized to form a packet. A position of the packet is sensed with a position sensor. A programmable manipulation force is applied to the packet at the position. The programmable manipulation force is adjustable according to packet position by a controller. The packet is programmably moved according to the programmable manipulation force along arbitrarily chosen paths.

Abstract: A system and method for growing nanotubes out of carbon and other materials using CVD uses a catalytic transmembrane to separate a feedstock chamber from a growth chamber and provide catalytic material with separate catalytic surfaces to absorb carbon atoms from the feedstock chamber and to grow carbon nanotubes in the growth chamber. The catalytic transmembrane provides for greater flexibility to independently control both the gas environment and pressure in the chambers to optimize absorption and carbon growth and to provide instrumentation in the growth chamber for in-situ control of defects or observation of the carbon nanotube growth.

Abstract: A method for purifying polluted air having particle phase pollutants and gaseous phase pollutants is provided. The method comprising: separately purifying and treating particle phase and gaseous phase pollutants present in the air; providing a dust cleaning apparatus, a catalytic filter core and a valve for controlling an airflow path within an air purification apparatus; controlling the airflow path for the air to bypass the catalytic filter core in a way that: if the amount of particle phase pollutants is above a predetermined value, the valve is moved to the open position to enable the air to bypass the catalyst filtering core; if the amount of particle phase pollutants is less than a predetermined value, the valve is moved to the closed position to force the air to pass through the catalyst filtering core.

Abstract: Disclosed is a pyrolysis reactor for processing waste, comprising: a reactor chamber; a source of microwave energy, wherein the reactor chamber comprises a material which is operable to produce a plasma in the presence of the microwave energy. Also disclosed is a corresponding method.

Abstract: A deodorization and sterilization apparatus and method, which increases an amount of generated active species and collects floating bacteria or odor materials in air at one place, such that the active species make contact with the collected floating bacteria or odor materials to achieve high-efficiency sterilization and deodorization. A pair of electrodes is provided, plasma discharge is carried out by applying designated voltage between the pair of electrodes, fluid passage holes are provided at corresponding parts of respective electrodes so as to communicate with each other, and at least one absorption member to absorb floating bacteria or odor materials is disposed at the downstream of a fluid passing through the fluid passage holes.

Abstract: Various processes and apparatus are discussed for an ultra-high heat flux chemical reactor. A thermal receiver and the reactor tubes are aligned to 1) absorb and re-emit radiant energy, 2) highly reflect radiant energy, and 3) any combination of these, to maintain an operational temperature of the enclosed ultra-high heat flux chemical reactor. Particles of biomass are gasified in the presence of a steam carrier gas and methane in a simultaneous steam reformation and steam biomass gasification reaction to produce reaction products that include hydrogen and carbon monoxide gas using the ultra-high heat flux thermal energy radiated from the inner wall and then into the multiple reactor tubes. The multiple reactor tubes and cavity walls of the receiver transfer energy primarily by radiation absorption and re-radiation, rather than by convection or conduction, to the reactants in the chemical reaction to drive the endothermic chemical reaction flowing in the reactor tubes.

Abstract: A light harvesting arrangement includes a conductive layer defining a plurality of cavities through the conductive layer. Each cavity has a lateral cross-sectional dimension in a range of 25 nanometers to 3000 nanometers and the cavities are configured and arranged to preferentially capture light in a wavelength band. The light harvesting arrangement also includes a light utilizing material disposed on the walls of the cavities or within one or more light receiving structures that receives light from the cavities (or both). The light utilizing material is configured and arranged to absorb light captured by the cavities.

Abstract: A method of heating asbestos containing materials and changing their structure from crystal fibrous to that deprived of fiber structure using an electromagnetic field is provided and is characterized by crumbling of utilized material. Crumbled material is being transported to microwave reactor. During transportation and the crumbling process, material chunks are being mixed with a heating facilitating agent. The device includes a utilized materials' crusher (1), crumbled material chunks's worm (2), heating facilitating agent's feeder (3) and microwave thermal reactor (4). The feeder (3) is adjoined to the crusher (1) and/or to the worm (2). The reactor (4) has a heating chamber (9) made of materials that do not absorb microwave radiation which is located at the transporter's (2) outlet.

Abstract: Hydrogen energy systems for obtaining hydrogen gas from a solid storage medium using controlled laser beams. Also disclosed are systems for charging/recharging magnesium with hydrogen to obtain magnesium hydride. Other relatively safe systems assisting storage, transport and use (as in vehicles) of such solid storage mediums are disclosed.