Abstract: Systems and methods of producing chemical compounds are disclosed. An example chemical production system includes a combustion chamber having intake ports for entry of a gas mixture. An igniter ignites the gas mixture in the intake chamber to facilitate a reaction at a high temperature and high pressure. A nozzle restricts exit of the ignited gas mixture from the combustion chamber. An expansion chamber cools the ignited gas. The expansion chamber has an exhaust where the cooled gas exits the expansion chamber. A chemical compound product is formed in the expansion chamber.

Abstract: Reactor for production of silicon, comprising a reactor volume, distinctive in that the reactor comprises or is operatively arranged to at least one means for setting a silicon-containing reaction gas for chemical vapor deposition (CVD) into rotation inside the reactor volume. Method for production of silicon.

Abstract: The present invention provides low profile, thick (“stubby”) longitudinal fins having a cross section which is a parallelogram, trapezoid or a triangle extending from 10% to 100% of a coil pass and comprising from 3 to 45 weight % of a coil in a radiant section of a furnace for thermally cracking one or more of paraffins and naphtha. The fins provide an additional surface through which heat may be transferred to the coil making the coil more efficient reducing greenhouse emissions.

Abstract: A fuel for automotive applications, stationary engines and marine applications is prepared by catalytic liquid phase conversion of the alcohol(s) of an alcohol-containing primary fuel to the corresponding ether(s) in a compact device comprising an inlet for an alcohol-containing fuel from the primary tank, a start-up heater, a heat exchanger, which heats up the cold alcohol(s) to a suitable temperature before entering the reactor, a catalytic bed within the reactor, wherein the alcohol(s) is/are partly converted to ether(s), a pressure reduction valve, inlet means for adding additives and a buffer tank, wherein the resulting fuel mixture of alcohol(s) and ether(s) is stored after passing back through the heat exchanger for suitable cooling, the heater only being used during start-up and the process thereby being conducted under auto-thermal operation conditions.

Abstract: A method for the production of alkylene oxide addition products comprising (i) charging a stirred reactor with a starting compound capable of adding on or inserting alkylene oxides, introducing at least one alkylene oxide plus a different diluent gas, wherein a portion of said alkylene oxide reacts in a liquid phase with said starting compound, and the remaining alkylene oxide together with said diluent gas forms a gas phase above the liquid phase, (ii) continuously drawing off said liquid phase from the bottom of the reactor via an outlet stub, and recycling to the top of the reactor via an external circulation system, which comprises at least one heat exchanger and at least one Venturi nozzle within said external circulation system, and (iii) metering said gas phase comprising alkylene oxide into said Venturi nozzle via a vacuum line.

Abstract: The invention relates to a process for preparing aromatic amines by hydrogenation of corresponding nitroaromatics by means of hydrogen, and also an apparatus suitable for this purpose. In particular, the invention relates to a process for preparing toluenediamine (TDA) by hydrogenation of dinitrotoluene (DNT).

Abstract: An inner wall 11 of a reactor 10 has a two-layer structure: an anticorrosive layer 11a comprising an alloy material having high anticorrosiveness is provided on the inner side of the reactor contacting a corrosive process gas, and a heat conductive layer 11b for efficiently conducting the heat within the reactor 10 from an inner wall surface to a coolant flow passage 13 is provided on the outer side of the reactor (outer-wall side). The anticorrosive layer 11a comprises an alloy material having a composition for which a value R, defined by R=[Cr]+[Ni]?1.5 [Si], is not less than 40% wherein [Cr] is a mass content (% by mass) of chromium (Cr), [Ni] is a mass content (% by mass) of nickel (Ni), and [Si] is a mass content (% by mass) of silicon (Si).

Abstract: A method of assembling a feed injector is provided. The method includes providing a feed injector tip that includes an inlet, a tip end, a flow passage that extends longitudinally through the feed injector tip from the inlet to the tip end, an annular cooling channel that substantially circumscribes the flow passage, and a buffer region that separates the annular cooling channel from the flow passage. The method further includes coupling the feed injector tip to the feed injector to enable a fluid to be channeled through the flow passage, such that the fluid flows past the inlet, at which the buffer region has a first width, before flowing past the tip end, at which the buffer region has a second width, the first width wider than the second width, and coupling a cooling assembly to the feed injector to enable a flow of cooling fluid to be channeled into the annular cooling channel.

Abstract: The present embodiments are directed towards heat integration in gas processing units. In one embodiment, a system is provided that includes a gas processing section. The gas processing section has a gas path, a first shift reactor disposed along the gas path, wherein the first shift reactor is configured to perform a first shift reaction to produce a first shifted gas. A second shift reactor is also disposed along the gas path downstream from the first shift reactor, wherein the second shift reactor is configured to perform a second shift reaction to produce a second shifted gas. A first steam generator is disposed along the gas path between the first and second shift reactors, wherein the first steam generator is configured to transfer heat away from the gas path to generate a first steam.

Abstract: The gas-phase fluorination of plastic articles is effected in a reaction chamber 1 into which the plastic articles to be fluorinated are introduced. The gas-phase fluorination is effected at normal or atmospheric ambient pressure of about 1 kPa in the reaction chamber. The gas-phase fluorination can be carried out statically or dynamically. The flushing carried out before the gas-phase fluorination for complete or partial removal of atmospheric oxygen from the reaction chamber 1 can also be effected at atmospheric pressure in the reaction chamber. The reaction chamber 1 is equipped with a cover 2 and metering valves V0, V1, V2 for air, inert gas and gas mixture comprising fluorine and one or more inert gases are present on the entrance side of the reaction chamber, which is not vacuum-tight and hence also cannot be evacuated. The metering valves are connected to the reaction chamber 1 via a flow meter 4.

Abstract: A septum is positioned within a disposable vessel and defines a lower chamber and an upper chamber. The septum includes a plurality of apertures that provide fluid communication between the upper chamber and lower chamber. Compressed gas is introduced in the lower chamber to produce fine bubbles rising up throughout the vessel to produce a mixing and gasification needed for the growth of a biological culture and manufacture of a biological product in a nutrient medium. Adding a binding resin to the upper chamber allows harvesting, separation and purification of biological products in the reactor as a single unit operation.

Abstract: A processing apparatus that is formed from a plurality of metal layers that are stacked and aligned together and then connected together to form one or more portions of the processing apparatus.

Abstract: A system for producing a high hydrogen to carbon ratio fuel centered approximately around C9 treats an exhaust stream from a manufacturing plant processes. The exhaust stream is processed in a Fischer Tropsch reactor, and contains CO and/or CO2, which is sequestered, and can be a full stack exhaust stream. The Fischer Tropsch reactor is a pellet style reactor, a foam reactor, or an alpha alumina oxide foam reactor. A plasma chamber generates H2 for reacting in the Fischer Tropsch reactor. A portion of the exhaust stream is consumed in the plasma chamber. An algae reactor converts sequestered CO2 to O2. The algae is exposed to the exhaust stream to extract nutrients therefrom and augment its growth. The plasma chamber receives at a high temperature region thereof CO or CO2 that is reduced to its elemental state. The product stream and fuel are condensed and separated, and re-burned as fuel.

Abstract: A reactor is provided comprising a reactor substrate and upper and lower manifold structures. The upper manifold structure and the lower manifold structure each comprise at least one flow directing cavity that reverses a flow direction of a fluid flowing through the relatively short open-ended channels of the substrate between the upper and lower manifold structures. The flow directing cavities of the upper and lower manifold structures are configured to direct fluid from the inlet region of the upper manifold structure to the outlet region of the lower manifold structure in an additional serpentine path defined by the flow direction reversals introduced by the upper and lower manifold structures. Additional embodiments are disclosed and claimed.

Abstract: A system and method for producing a fuel gas is provided. In particular, a combustion product of an internal combustion engine is converted by a catalytic converter heated by the beam of the laser to a subject component of a fuel gas. Other gases can be formed simultaneously in other catalytic converters heated by the laser beam. The resulting converted gases can be used to produce a fuel gas which can be stored and/or used to further fuel the internal combustion engine.

Abstract: In an apparatus and method of generating a carbon nanotube (CNT), a process chamber is heated to a target temperature and a catalyst powder is supplied into the heated process chamber. The catalyst powder moves in a first direction in the process chamber. A source gas is supplied into the process chamber in a second direction opposite to the first direction, so that the source gas delays the movement of the catalyst powder in the first direction and is reacted with the catalyst powder in the process chamber to thereby produce the CNT in the process chamber. Accordingly, the flow of the source gas against the flow of the catalyst powder reduces the drop velocity of the catalyst powder. Therefore, the source gas and the catalyst powder may be reacted with each other for a sufficiently long time.

Abstract: Processes and systems for utilizing products from DME synthesis in converting oxygenates to olefins are provided that include removing a DME reactor effluent from a DME reactor, wherein the DME effluent includes DME, water, and methanol; separating carbon dioxide gas from the DME reactor effluent in a liquid gas separator to produce a degassed effluent stream. The processes and systems can include feeding the degassed effluent stream to an oxygenate to olefin reactor to produce an olefin containing effluent, wherein the olefin containing effluent further includes oxygenates.

Abstract: The invention relates to an ethylene cracking furnace having a multi-pass radiant coil, comprising at least one radiant section. In the radiant section there are provided with bottom burners and/or sidewall burners, and at least one set of multi-pass radiant coil longitudinally arranged in the radiant section. The multi-pass radiant coil is a four- to ten-pass type radiant coil. At least one tube of the multi-pass radiant coil is arranged to be spatially adjacent to a tube which is not consecutive to said at least one tube. With this arrangement, the thermal radiation influence between tubes with high temperature can be reduced, so that the tubes with low temperature can absorb the radiation heat from the tubes with high temperature. Therefore, the surface temperature of the tubes with high temperature can be reduced, thus extending the lifetime of the radiant coil and the operational cycle of the cracking furnace.

Abstract: High-temperature apparatus (10) for converting an starting material (M) to a synthesis gas (G) and comprising a feeding device (30) and a rotationally symmetrical furnace pipe (20) having a rotation axis (R). The feeding device (30) conducts the starting material (M) into an inner chamber (I) of the furnace pipe (20), and conveying elements (22) are arranged in the inner chamber (I) of the furnace pipe (20) in order to convey the starting material (M) in the direction of an exit side (A) of the furnace pipe (20). The apparatus (10) comprises an elongate resistance heating (23), which protrudes into the interior (I) of the furnace pipe (20) and which comprises at least one hot zone (H1) and a less hot zone (H2), wherein the hot zone (H1) follows the less hot zone (H2) as viewed from the entry zone (E), and wherein the resistance heating (23) is configured such that a temperature that is above 1200° C., is achievable in the inner chamber (I) of the furnace pipe (20).

Abstract: The present invention relates to a method for the continuous production of high-molecular polyesters by esterification of dicarboxylic acids and/or transesterification of dicarboxylic acid esters with diols and/or mixtures thereof in the presence of catalysts with formation of a prepolymer in a tower reactor and polycondensation thereof to form a high-molecular polyester in a polycondensation reactor, a prepolymer with >40 to 70 repeat units (DP) being produced in the tower reactor and this prepolymer being polycondensed in only one further reactor to form a polyester with >150 to 205 DP.

Abstract: The invention provides methods, apparatus and systems in which there is partial boiling of a liquid in a mini-channel or microchannel. The partial boiling removes heat from an exothermic process.

Abstract: The present subject matter discloses a fluid cooled reformer for gas turbine systems and a method for cooling both a fuel reformer and a heated reformate stream produced by such fuel reformer. The fluid cooled reformer may include a pressure vessel and a reactor assembly disposed within the pressure vessel. The reactor assembly may include a reactor and may be configured to receive and reform an oxygen/fuel mixture to produce a heated reformate stream. Additionally, the fluid cooled reformer may include an inlet configured to direct a fluid stream into the pressure vessel. At least a portion of the fluid stream may be used to cool the reactor assembly. A reformate cooling section may be disposed downstream of the reactor of the reactor assembly and may be configured to cool the heated reformate stream.

Abstract: Method for processing an article comprising mixed conducting metal oxide material. The method comprises contacting the article with an oxygen-containing gas and either reducing the temperature of the oxygen-containing gas during a cooling period or increasing the temperature of the oxygen-containing gas during a heating period; during the cooling period, reducing the oxygen activity in the oxygen-containing gas during at least a portion of the cooling period and increasing the rate at which the temperature of the oxygen-containing gas is reduced during at least a portion of the cooling period; and during the heating period, increasing the oxygen activity in the oxygen-containing gas during at least a portion of the heating period and decreasing the rate at which the temperature of the oxygen-containing gas is increased during at least a portion of the heating period.

Abstract: Disclosed is a removable cooling module (1), for use in a reactor (20) for carrying out an exothermic reaction, comprising a coolant feed tube (2); a distribution chamber (4); a plurality of circulation tubes (5); and a collection chamber (6); said coolant feed tube (2) having at its first end an inlet (3), for charging the coolant module (1) with coolant, and communicating with said distribution chamber (4) at its second end; each of said circulation tubes (5) communicating with the distribution chamber (4) through a first end and communicating with said collection chamber (6) through a second end; the collection chamber (6) having an outlet for discharging coolant. The modular nature of the invention facilitates removal of individual cooling module (1) from a reactor shell (21).

Abstract: The present invention provides a technique by which heat can be efficiently recovered from a coolant used to cool a reactor, and contamination with dopant impurities from an inner wall of a reactor when polycrystalline silicon is deposited within the reactor can be reduced to produce high-purity polycrystalline silicon. With the use of hot water 15 having a temperature higher than a standard boiling point as a coolant fed to the reactor 10, the temperature of the reactor inner wall is kept at a temperature of not more than 370° C. Additionally, the pressure of the hot water 15 to be recovered is reduced by a pressure control section provided in a coolant tank 20 to generate steam. Thereby, a part of the hot water is taken out as steam to the outside, and reused as a heating source for another application.

Abstract: A decomposition apparatus and a decomposition system for high-efficiency decomposition of waste plastic and organic matter, in particular medical waste formed of varieties of plastic, are provided by introduction of a catalyst circulating means using a rotary wheel and/or introduction of a mixing vessel.

Abstract: A system may include a urea injection device, first, second and third conduits and a valve. The first conduit may contain a fluid and may be in heat transfer relation with the urea injection device. The second conduit may be in selective fluid communication with the first conduit. The third conduit may be in selective fluid communication with the first conduit and in heat transfer relation with a heat source. The valve may be connected to the first, second and third conduits and may be movable between first and second positions. The first position may allow fluid communication between the first and third conduits and restrict communication between the first and second conduits. The second position may allow fluid communication between the first and second conduits and restrict fluid communication between the first and third conduits.

Abstract: Disclosed herein is a high-purity carbon silicon pulverulent body manufacturing method and system. That is, a high-purity carbon silicon pulverulent body manufacturing method of the present invention includes the step of producing a mixture consisting of silicon sources and carbon sources in a mixer; and the step of synthesizing silicon carbide (SiC) pulverulent body by heating the mixture at a vacuum degree of larger than 0.03 torr and equal to and less than 0.5 torr and at a temperature of equal to or larger than 1300° C. and equal to and less than 1900° C.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a tank for storing and withdrawing hydrogen by means of a reversible hydriding/dehydriding reaction, said tank consisting of a thermally insulated chamber that includes a plurality of elements (2) for storing hydrogen in the form of hydrides, each element having at least one surface for exchange with the gaseous hydrogen and at least one heat exchange surface, characterized in that it further comprises a plurality of heat storage elements (3) for preserving and releasing the heat that is associated with the reversible hydriding/dehydriding reaction.

Abstract: Provided is a production process for a carbon material comprising an alkali activation reaction step in which a carbon precursor containing an activator selected from alkali metal compounds is heated under flow of inert gas. The above alkali activation reaction is carried out while allowing carbon dioxide gas to flow into a downstream part of an alkali activation reaction region on the condition that the carbon dioxide gas is not substantially brought into contact with the carbon precursor and the activator. This makes it possible to carry out alkali activation treatment safely and stably and obtain a carbon material useful for producing an electric double layer capacitor electrode having a high electrostatic capacity.

Abstract: A fuel processor that extracts, from a fuel source, hydrogen gas used for an electricity generation reaction. The fuel processor includes a reformer that generates hydrogen gas by reacting a fuel source with water, a burner that heats the reformer to an appropriate temperature for a hydrogen generation reaction, a CO remover that removes CO generated during the hydrogen generation reaction in the reformer, and a heat exchanger for cooling the CO remover.

Abstract: Material withdrawal apparatus, methods, and systems of regulating material inventory in one or more units are provided. A material withdrawal apparatus includes a heat exchanger and transport medium junction configured to provide transport medium to transport the withdrawn material from the unit to the heat exchanger. Another material withdrawal apparatus includes a heat exchanger and shock coolant junction configured to provide shock coolant to the material withdrawn from the unit. Another material withdrawal apparatus includes a heat exchanger, shock coolant junction, and transport medium junction. Another embodiment of a material withdrawal apparatus includes a vessel and shock coolant junction. Another material withdrawal apparatus includes a vessel and transport medium junction. The vessel includes a wall, liner with heat insulating refractory material, fill port, and a discharge port.

Abstract: A thermal cracking tube is adapted to suppress pressure losses while maintaining heat transfer promoting effect on the fluid inside the tube. The tube has a plurality of projections rows extending circumferentially along inner surface of the tube orthogonal to or as inclined with respect to the axis of tube, each of the projection rows including a plurality of projections provided on the tube inner surface. The tube is defined by S/10?D=0.2?0.7, h/D=0.02?0.05 and L/?D=0.04?0.5. D is inner diameter of the tube, h is height of projection A arbitrarily chosen in a projection row ?, L is length of circular arc of projection A in a direction orthogonal to tube axis, and S is area of a region R surrounded by projection A, phantom lines L1 and L2 (extending respectively from circumferentially opposite ends of projection A in parallel to tube axis) and projection row ? downstream from projection row ?.

Abstract: A micro-reactor system assembly comprises a stack of at least n process modules (1-6), wherein n is an integer equal to or greater than 1, made from a rigid first material and comprising at least one reactive fluid passage (1A, 1B, 2A, 3A, 6A) for accommodating and guiding a reactive fluid, and at least n+1 heat exchange modules (7, 8) made from a ductile second material other than said first material and comprising at least one heat exchange fluid passage (7A, 8A) for accommodating and guiding a heat exchange fluid, wherein each process module (1-6) is sandwiched between two adjacent heat exchange modules (7, 8).

Abstract: A method for making a polycrystalline composition, wherein the method includes the steps of a) preparing a precursor material, b) heating the precursor material to a reaction temperature in the presence of a precursor vapor supplied from a source at a preselected partial pressure, for a sufficient time to initiate an interaction between the precursor material and the precursor vapor to form a heated precursor material, and c) cooling the heated precursor material at a predetermined cooling rate, optionally, in the presence of the precursor vapor supplied at a partial pressure, to yield the polycrystalline composition.

Abstract: In the case of a gasification reactor for the production of crude gas, containing CO or H2, by gasification of ash-containing fuel with oxygen-containing gas, at temperatures above the melting temperature of the ash, wherein a reaction chamber formed by a membrane wall through which coolant flows, within a pressure container, is provided, with a narrowing transition channel into a gas cooling chamber, wherein spin-reducing, cooled bulkheads are provided in the transition channel, a solution is to be created, with which a strand formation of the outflowing ash can be achieved, for one thing, and, for another, a further slag drip edge that ensures optimal slag outflow is made available.

Abstract: An apparatus for producing trichlorosilane includes a reaction container in which a supply gas containing silicon tetrachloride and hydrogen is supplied therein and a reaction product gas containing trichlorosilane and hydrogen chloride is produced; a heat transfer body which is filled in the reaction container, which is formed of a material having a melting point of at least higher than 1,400° C., and which has a void part which enables a gas to be passed; and a heating mechanism heating the heat transfer body in the reaction container.

Abstract: Embodiments are disclosed that relate to increasing radiative heat transfer in a steam reformer from an exterior shell which includes a diffusion burner to an interior reactor via angled fins coupled to the exterior shell. For example, one disclosed embodiment provides a steam reformer, comprising an exterior shell which includes a diffusion burner and angled fins, the angled fins extending away from an inner surface of the exterior shell and downward toward the diffusion burner. The steam reformer further comprises an interior reactor positioned at least partly within the exterior shell.

Abstract: Methods and systems of preparing a catalyst to be used in the synthesis of carbon nanotubes through Chemical Vapor Depositions are disclosed. The method may include a mixture comprising at least one of an iron catalyst source and a catalyst support. In another aspect, a method of synthesizing multi-walled carbon nanotubes using the catalyst is disclosed. The method may include driving a reaction in a CVD furnace and generating at least one multi-walled carbon nanotube through the reaction. The method also includes depositing the catalyst on the CVD furnace and driving a carbon source with a carrier gas to the CVD furnace. The method further includes decomposing the carbon source in the presence of the catalyst under a sufficient gas pressure for a sufficient time to grow at least one multi-walled carbon nanotube.

Abstract: A hydrocarbon synthesis reaction apparatus includes a reactor, and a synthesis gas supply line through which a synthesis gas is supplied to the reactor, and syntheses hydrocarbons by contacting the synthesis gas and the catalyst slurry in the reactor. The hydrocarbon synthesis reaction apparatus includes a spare supply line which is connected to the synthesis gas supply line, and supplies inert gas or hydrogen gas to the reactor through the synthesis gas supply line when supply of the synthesis gas to the synthesis gas supply line from the synthesis gas supply device is stopped, and a fluid heating device which heats at least one of a fluid which flows through a flowing line of the synthesis gas supply line located closer to the reactor than a portion connected with the spare supply line, and a fluid which flows through the spare supply line.

Abstract: Disclosed are a syngas production process and a reforming exchanger 100. The process involves passing a first portion of hydrocarbon feed mixed with steam and oxidant through an autothermal catalytic steam reforming zone to form a first reformed gas of reduced hydrocarbon content, passing a second portion of the hydrocarbon feed mixed with steam through an endothermic catalytic steam reforming zone to form a second reformed gas of reduced hydrocarbon content, and mixing the first and second reformed gases and passing the resulting gas mixture through a heat exchange zone for cooling the gas mixture and thereby supplying heat to the endothermic catalytic steam reforming zone. The endothermic catalytic steam reforming zone and the heat exchange zone are respectively disposed tube side and shell side within a shell-and-tube reforming exchanger 100.

Abstract: The present invention provides a method of manufacturing silicon and a manufacturing system for manufacturing and extracting silicon by grinding silicon carbide and silica, mixing each at predetermined ratio after cleaning them, housing them in a crucible, heating this by a heating unit to make them react, oxidizing the silicon carbide with the silica and further, reducing the silica with the silicon carbide. The present invention further provides a method of simultaneously manufacturing silicon and silicon carbide and a manufacturing system for producing silicon carbide by forming a silicon carbide film by vapor phase epitaxy using active gas generated in heating for reaction for material and recovering the silicon carbide film.

Abstract: A fuel processor for producing a hydrogen-containing product stream from a fuel stream and an oxidant stream incorporates a particulate filter assembly comprising a plurality of filter segments separated by expansion joints to accommodate dimensional changes that result from temperature fluctuations. Other embodiments of a fuel processor incorporate, instead or in addition, one or more of: a flame rod as a temperature sensing device for a reforming reaction; a two-sleeve concentric type heat exchanger; a mixing tube manufactured from an alumina-silica based material; and a wet blanket type of insulation.

Abstract: Disclosed is a method of performing a reaction involving a gaseous reactant stream and a falling film liquid reactant stream by providing a reactor comprising a first multicellular extruded body oriented with its cells extending in parallel in a vertically downward direction from a first end of the body to a second end, the body having a first plurality of cells open at both ends of the body and a second plurality of said cells closed at one or both ends of the body, the second plurality of cells being arranged in one or more groups of contiguous cells and cooperating to define at least in part at least one fluidic passage extending through the body; and further flowing a liquid reactant film down inner surfaces of the first plurality of cells while flowing a gaseous reactant stream up or down the centers of the first plurality of cells while flowing a first heat exchange fluid through the at least one fluidic passage. Various alternative devices for performing the method are also disclosed.

Abstract: A method includes operating a gas loading system with a source of one or more isotopes of hydrogen, a gas loading chamber containing a number of metallic nanoparticles, the metallic nanoparticles being selected to provide for a predetermined hydrogen cluster formation density, a vacuum system, and a valve system in communication with the gas loading chamber, the source of one or more isotopes of hydrogen and the vacuum system; providing the gas loading chamber with a first quantity of the one or more isotopes of hydrogen from the source of one or more isotopes of hydrogen; monitoring an operating temperature; and cycling a loading pressure of the gas loading chamber using the source of one or more isotopes of hydrogen in response to providing the gas loading chamber and monitoring the operating temperature.

Abstract: To provide an organic synthesizer that can conduct a pressure reaction and an atmospheric reaction in one organic synthesizer. An organic synthesizer comprising a reaction vessel support part (160), which can support two or more reaction vessels, and pressure regulation means (164) for regulating the pressure within the reaction vessel supported by the reaction vessel support part (160) by supplying/discharging gas. Two or more pressure regulation means (164) are provided for each reaction vessel supported by the reaction vessel support part (160). At least one pressure regulation means (164A) in the two or more pressure regulation means (164) is constructed so as to be detachable from and attachable to the other pressure regulation means (164B). The gas supply/discharge pipes (174a to 174d) are constructed so that a part near the front end can be flexed in a vertical direction and in a lateral direction.

Abstract: Catalyst feed systems and processes utilizing such systems are described herein. Some embodiments disclosed herein relate to a process for improving the flowability of catalyst in a catalyst feed system, including providing a catalyst feed vessel with at least one heat exchange system for maintaining the catalyst system temperature below a critical flow temperature. Also disclosed is a catalyst feed system for the polymerization of olefins including a catalyst feed vessel; and a heat exchange system for maintaining a temperature of a catalyst within the catalyst feed vessel. Additionally disclosed is a process for polymerization of olefins including maintaining a supported catalyst in a catalyst feed vessel below a critical flow temperature of the catalyst; feeding the catalyst to a polymerization reactor; and contacting the catalyst with an olefin to form a polyolefin.

Abstract: The present invention provides methods of conducting chemical reactions in a reaction channel that has an varying cross-sectional area such that a chemical reactant or reactants experience varying local contact time as the reactant(s) flow through the channel. The invention also provides reactors having reaction channels with varying cross-sectional areas. In a particularly preferred embodiment, the reaction channel section has a trapezoidal shape that becomes broader from the inlet toward the outlet.

Abstract: A reactor includes an essentially horizontal cylinder for carrying out an autothermal gas-phase dehydrogenation of a hydrocarbon-comprising gas stream using an oxygen-comprising gas stream to give a reaction gas mixture over a heterogeneous catalyst configured as monolith. The interior of the reactor is divided by a detachable, cylindrical or prismatic housing, which is arranged in the longitudinal direction of the reactor and is gastight in the circumferential direction, into an inner region having one or more catalytically active zones, each having a packing composed of monoliths stacked on top of one another, next to one another and behind one another and before each catalytically active zone in each case a mixing zone having solid internals are provided and into an outer region, which is supplied with an inert gas, arranged coaxially to the inner region. A heat exchanger is connected to the housing at one end of the reactor.

Abstract: The invention relates to piping for use as a pyrolysis tube in a cracking furnace. The tube is formed such that it has at least one section whose centreline curves in three dimensions, to induce swirl flow in the tube. Preferably, the tube is formed as a helix, more preferably a low-amplitude helix.