Abstract: The invention concerns a process and an apparatus for performing chemical reactions under pressure in the presence of a solid catalyst in a multi-stage reaction zone, after external intermediary thermal conditioning. This process may be used for the synthesis of ammonia or methanol or for gasoline reforming. It is characterized in that at least one reaction fluid is introduced into at least one compartment, a first reaction effluent is recovered, a heat exchange takes place, outside the reaction zone, between a first effluent and an external heat exchange medium, then the first effluent is introduced into at least one subsequent compartment and a second reaction effluent is recovered from the subsequent compartment.

Abstract: A reactor and method for producing carbon black which involves arranging the combustion fuel conduits in a circumferential arrangement within the forward wall of the combustion chamber and providing an impact surface on the opposite side of the combustion chamber. The impact surface forms part of a forward wall of a constricting section which has a tapering passageway with a large opening in fluid communication with the combustion chamber and a smaller opening downstream. A throat passageway or restricting ring is provided at the downstream end of the tapering passageway and the throat passageway opens into an expansion chamber which, in turn, opens into a quenching chamber. Carbon black feedstock is injected into either the tapering passageway, the throat section, or both. The injection of the feedstock is achieved through the use of an axially extending lance and/or one or more radially extending injectors.

Abstract: An installation for steam cracking hydrocarbons comprises at least one hydrocarbon cracking furnace, an indirect quench heat exchanger for the effluents leaving the furnace, direct quench means for said effluent, and means (36, 38) for injecting erosive solid particles into the installation for decoking purposes. The installation also includes a cyclone (10) placed at the outlet from the indirect quench heat exchanger to separate the solid particles from the gaseous effluent, with the solid particle outlet (14) from said cyclone being connected to storage tanks (20, 30) connected in series with isolating valves (16, 28, 34), a source (38) of gas under pressure being provided to raise the pressure in one of the tanks and to inject the solid particles into the installation.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for steam cracking hydrocarbons in a furnace (10) having rectilinear single-pass tubes (12) which are interconnected at their outlet ends by a manifold (18) within which the steam cracking effluents are subjected to limited pre-quenching by injection of a cooler gaseous medium, with the effluents then being conveyed to quenching means (22). The invention serves in particular to increase the yield of hydrocarbon steam cracking installations.

Abstract: The invention relates to a process and to an apparatus for the conversion of hydrocarbons. According to the invention, at least one first gas containing at least 20% of oxygen by volume and a type of hydrocarbon are first all circulated in separate streams which are parallel to each other, without their being mixed, according to a spatial distribution such that the first gas is surrounded by the hydrocarbon; these substances are introduced into a mixing/reaction chamber at a first given circulation level, and while the substances are then allowed to mix, the oxygen and the hydrocarbon are ignited so as to give rise to the conversion reaction and then, at a second given circulation level situated downstream of the first, a quenching of the resultant mixture is performed in a chamber, the resultant quenched conversion products are recovered. The invention applies particularly to the manufacture of conversion products such as acetylene and ethylene.

Abstract: A system for removing cyanide and related species from a cyanide-containing waste fluid, for example, of the sort generated by mining operations, includes means for generating hydrogen peroxide by the burning of a fuel and the quenching of that burning with the waste fluid. At least a portion of the cyanide content of the waste fluid is eliminated by oxidation with the hydrogen peroxide, and the quenching can also provide organic material to serve as a carbon source for microbes which degrade residual cyanide in the treated waste stream.

Abstract: The cooling of a stream of hot product gas exiting from an outlet opening of a gasification reactor is made by way of two separate partial streams of cooling fluid such as a cooling gas, vapor or liquid. The first partial stream of the cooling fluid is fed from the outside substantially in a radial direction against an outer layer of the product gas stream. The second partial stream of cooling liquid is fed axially in a counter direction to the product gas stream to impinge against a central portion thereof. In this manner the path of mixing of the product gas with the cooling fluid is substantially shortened.

Abstract: The invention relates to a device for performing exothermic catalytic gas reactions for synthesis of ammonia or methanol, comprising essentially a high-pressure shell, an insert, and an upper cover, the insert being equipped at least with two superimposed annular cylindrical catalyst containments having a gas-permeable inner and outer wall for radial gas flow from the outside towards the inside and with two tubular gas/gas heat exchangers arranged centrally in the first and second catalyst containers.

Abstract: The arrangement for cooling a hot product gas containing adhesive or fusible particles which lose their adhesiveness during cooling, has a reactor for producing the hot product gas, a cooling duct connected with the reactor for the hot product gas, a nozzle ring subdivided into a plurality of chambers mounted adjacent to and communicating with the cooling duct, each of the chambers being structured to introduce a different ring-shaped jet of cooling fluid into the hot product gas in the cooling duct. The different ring-shaped jets are producible with mass and penetration depths according to the mass of a product gas stream flowing in a cooling zone of the cooling duct with injection speeds selected to obtain a predetermined penetration depth. Using different penetration depths for the different ring-shaped jets allows avoidance of baked deposits on the walls of the reactor and cooling duct.

Abstract: In order to create an economic two-stage heat exchanger system which is capable of cooling cracked gas from short-term splitting furnaces, which is capable of flexible operation utilizing changeable charging stock, the two stages of the heat exchanger are integrated in one device, in order to avoid the necessity of delivering the cracked gas to a second stage via long, hot pipelines. In addition, the system has the capability of switching the heat exchanger plant over to a single-stage operation.

Abstract: A multi-stage catalytic olefin upgrading reactor system for converting lower olefinic feedstock to heavier liquid hydrocarbon product.

Abstract: The invention is a pyrolysis furnace for cracking heavy oils to olefins. The furnace includes a convection zone and a radiation zone. In parallel streams, the heavy stream and a stream diluent are heated in the convection zone to the point of partial thermal cracking while in the other stream a lighter oil and steam are cracked to produce olefins. The hot, olefinic light stream is then mixed with the heated heavy stream and further cracked in the radiation zone.

Abstract: An apparatus for cooling a hot product gas, the latter is passed through a tubular zone. The product gas contains particles which, on entering the tubular zone, are tacky, but lose their tackiness through cooling in said zone. Within said zone a cooling gas flow forms a gas wall, which prevents contact between the product gas or the tacky particles contained therein, and one of the fixed walls in the tubular zone. Thus within an outlet connection (2) forming the tubular zone is provided an anular insert (3), which forms a gap (4) with the outlet connection. A cooling gas is blown into this gap counter to the flow direction of the product gas. At the end of the insert, this cooling gas is deflected by the product gas and flows within the insert in the same direction as the product gas and protects the inner wall of the insert from the latter.

Abstract: A combustion assembly catalytically oxidizes organic hydrocarbon gases and recovers the heat held by the heated oxidized exhaust generated by such oxidation. The assembly includes a preheater and a catalytic recuperative heat generator which contains a suitable oxidation catalyst. An outside air inlet provides communication between the outside air and the heat generator. The assembly also includes a recirculation duct coupled with a fan which form a loop for storing heated oxidized exhaust for later use, and for moderating temperature losses and gains. A return duct also provides heated oxidized exhaust to the preheater. Variable flow control devices are provided at various positions within the apparatus.

Abstract: An apparatus for injecting quench gas (cooled syngas) through an injection ring located around the circumference of the gasifier exit duct and having ports in communication with the interior of said duct to achieve thorough mixing of the gasifier gas with the injected quench gas. Interchangeable rings having different configurations and dimensions of the ports may be used to accomodate various types of coal. The rings may be fabricated in sections for ease of maintenance and replacement.

Abstract: A plant for the pyrolysis of waste material containing hydrocarbons has a cooling stage. In this cooling stage, the hot pyrolysis gas coming from the pyrolysis reactor is cooled by direct heat exchange with low-boiling pyrolysis oil which is obtained in a further cooling stage by condensation of pyrolysis gas. For this purpose, a multiplicity of spray nozzles disposed in the form of a ring are provided in the heat exchange channel of the cooling stage, with a spray direction of the nozzles pointing substantially downwards. The end of the hot gas line which connects the cooling stage to the pyrolysis reactor is located above the spray nozzles. At the same time, feed lines for a protective, buffer or blanketing gas end in this region. In addition, an annular channel encloses the heat exchange channel and has orifices in the inner wall surface of the heat exchange channel, so that pyrolysis oil fed through the line cools and wets the wall of the heat exchange channel.

Abstract: A distributor system for use in multiple bed, downflow reactors which provides improved distribution across the reactor and improved vapor/liquid contact and distribution. The system comprises a collection tray arranged below the first catalyst bed in the reactor, a first, rough distributor tray which is arranged below the collection tray and which is fed from the collection tray by means of spillways in the tray and a mixing chamber beneath the spillways. The first distributor tray provides for separate vapor and liquid flow by means of apertures in the tray or downward flow of liquid and vapor chimneys for downward flow of vapor. After the first distributor tray, a second, final distributor tray is provided with downcomers for flow of liquid and vapor onto the lower catalyst bed. Each downcomer comprises an open-topped tube with a side aperture for entry of liquid into the tube, vapor entering through the open top of the tube.

Abstract: An assembly of a quench liquid distribution ring and dip-tube with or without a draft tube for use in a hot effluent gas quench cooling zone containing a pool of quench liquid in the bottom in combination with a vertical cylindrical free-flow refractory lined reaction zone of a partial oxidation gas generator. The hot effluent gas from the reaction zone passes through a bottom central discharge outlet and passage and then through a coaxial vertical dip-tube that extends down into a pool of quench liquid. A quench liquid distribution ring that includes an annular rectangular shaped bottom feed quench liquid distribution channel, surrounds the outside diameter of the dip-tube at its upstream end. A quench ring face and cover is provided that comprises a vertical cylindrical shaped leg portion and a top horizontal flat ring plate portion that extends perpendicularly outward from the upstream end of the leg portion.

Abstract: Gasifier for combusting a carbonaceous fuel to produce a usable gas and comprising an insulated outer shell. A combustion chamber within the shell receives a fuel mixture from a fuel injection burner. The products of combustion, including hot produced gas, are passed through a constricted throat to be cooled ion a liquid bath. A dip tube which guides the hot products into the bath, is provided with a stream of coolant from a quench ring. The latter is supported on the dip tube upper end and conformed at its exposed face to minimize the effects of the hot product gas, thereby avoiding the establishment of stress points in the ring structure.

Abstract: An improved fluidized bed process for upgrading olefinic hydrocarbon feedstock by contacting the feedstock with acidic siliceous zeolite conversion catalyst particles at elevated temperature under exothermic conditions to produce heavier hydrocarbons including gasoline range hydrocarbons. The improvement comprises maintaining a turbulent fluidized bed of catalyst particles by flowing hydrocarbon-containing vapor upwardly through said bed at less than transport velocity; and introducing liquid olefinic feedstock comprising at least one C.sub.4 -C.sub.6 diene component into the fluidized catalyst bed in a lower portion thereof by rapidly atomizing and vaporizing the liquid feedstock, thus converting feedstock to heavier hydrocarbon without substantial thermal diene degradation thereof prior to contacting conversion catalyst particles in the fluidized bed.

Abstract: A device for cooling a stream of hot producer gas exiting from a gasification reactor operating at an increased pressure, includes a set of water spraying nozzles directed against the producer gas stream. Water feeding conduits connected to the nozzles pass through a sealing web provided between the pipe wall structure of the reactor and a separate pipe wall structure of a gas outlet connection piece provided above the discharge opening of the reactor. The geometric locations of respective nozzles are on a circle whose diameter is larger than that of the gas discharge opening and is smaller than the inner diameter of the pipe wall structure of the connection piece.

Abstract: An oxidation assembly catalytically oxidizes organic hydrocarbon gases and recovers the heat held by the heated oxidized exhaust generated by such oxidation. The assembly includes a preheater and a catalytic recuperative heat generator which contains a suitable oxidation catalyst. An outside air inlet provides communication between the outside air and the heat generator. The assembly also includes a fan having a first and second outlet for moving the heated oxidized exhaust, and an outside air preheat exchanger. The first outlet of the fan and a recirculation duct communicate to form a loop for storing the heated oxidized exhaust for later use, and the second outlet of the fan and the inlet of the catalytic preheater communicate to form a loop for returning the oxidized exhaust to the preheater. Although the assembly may be designed with a fixed pre-adjusted gas flow control device, in the preferred embodiment, variable flow control devices are provided at various positions within the apparatus.

Abstract: A reactor tube 20 for a high-temperature fluid wall reactor has a generally cylindrical shape and is made of a refractory material which permits the tube to be heated to incandescence. The reactor tube in turn radiates energy inwardly to a reaction zone to sustain the desired high-temperature reaction. At least a length of the tube 20 is perforated to permit an inert gas to pass through the tube to form a protective fluid wall for preventing the radially-inward reactant products from contacting the inner surface 84 of the tube. Perforations 78 are located, shaped and dimensioned such that inert gas jets 86 are formed each having a substantially radially-directed momentum sufficient to repel the reactants. The injection of inert gas is controlled so that gas jets overlap to form the protective fluid wall, but the gas jets do not disturb flow within the radially-inward reaction zone. Sections of the reactor tube may remain unperforated, but are protected by the downstream flow of the injected inert gas.

Abstract: A readily adjustable shatter jet mechanism comprises a frame which rotatably and displaceably receives a fluid supply pipe assembly. The assembly includes a fluid supply pipe which is pivotally movable. A nozzle is connected to the pipe and can be rotated into one of a plurality of rotational positions. The assembly can be disengaged from the frame and reengaged with the frame at a different location so that the pipe and its nozzle can also be displaced with respect to the frame. In this way the fluid jet can be directed in a variety of directions toward a smelt stream to be broken up by the fluid jet.

Abstract: A reactor tube 20 for a high-temperature fluid wall reactor has a generally cylindrical shape and is made of a refractory material which permits the tube to be heated to incandescence. The reactor tube in turn radiates energy inwardly to a reaction zone to sustain the desired high-temperature reaction. At least a length of the tube 20 is perforated to permit an inert gas to pass through the tube to form a protective fluid wall for preventing the radially-inward reactant products from contacting the inner surface 84 of the tube. Perforations 78 are located, shaped and dimensioned such that inert gas jets 86 are formed each having a substantially radially-directed momentum sufficient to repel the reactants. The injection of inert gas is controlled so that gas jets overlap to form the protective fluid wall, but the gas jets do not disturb flow within the radially-inward reaction zone. Sections of the reactor tube may remain unperforated, but are protected by the downstream flow of the injected inert gas.

Abstract: A reactor is disclosed for carrying out exothermic or endothermic chemical reactions in which the reaction temperature is maintained as constant as possible. The reactor comprises a reaction space, an inlet for at least two reaction components, and an outlet for the reaction products. The reactor according to the invention is characterized in that the reaction space is provided with a plurality of interconnected reactor stages through which the reaction stream passes in succession, that each reactor stage comprises three reaction component guiding means, and that each reactor stage is provided with at least one injection opening for at least one reaction component.

Abstract: A method for the recovery of mineral resources, such as metallic minerals, petroleum, etc., from solid materials, such as subsurface earth formations, including; partially burning a hydrogen-containing fuel in the presence of an oxidizing agent under conditions to produce partial oxidation products, such as alcohols, hydrogen peroxide, aldehydes, ketones, etc., terminating the burning to prevent decomposition of the partial oxidation products and contacting the solid materials with the partial oxidation products and contacting the solid materials with the partial oxidation products and an alkaline or acidic material.

Abstract: An apparatus for the manufacture of chloride-free hypochlorous acid by hydrolyzing of chlorine with steam, solid-gas stripping of the co-generated hydrochloric acid vapor in a fluidized bed reactor, equilibrium discharge of chloride particulate from the bed of the reactor, selective dissolving of the hypochlorous acid vapor into aqueous product solution in a packed bed absorber, and closed-loop recycling of the stripped product stream.

Abstract: A gas injection apparatus for injecting a quench gas. The gas injection apparatus provides a means for injecting a quench gas into a hot gas contained in a vessel having an inner liner. The apparatus is designed such that the independent thermal expansions and contractions of the inner liner do not create excess thermal stresses on an expansible supply duct. The expansible supply duct provides the means for transferring the gas from outside the vessel into the gas stream. A plenum assembly, creating an interface between the expansible supply duct and the inner liner is sealably attached to the inner liner allowing perpendicular injection of the quench gas while maintaining the liner's integrity.

Abstract: The hydrotreatment of hydrocarbons in the liquid phase is effected in a column containing a catalyst fixed or moving bed supported by a grid, wherethrough passes an ascending stream of the charge admixed with hydrogen. The perforations of the grid are small enough to prevent passage of the catalyst particles but large enough for giving passage to the hydrogen-charge mixture. The reaction effluent is withdrawn from the top of the column.

Abstract: A cooling device for quenching hot, highly corrosive combustible gases containing chlorine and hydrogen chloride comprises an elongated steel vessel having rounded top and bottom end portions, an inlet connection on the top end portion, a plurality of inclined connections in the top end portion to facilitate injection of quenching liquid, a lateral outlet connection in the lower third of the steel vessel for quenched combustion gases and quenching liquid, an axial outlet connection on the bottom end portion of the steel vessel for cleaning purposes and also providing an outlet for the quenching liquid, an acid-resistant hard rubber lining extending over the interior surfaces of the steel vessel and all connections, an acid-resistant ceramic lining on the hard rubber lining, and a refractory lining in the upper portion of the steel vessel on the acid-resistant lining.

Abstract: A process and apparatus for the continuous mass polymerization of styrenic and alkenylnitrile monomers. The process comprises the steps of continuously introducing a feed comprising a predetermined ratio of styrenic and alkenylnitrile monomers into a reaction vessel to produce a reaction mixture; subjecting the reaction mixture to conditions of temperature and pressure under which said monomers copolymerize to produce a styrenic/alkenylnitrile copolymer; subjecting the reaction mixture to sufficient agitation; continuously withdrawing styrenic/alkenylnitrile copolymer from the reaction vessel; and devolatilizing the styrenic/alkenylnitrile withdrawn from the reaction vessel by a two-stage procedure including first adjusting the ratio of styrenic to alkenylnitrile monomer therein followed by heating to volatilize the volatile components and then separation of volatile components.

Abstract: A reactor bed, particularly one designed for converting alcohols to gasoline, is provided with a section downstream of the catalyst bed filled with high heat capacity thermal absorptive material. When the circulation of recycled gas to the system is temporarily suspended automatic valves terminate the injection of alcohol feedstock and begin the injection of inert gases such as methane into the system, thereby avoiding the formation of a hot spot which would subsequently damage the catalyst and equipment downstream.

Abstract: A fluid injection lozenge comprises two tubes supporting a perforate member forming a cage enclosing the space between the tubes. Each tube has a series of perforations along its length so that a fluid can be injected, through the tube, into the enclosed space. The lozenges are of use in catalytic converters of either the axial or radial flow design. In the case of a radial flow converter, a plurality of tubes are provided, preferably connected in pairs by the perforate members, to form a squirrel cage structure, disposed in the catalyst bed.

Abstract: In the combination of a reactor vessel which includes a quench ring and a dip tube surrounding a bottom outlet, there is an improved quench ring structure. It includes a first annular cooling conduit mounted against the floor of the reactor chamber and surrounding the outlet. That floor supports a refractory lining. There is a second annular cooling conduit mounted beneath the first conduit. And, there is a high temperature resistant seal between the two conduits. The result maintains a tight seal against escape of high temperature reactor gas, in spite of any warping of the reactor floor.

Abstract: The invention relates to quenching a cracked hydrocarbon gas by passing a cracked gas stream axially through a pipe and injecting a liquid coolant into said pipe through a plurality of circumferentially arranged slots in a swirling manner, the weight ratio of the flow rate of the coolant to the flow rate of the gas stream being in the range of about 2 to about 15 whereby a sufficient amount of the coolant is swept into the gas stream to effectively cool the same. Suitable apparatus comprises a quench pipe formed of two substantially abutting sections, the downstream section being grooved to form with the upstream section of said slots. Preferably the upstream section has an internal circumferentially arranged deflector lip overhanging the slots.

Abstract: In a reactor comprising an outer shell and an internal cartridge preferably obtained by assembling a number of stackable modular cartridges, each comprising from the outside to the inside at least one solid wall forming an air space with the shell inside wall, a continuous bottom to the solid wall, a first wall perforated for the whole of its length, a second internal wall only partially perforated, and a catalytic bed inserted between the said bottom and said walls totally respectively partially perforated, at least one heat exchanger is arranged centrally and axially in a catalytic bed; the feed gas which has cooled the external wall of the shell collects in a duct in the middle of the exchanger along which it runs in one way (for example, from top to bottom) running successively along the exchanger in the other way inside the exchanger tubes emerging preheated in the free zone over the top layer of the catalytic bed where it is mixed with fresh gas fed directly from the outside of said zone.

Abstract: In a furnace system for producing carbon black, a primary quench fluid is injected into the combustion products from the furnace to produce effluent. The effluent is passed through a trim quench chamber containing a tubular member. The tubular member has an internal flow path therethrough and is positioned in the housing defining the quench chamber to form an outer flow path therebetween. Part of the effluent flowing through the quench chamber passes through the internal flow path while the remainder passes through the outer flow path. Quench liquid is introduced into the quench chamber for initial contact with substantially only the portion of the effluent passing through the internal flow path.

Abstract: Mixing of gases in a catalytic reactor having plural beds of packed catalyst which are disposed in series along the direction of the reactant gas flow is improved by providing a gas-mixing means in a space prepared between each bed, said means being composed of a separator plate mounted vertically on the rear face of a grating apparatus for supporting catalyst bed for partitioning the upper part of said space, a gas-distributor tube for providing a gas to-be-mixed with the aforesaid reactant gas and a gas-dispersing board located under said tube for establishing the complete gas mixing.The typical application of this invention will be found in the reactor for catalytic dehydrogenation of ethylbenzene to produce styrene.

Abstract: A catalytic converter is disclosed, which incorporates an improved mechanism to supply a part of a make-up gas for temperature control. A plurality of stages of a gas injection device are provided in the main body of the catalytic converter, each of the stages of the gas injection rings consisting of a plurality of gas injection rings concentrically arranged therein. Each of the gas injection rings is interconnected through connecting tubes to each of the small chambers which corresponds to each of the stages of the gas injection rings and is provided in a make-up gas supply chamber.

Abstract: Aqueous ammonium phosphate solutions can be produced using an apparatus comprising: a fluid reactor having a plurality of inlets at one end thereof suitable for the admission of phosphoric acid, ammonia and water, the inlets being so positioned as to provide for rapid ammoniation of the phosphoric acid with the evolution of heat, to produce a reaction product mixture containing a liquid portion and steam, the fluid reactor having an exit for the expulsion of the reaction products mixture at the other end thereof, by steam generated by the heat liberated in the ammoniation process; a columnar vessel having an outlet at one end and, at the other end, enclosing the exit of the fluid reactor, a plurality of barriers obturating the columnar vessel in a spaced-apart relationship, and having a plurality of apertures therein for the passage of reaction products mixture therethrough; an inlet quench device connected to the columnar vessel for introduction therein of a liquid aqueous quenching fluid; and, a device in c

Abstract: Methanol is produced from an organic waste material such as sewage by a process wherein an arc heater or "plasma jet" performs novel process steps including: (1) partially vaporizing an organic sewage sludge (a semi-liquid material produced by bacterial digestion of the sewage); (2) reacting the gas products obtained by the sludge vaporization, together with a digester gas (obtained by digestion of the sewage), to form a synthesis gas comprising principally H.sub.2, CO, CO.sub.2, H.sub.2 O and CH.sub.4, and (3) optionally, driving a water shift reaction to convert a portion of the output gases to additional H.sub.2 and CO for use as a feed stream to the jet. The synthesis gas is converted to methanol in a subsequent process step.

Abstract: A converter for converting SO.sub.2 to SO.sub.3, having an exterior shell, a central axial core tube, and a number of annular catalyst beds one above the other, placed on support plates and separated by division plates. The shell, core tube, support and division plates are all of stainless steel. The support and division plates are performed in a domed shape to prevent excessive sagging in use and are welded to the shell and core tubes, except for the support plate of the first bed. The first bed is at the bottom of the converter and its support plate is welded to an encircling plenum through which supply gas enters. The plenum shields the shell from the hot first bed and produces abrupt changes in the flow direction of the supply gas to remove entrained particles therefrom.

Abstract: A hot raw gas stream, as produced by the partial oxidation of a solid carbonaceous fuel such as coal, is partially cooled and cleaned to remove entrained solid matter and slag. A novel gas--gas quench cooling and solids separation apparatus is employed. The apparatus comprises a closed cylindrical insulated vertical pressure vessel containing a lower quench chamber in communication with an upper solids separation chamber. The hot raw gas stream is cooled in the lower chamber to a temperature below the initial deformation temperature of the entrained slag by impingement and direct heat exchange with an oppositely directed coaxial stream of cooled, cleaned, and compressed recycle quench gas. The stream of cooled gas leaving the turbulent lower chamber passes up through a choke-ring into the comparatively calmer upper chamber counter-currently with solid slag droplets which separate out by gravity.

Abstract: An apparatus for reacting carbonaceous material such as pulverized coal with heated hydrogen to form hydrocarbon gases and liquids suitable for conversion to fuels wherein the reaction involves injection of pulverized coal entrained in a minimum amount of gas and mixing the entrained coal at ambient temperature with a separate source of heated hydrogen. The heated hydrogen and entrained coal are injected through a rocket engine type injector device. The coal particles are reacted with hydrogen in a reaction chamber downstream of the injector. The products of reaction are rapidly quenched as they exit the reacting chamber and are subsequently collected.

Abstract: Apparatus for the diacritic cracking of heavy hydrocarbon feeds includes a combustor for burning a fuel, to provide the hot combustion products to the reactor. The combustor is water cooled and includes gas filming with an appropriate gas such as N.sub.2 or CO.sub.2 to avoid coking in the combustor by preventing impingement of the fuel and combustion products on the combustor walls. The reactor is of reduced cross-section, also preferably utilizing gas filming to avoid coking on the reactor walls. Feed stock injectors are provided adjacent the reactor inlet. Adjacent the outlet end of the reactor is a quench section designed for the rapid injection of a quench fluid to reduce the stream temperature below that at which further cracking will take place, with the quench injectors also being gas filmed to avoid the coking thereof.

Abstract: An apparatus for treating a water solution of a waste material containing a salt with smelt-water explosion characteristics comprises an open-bottomed incinerator and a gas-liquid separator disposed beneath the incinerator in fluid-flow communication therewith. The waste solution is sprayed into the incinerator and heated therein so that the salt in the solution is fused, water vaporized and organic components of the solution burned. The combustion gases and water vapor flow downwardly into the separator, while the fused salt forms a deposit on the inner surface of the incinerator and flows downwardly into the separator. At the junction between the incinerator and separator, cooling water is fed to the fused salt so that the deposit of salt is solidified and cracked into separate masses which fall together with the cooling water onto an inclined baffle member disposed in the separator and roll downwardly on the baffle member.

Abstract: An apparatus for quenching pyrolysis gas, in which cooling of pyrolysis gas of hydrocarbons can be carried out very rapidly, decoking of pyrolysis furnace can be carried out easily and the life of apparatus can be extremely extended, is provided according to the apparatus in which the upper outlet of each of cracking tubes of a multi-tubular pyrolysis furnace for hydrocarbons is connected directly with each of vertical introducing pipes for pyrolysis gas, having a diameter larger than that of said upper outlet, and situated on a level upper than that of said upper outlet; cooling pipes for pyrolysis gas having closed lower ends are inserted in said introducing pipes in the same direction therewith; pipes for flowing-in a cooling medium, the lower ends of which pipes open into said cooling pipes at the position close to the closed ends of the cooling pipes are provided and opening parts for each of fluids are provided in the neighborhood of the upper ends of said introducing pipes and said cooling pipes, respe

Abstract: An apparatus for producing oxygen-free combustion gases, comprising a combustion chamber provided with a cooling jacket or shell and wherein liquid or gaseous hydrocarbons are burnt with combustion air and subsequently cooled through spray cooling by water introduced through nozzles into the rear portion of the combustion chamber, whereupon secondary cooling and scrubbing take place within a secondary cooling zone subsequent to the plenum chamber of said combustion chamber and provided with a plurality of gas outlet ports. That spray heads are arranged in the region of said gas outlet port(s), to produce a spray stream or jet directed to said outlet ports. A chamber is connected to said outlet port which chamber is surrounded by a wall provided with at least one gas outlet port, with the stream or jet of said spray heads being aligned with said gas outlet ports.

Abstract: Disclosure is made of a method and apparatus for reacting carbonaceous material such as pulverized coal with heated hydrogen to form hydrocarbon gases and liquids suitable for conversion to fuels wherein the reaction involves injection of pulverized coal entrained in a minimum amount of gas and mixing the entrained coal at ambient temperature with a separate source of heated hydrogen. The heated hydrogen and entrained coal are injected through a rocket engine type injector device. The coal particles are reacted with hydrogen in a reaction chamber downstream of the injector. The products of reaction are rapidly quenched as they exit the reaction chamber and are subsequently collected.