Abstract: Systems and methods for reducing the volume of construction and demolition (C&D) debris waste are described. The systems include a torrefaction unit that reduces the hardness of the waste while degrading it into volatiles and particles having a range of sizes. The variation in particle size allows for a more efficient compaction due to minimal void space and the imparted softness allows for increased compressibility. This results in the processed debris having a much smaller volume than had it not undergone the presently described methods, which reduces landfill tipping fees and extends the life of the landfill.

Abstract: Systems and methods are provided for performing steam cracking on a feed while using direct heating of the reaction environment. The heating of the reaction environment can be achieved in part by transporting heat transfer particles from a heating zone to cracking zone. This can be performed in a fluidized bed reactor, a moving bed reactor, a riser reactor, or another type of reactor that can allow for catalyst movement and regeneration during operation.

Abstract: A reactor for hydrothermal oxidation treatment of an organic material in a reaction medium, comprising: a confinement member housed in a chamber and defining a confinement zone and a peripheral zone; at least one inlet for an oxidising fluid into the peripheral zone; a first cooling system, with an external circulation cold loop having a fluid inlet and outlet, opening into a first portion of the peripheral zone; a heating system, with an external circulation hot loop having a fluid inlet and outlet opening into a second portion of the peripheral zone; a channel with a mouth, a channel stirring system; a second cooling system for creating a temperature gradient along the channel between a cold temperature and the reaction temperature; each circulation loop being equipped with a circulator and with a heat exchanger.

Abstract: A continuous quantitative spraying structure for sterilization of harvested fruits is provided. The continuous quantitative spraying structure includes a track provided thereon with equally spaced trays for conveying fruits, where the trays each include a circular tray body; a central part of the tray body is provided with a central hole allowing the fruit to fall off; a bottom part of the central hole is provided with two parallel rollers; an inner bottom surface of the tray body is provided with a flap; an inner end of a central shaft of the roller passes through the flap, and is fixed to a rolling wheel; a bearing is provided between the roller and the flap; the track is provided with a spraying sterilization section; the spraying sterilization section is sequentially provided with 3 to 4 sets of sterilization nozzles above a tray conveying route.

Abstract: Disclosed herein are cell processing systems, devices, and methods thereof. A system for cell processing may comprise a plurality of instruments each independently configured to perform one or more cell processing operations upon a cartridge, and a robot capable of moving the cartridge between each of the plurality of instruments.

Abstract: The machinery and methods disclosed herein are based on the use of a specialized extruder configured to continuously convey and plasticize/moltenize selected lignocellulosic biomass and/or waste plastic materials into a novel variable volume tubular reactor, wherein the plasticized/moltenized material undergoes reaction with circumferentially injected supercritical water—thereby yielding valuable simple sugar solutions and/or liquid hydrocarbon mixtures (e.g., “neodiesel”), both of which are key chemical commodity products. The reaction time may be adjusted by changing the reactor volume. The machinery includes four zones: (1) a feedstock conveyance and plasticization/moltenization zone; (2) a steam generation and manifold distribution zone; (3) a central supercritical water reaction zone; and (4) a pressure let-down and reaction product separation zone.

Abstract: The machinery and methods disclosed herein are based on the use of a specialized extruder configured to continuously convey and plasticize/moltenize selected lignocellulosic biomass and/or waste plastic materials into a novel variable volume tubular reactor, wherein the plasticized/moltenized material undergoes reaction with circumferentially injected supercritical water—thereby yielding valuable simple sugar solutions and/or liquid hydrocarbon mixtures (e.g., “neodiesel”), both of which are key chemical commodity products. The reaction time may be adjusted by changing the reactor volume. The machinery includes four zones: (1) a feedstock conveyance and plasticization/moltenization zone; (2) a steam generation and manifold distribution zone; (3) a central supercritical water reaction zone; and (4) a pressure let-down and reaction product separation zone.

Abstract: A Mortar Delivery System is described. The Mortar Delivery System provides precise control of the delivery and application of mortar in addition to the mixing and tempering of mortar. Such control eliminates the use of a hand trowel in brick, block and stone laying applications. Sensing and control are integrated with the Mortar Delivery System to make it an important element of a robotic brick laying system. The Mortar Delivery System contains sensors to measure mortar viscosity and workability, mortar flow rate, and mortar nozzle pressure. The data from the Mortar Delivery System sensors can be used to change the rotational speed of the shear blades, change the amount of water being used for mixing or tempering, and change the delivery speed of the mortar. Such changes result in precise control of mortar that is in turn suitable for automated or semi-automated building processes.

Abstract: A control system for monitoring an antimicrobial application system may include a controller having a monitoring program including an operations unit and an interface unit. The operations unit may include a sensor module operatively coupled to a plurality of sensors positioned to detect operation data associated with the application system in real-time. An adjustment module may adjust the operation of the application system. An analysis module may analyze real-time operation data and initiate a specified response when the analysis indicates that a trigger event has occurred. The response may include issuing a notification to a notification device or initiating the adjustment module to perform a control operation to modify the operation of the antimicrobial application system. A remote monitoring center may control multiple and remote application systems. Mobile devices and a control panel may be operable to interface with operations of the antimicrobial application system via the control system.

Abstract: Techniques, systems, apparatus and material are disclosed for generating renewable energy from biomass waste while sequestering carbon. In one aspect, a method performed by a reactor to dissociate raw biomass waste into a renewable source energy or a carbon byproduct or both includes receiving the raw biomass waste that includes carbon, hydrogen and oxygen to be dissociated under an anaerobic reaction. Waste heat is recovered from an external heat source to heat the received raw biomass waste. The heated raw biomass waste is dissociated to produce the renewable fuel, carbon byproduct or both. The dissociating includes compacting the heated raw biomass waste, generating heat from an internal heat source, and applying the generated heat to the compacted biomass waste under pressure.

Abstract: Described herein are processes and apparatus for the large-scale synthesis of boron nitride nanotubes (BNNTs) by induction-coupled plasma (ICP). A boron-containing feedstock may be heated by ICP in the presence of nitrogen gas at an elevated pressure, to form vaporized boron. The vaporized boron may be cooled to form boron droplets, such as nanodroplets. Cooling may take place using a condenser, for example. BNNTs may then form downstream and can be harvested.

Abstract: A reactor assembly having a plurality of reaction chambers defined therein is provided. The reactor assembly includes a fluid flow module that provides a pressurized control flow of fluid from an open container. In another embodiment, the reactor block includes a plurality of passageways defined over a surface of a substrate to accommodate the combinatorial processing in order to obtain multiple data points from a single substrate.

Abstract: A reformer tube for producing synthesis gas by steam reforming of hydrocarbon-containing feed gases, preferably natural gas, includes one or more helically coiled heat exchanger tubes which are arranged within a catalyst bed of a reforming catalyst and are helically coiled over part of their length located within the catalyst bed and are otherwise straight are present, where the straight proportion of the heat exchanger tubes and/or the helix pitch of the helically coiled part alters within the catalyst bed and matching to requirements of the pressure drop, the heat exchange properties, and the corrosion resistance.

Abstract: A method for transforming a selected polymeric material into a plurality of reaction products via supercritical water is disclosed. The method comprises: conveying the selected polymeric material through an extruder, wherein the extruder is configured to continuously convey the selected polymeric material to a supercritical fluid reaction zone; injecting hot compressed water into the supercritical fluid reaction zone, while the extruder is conveying the selected polymeric material into the supercritical fluid reaction zone so as to yield a mixture; retaining the mixture within the reaction zone for a period of time sufficient to yield the plurality of reaction products. The reaction zone may be characterized by a tubular reactor having an adjustably positionable inner tubular spear, wherein the tubular reactor and the inner tubular spear further define an annular space within the reaction zone, and wherein the mixture flows through the annular space and into a reaction products chamber.

Abstract: In a synthesis gas methanation process, at least one first fraction of synthesis gas to treat is fed, together with steam, to a shift reactor where a shift reaction occurs; the gas flow produced in the shift reactor is then fed to a first methanation reactor where a methanation reaction occurs and then to further second methanation reactors in series, where further methanation reactions, performed with the addition of fresh synthesis gas which has not been subjected to the shift reaction.

Abstract: The present invention describes a novel reactor adapted for carrying out chemical reactions at temperatures of up to 1600° C., and at pressures of up to 100 bars. The reactor of the invention has two vessels surrounding the reaction zone, an inner vessel constituted by a refractory material and an outer vessel surrounding the inner vessel and constituted by an insulating material.

Abstract: An underground reactor for creating hydrocarbons and chemicals from organic material can include a heat recovery device. Some embodiments of the present disclosure include at least one tube that injects biomass underground and at least one second tube that collects reacted biomass on the surface. Further tubes are also disclosed for the ability to control temperature and pressure and collect minerals and carbon dioxide. In another embodiment, a super-critical fluid is injected into the underground reactor. Methods for utilizing the reactor are additionally provided. Further embodiments include methods of using the reactor such as, for example, methods of creating fuel from algae and methods of using the minerals and carbon dioxide as food for an algae farm that will be used as biomass for the reactor.

Abstract: Methods for using ailylic oxidation catalysts to perform oxidation reactions. In an exemplary method for catalyzing an ailylic oxidation reaction of the present disclosure, the method comprises the step of catalyzing an oxidation of an ailylic compound using an ailylic oxidation catalyst. In at least one embodiment, the ailylic oxidation catalyst comprises palladium, gold, and titanium, In an exemplary embodiment, the ailylic oxidation catalyst comprises 2.5% A?÷2.5% Pd/TiO2.

Abstract: This invention relates to a new system for controlling temperature and pressure in, at least, one chemical reactor, characterized in that it includes, at least, the following devices: a) a deposit with at least one pressure regulation device; b) a connecting duct between said deposit and the reactor; c) a device for injecting condensates into the reactor. Moreover, the invention relates to the use of said control system to control the pressure and temperature of at least one chemical reactor, being especially applicable to a chemical reactor in which a hydrothermal biomass carbonization reaction takes place.

Abstract: Disclosed is a device for revaporizing natural gas. Provided is a device for revaporizing natural gas hydrate pellets, comprising: a pellet charging portion for charging pellets which is formed with an upper valve and a lower valve so as to divide space for adjusting pressure; a storing portion, which communicates with the lower portion of the pellet charging portion, for receiving pellets when the lower valve is opened; a transfer screw, one end of which couples to the lower portion of the storing portion, for transferring the pellets in the storing portion; and a dissolving reaction tub, which is coupled to the other end of the transfer screw, receives pellets from the lower portion of the dissolving reaction tub, and which accommodates heating water.

Abstract: A method is disclosed for generating useful chemical intermediates from biomass using a novel pyrolysis reactor that utilizes the inherent thermal properties of carbon under compression as the biomass is subjected to sequential or concurrent temperature ramps. The ramps are sufficient to volatilize and selectively create different components, while the pressure application aids the selective decomposition of the biomass.

Abstract: Methods of treating of stannous oxide particles having at least a partial surface crust of stannic oxide by contacting the particles with a reducing agent for a period of time sufficient to produce stannous oxide are provided. The stannous oxide particles produced are readily soluble in organic sulfonic acids.

Abstract: Provided are methods and devices for storing and generating oxygen from a low temperature oxygen generating liquid. The oxygen storage method may use lithium chlorate plus water to store oxygen wherein all solids that may be present enter solution for delivery as a liquid to a reaction vessel. The oxygen production method may be a batch process with steps to heat the liquid, boil out the water, thermally decompose the lithium chlorate and then rinse out the remaining product. The apparatus for oxygen generation may use multiple reaction vessels operating sequentially to produce a continuous flow of oxygen with a rinse step in a separate area from the heat application area to remove end product solid. The device for oxygen storage includes a storage vessel and is configured to heat the oxygen generating liquid using waste heat present in the rinse liquid.

Abstract: A vertical high temperature and high pressure stove structure includes a vertically-disposed pressure vessel and a heating module disposed in the pressure vessel. The heating module includes a heating space filled with a quartz tube and sets of independent heating units. The independent heating units includes a lower protective zone heating unit, a provision zone heating unit, a synthesis zone heating unit and an upper protective zone heating unit. The synthesis zone heating unit provides a group III element fusion zone with a temperature equal to or greater than that of a composition melting point, the provision zone heating unit provides a steam having temperature greater than evaporation temperature to a group V element provision zone, and a compound synthesis of a group III element and a group V element as chemical element periodic table is rapidly completed in the group III element fusion zone.

Abstract: Disclosed herein is a continuous process for producing silver powders comprising silver particles. Each powder is comprised of silver particles that have a specific morphology that is determined by the process conditions and the use of one or more particle modifiers in the process. A reactor for carrying out the process is also disclosed. The silver powders produced are particularly useful in electronic applications.

Abstract: A method for torrefaction of lignocellulosic biomass using a torrefaction reactor vessel having stacked trays, the method including: continuously feeding the biomass to an upper inlet of the torrefaction reactor vessel such that the biomass material is deposited on an upper tray of a plurality of trays stacked vertically within the reactor; as the biomass moves across an upper surface of each of the trays, heating and drying the biomass material with a gas injected into the vessel, wherein the gas is substantially non-oxidizing of the biomass, is under a pressure of at least 20 bar gauge and at a temperature of at least 200° C.; cascading the biomass down through the trays by passing the biomass through an opening in each of the trays to deposit the biomass on a lower tray; discharging torrefied biomass from a lower outlet of the torrefaction reactor vessel, and circulating gas extracted from a lower elevation of the reactor vessel to an upper region of the reactor vessel.

Abstract: The present invention provides an improved method for solvent liquefaction of biomass to produce liquid products such as transportation fuel. The method uses a novel solvent combination that promotes liquefaction relatively quickly, and it reduces the need to transport large amounts of hydrogen or hydrogen-carrying solvents. It operates at lower pressure than previous methods, does not require a catalyst or hydrogen gas or CO input, and provides very high conversion of biomass into a bio-oil that can be further processed in a petroleum refinery. It also beneficially provides a way to recycle a portion of the crude liquefaction product for use as part of the solvent combination for the biomass liquefaction reaction.

Abstract: Apparatus and method for hydrolyzing biological material for safe disposal thereof without the necessity of incineration or use of disinfectants are described. An alkaline solution having a concentration and an amount effective for hydrolyzing the biological material is brought into contact therewith by means of rotating paddles which both pound the biological material into small pieces and thoroughly mix the alkaline solution with the material under pressure and at elevated temperature. Following the hydrolysis of the biological material, a chosen portion of the water is removed from the alkaline solution and from the liquefied biological material, such that the resulting product solidifies when cooled. The present safe disposal of the biological material does not require incineration thereof, the addition of disinfectants thereto, or the discharge of liquid effluent containing processed biological material into the sewage system.

Abstract: The present invention provides: a method for synthesizing a halogen-substituted saccharide from a leaving group-substituted saccharide in a short-time and continuously; a reaction composition; and a device for synthesis of same, i.e., the method being for synthesizing a halogen-substituted saccharide from a leaving group-substituted saccharide by a halogen-substituted saccharide synthesis reaction using a subcritical fluid or a supercritical fluid as the reaction solvent; the reaction composition of the same being an aqueous solution of halogen-substituted saccharide; and the device for synthesis being a device for producing the same, the method being for producing a halogen-substituted saccharide with a subcritical fluid or a supercritical fluid at a temperature of 100 to 400° C. and a pressure of 0.

Abstract: The present subject matter discloses a fluid cooled reformer for gas turbine systems and a method for cooling both a fuel reformer and a heated reformate stream produced by such fuel reformer. The fluid cooled reformer may include a pressure vessel and a reactor assembly disposed within the pressure vessel. The reactor assembly may include a reactor and may be configured to receive and reform an oxygen/fuel mixture to produce a heated reformate stream. Additionally, the fluid cooled reformer may include an inlet configured to direct a fluid stream into the pressure vessel. At least a portion of the fluid stream may be used to cool the reactor assembly. A reformate cooling section may be disposed downstream of the reactor of the reactor assembly and may be configured to cool the heated reformate stream.

Abstract: A low-pressure one-step gas-phase process for the production and recovery of methyl isobutyl ketone (MIBK) is disclosed. One-step gas-phase synthesis of MIBK from acetone and hydrogen over nano-Pd/nano-ZnCr2O4 catalyst at atmospheric pressure is used as an example. The said process is designed to recover the additional heat associated with the reactor effluent via heating acetone feed and recycle (mixed acetone) before entering the reactor. A compressor is introduced to the gas-phase process to increase slightly the reactor effluent pressure before this effluent is cooled and fed to a flash drum. The compressed reactor effluent is used to preheat hydrogen feed and recycle (mixed hydrogen) before entering the reactor. The separation scheme of low-pressure one-step gas-phase process comprises of several distillation columns used for MIBK separation and purification.

Abstract: This invention relates to a new system for controlling temperature and pressure in, at least, one chemical reactor, characterized in that it includes, at least, the following devices: a) a deposit with at least one pressure regulation device; b) a connecting duct between said deposit and the reactor; c) a device for injecting condensates into the reactor. Moreover, the invention relates to the use of said control system to control the pressure and temperature of at least one chemical reactor, being especially applicable to a chemical reactor in which a hydrothermal biomass carbonization reaction takes place.

Abstract: In an embodiment, a method of conducting a high temperature chemical reaction that produces hydrogen or synthesis gas is described. The high temperature chemical reaction is conducted in a reactor having at least two reactor shells, including an inner shell and an outer shell. Heat absorbing particles are included in a gas stream flowing in the inner shell. The reactor is heated at least in part by a source of concentrated sunlight. The inner shell is heated by the concentrated sunlight. The inner shell re-radiates from the inner wall and heats the heat absorbing particles in the gas stream flowing through the inner shell, and heat transfers from the heat absorbing particles to the first gas stream, thereby heating the reactants in the gas stream to a sufficiently high temperature so that the first gas stream undergoes the desired reaction(s), thereby producing hydrogen or synthesis gas in the gas stream.

Abstract: A reactor suitable for the continuous oxidizing of an organic material in a supercritical water oxidation process, the reactor includes (a) a reactor body with reactor walls; (b) and a threaded reactor upper plug; and (c) a cylindrical liner attached solely to the threaded reactor upper plug, such that, when the threaded reactor upper plug is removed from the reactor, the reactor liner is consequently and simultaneously removed from the reactor as well.

Abstract: Disclosed herein are supercritical fluid biomass conversion machines, systems, and methods for converting a wide range of biomass materials into a plurality of reaction products including fermentable sugars and various aromatic substances.

Abstract: A method for converting lipids to alkyl esters may include receiving a reactant comprising one or more lipids. In some cases, the reactant may include substantial amounts of polar lipids and/or free fatty acids. Some reactants may be derived from photosynthetic organisms, such as algae and/or diatoms. The reactant may be mixed with an alcohol and a catalyst to form a mixture. The mixture may be heated, for example, to a temperature between 50 and 350 degrees Celsius, including between 80 and 220 degrees Celsius. Pressure may be controlled to be between 1 and 200 bar, including between 10 and 100 bar. At least a portion of the reactant may be converted to one or more alkyl esters. A biofuel may include alkyl esters made from lipids according to various methods.

Abstract: An object of the present invention is to provide a method and apparatus capable of continuously producing organic nanotubes, wherein an organic nanotube material dispersion solution consisting of an organic nanotube material and an organic solvent is pressurized and caused to pass through a very narrow orifice.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for extracting CO2 from air comprising an anion exchange material formed in a matrix exposed to a flow of the air, and for delivering that extracted CO2 to controlled environments. The present invention contemplates the extraction of CO2 from air using conventional extraction methods or by using one of the extraction methods disclosed; e.g., humidity swing or electro dialysis. The present invention also provides delivery of the CO2 to greenhouses where increased levels of CO2 will improve conditions for growth. Alternatively, the CO2 is fed to an algae culture.

Abstract: The present invention describes a novel reactor adapted for carrying out chemical reactions at temperatures of up to 1600° C., and at pressures of up to 100 bars. The reactor of the invention has two vessels surrounding the reaction zone, an inner vessel constituted by a refractory material and an outer vessel surrounding the inner vessel and constituted by an insulating material.

Abstract: The overall efficiency of a regenerative bed reverse flow reactor system is increased where the location of the exothermic reaction used for regeneration is suitably controlled. The present invention provides a method and apparatus for controlling the combustion to improve the thermal efficiency of bed regeneration in a cyclic reaction/regeneration processes. The process for thermal regeneration of a regenerative reactor bed entails (a) supplying the first reactant through a first channel means in a first regenerative bed and supplying at least a second reactant through a second channel means in the first regenerative bed, (b) combining said first and second reactants by a gas mixing means situated at an exit of the first regenerative bed and reacting the combined gas to produce a heated reaction product, (c) passing the heated reaction product through a second regenerative bed thereby transferring heat from the reaction product to the second regenerative bed.

Abstract: A method and a plant for producing a cooled compressed syngas is presented.

Abstract: The overall efficiency of a regenerative bed reverse flow reactor system is increased where the location of the exothermic reaction used for regeneration is suitably controlled. The present invention provides a method and apparatus for controlling the combustion to improve the thermal efficiency of bed regeneration in a cyclic reaction/regeneration processes. The process for thermal regeneration of a regenerative reactor bed entails (a) supplying the first reactant through a first channel means in a first regenerative bed and supplying at least a second reactant through a second channel means in the first regenerative bed, (b) combining said first and second reactants by a gas mixing means situated at an exit of the first regenerative bed and reacting the combined gas to produce a heated reaction product, (c) passing the heated reaction product through a second regenerative bed thereby transferring heat from the reaction product to the second regenerative bed.

Abstract: The invention provides a system and process for treating a raw material to reduce the level of a contaminant in the raw material or to form a raw product that can be used to produce a fuel. The system and process include means for pressurising a pumpable feedstock comprising the raw material to a pressure of between 100 and 350 bar, preferably using indirect pressurising means; heating the feedstock to a temperature of between 250° C. and 400° C. within a processing vessel to form a pressurised raw product stream; cooling the raw product stream within the processing vessel to an ambient or near ambient temperature; then depressurising the raw product stream before discharging the raw product from the system.

Abstract: The present invention provides a cartridge for the generation of hydrogen. The cartridge includes a case, an igniter, and a structural component. The case defines an interior cavity and the igniter is positioned within the cavity. The structural component is also positioned within the cavity and is formed of a particulate embedded in a matrix and the particulate includes a metallic material. An oxidizing agent is positioned within the cavity. The structural component is configured such that the metallic material and the oxidizing agent react together to generate hydrogen after the igniter generates sufficient heat to remove the matrix from the structural component and to initiate the reaction between the metallic material and the oxidizing agent.

Abstract: A method for continuously growing carbon nanotubes may include providing a melt comprising carbon and a catalyst at a temperature between about 1,200 degrees Celsius and about 2,500 degrees Celsius, selecting a carbon nanotube seed having at least one of a semiconductor electrical property and a metallic electrical property from a plurality of carbon nanotube seeds, contacting the selected carbon nanotube seed to a surface of the melt, and moving the selected carbon nanotube seed away from the surface of the melt at a rate operable to continuously grow a carbon nanotube, and continuously growing the carbon nanotube having the selected electrical property. Method for continuously growing a graphene sheet, and apparatus for continuously growing carbon nanotubes and graphene sheets are also disclosed.

Abstract: A biocoke producing apparatus that realizes efficient mass production of biocoke; a method of controlling the same; and a process for manufacture thereof. The apparatus includes a horizontal tubular reaction vessel (10) provided on its one end side with a supply part (11) for pulverized biomass and provided on its other end side with a discharge part (12). On the supply part side, there is provided an extrusion piston (6) capable of reciprocation along the longitudinal direction in the interior of the reaction vessel and capable of pressurizing the pulverized biomass within the vessel; The temperature range and pressure range for inducing a pyrolytic or thermal curing reaction of lignin and hemicellulose contained in the pulverized biomass are preset, and the reaction vessel (10) is provided with a thermal reaction region (13) for heating the pulverized biomass at temperature within the above temperature range and with a cooling region (14).

Abstract: The invention relates to a reactor for catalytic reformation of hydrocarbons with steam at elevated pressure, said reactor comprising a reaction space and a fire space, said reaction space comprised of a multitude of vertical tubes arranged in rows and suitable for being filled with a catalyst, and having facilities for feeding hydrocarbons and steam to be reformed to the reaction space, and furthermore comprising facilities for discharge of reformed synthesis gas from the reaction space, and furthermore comprising a multitude of firing facilities in the upper area of the firing space, said firing facilities being able to generate mainly downwardly directed flames that are suitable to heat the aforementioned reaction tubes, with the tube feeding air to the burner being equipped with a facility for adjusting and setting the air flow, and there being a secondary air feeder mounted additionally to this tube and branching-off from it and configured in various layouts and having an independently controllable facil

Abstract: A process is provided for cracking hydrocarbon feedstock containing resid comprising: heating the feedstock, mixing the heated feedstock with a fluid and/or a primary dilution steam stream to form a mixture, optionally further heating the mixture, flashing the mixture within a flash/separation vessel to form a vapor phase and a liquid phase, partially condensing the vapor phase by contacting with a condenser within the vessel, to condense at least some coke precursors within the vapor while providing condensates which add to the liquid phase, removing the vapor phase of reduced coke precursors content as overhead and the liquid phase as bottoms, heating the vapor phase, cracking the vapor phase in a radiant section of a pyrolysis furnace to produce an effluent comprising olefins, and quenching the effluent and recovering cracked product therefrom. An apparatus for carrying out the process is also provided.

Abstract: Apparatus and methods for measuring the concentrations of organic and inorganic carbon, or of other materials, in aqueous samples are described, together with related, specially adapted components and sub-assemblies and related control, operational and monitoring systems.

Abstract: A dual vessel reactor and a method of carrying out a reaction using a dual vessel reactor are provided using a non-condensable gas to substantially isolate the inner vessel from the outer vessel during the reaction and limit the heating of the outer vessel when steam from the inner vessel condenses on the interior surface of the outer vessel. By limiting the heating of the outer vessel through the condensation of the steam or other vapour from the inner vessel, the operating temperature of the outer vessel is kept below an upper threshold of the operating temperature of a seal used to seal the door in the outer vessel.