Abstract: A pump seal oil system for a reactor pump wherein seal oil is provided at a pre-determined rate of flow without changing the rate of flow in response to pressure differences between the seal oil in the pump and the reactor pressure. Seal oil is provided at a first rate when the reactor pump is in operation and at a second higher rate when the reactor pump is not in operation.

Abstract: A horizontal solid-bed polymerization reactor which is divided into a plurality of zones, for example a reaction zone, an after-reaction zone, a heating zone and a product discharge zone and possesses inlet and outlet openings for feeding substances into the zones and/or removing substances from the zones, the zones being separated from one another over a part of the reactor cross-section by means of weirs, wherein two drive shafts which are independent of one another and possess mixing elements are introduced into the solid-bed polymerization reactor in the middle.

Abstract: A vertical autoclave for carrying out operations involving a medium having a liquid phase and/or a solid phase includes:(a) a concave autoclave bottom;(b) a shaft along a vertical axis of said autoclave, said shaft passing through said bottom of said autoclave; and(c) stirrers for driving said medium with a centripetal motion about said concave autoclave bottom.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a method for producing bone cement for fixing protheses, whereby the bone cement is manufactured by mixing various substances with each other to provide a setting mass which in set condition is adapted to fix prostheses at surrounding bone tissue. In order to prevent large amounts of air from being stirring into the mixture, mixing of said various substances occurs under vacuum. The invention also relates to a device for carrying out the method for producing bone cement for fixing prostheses, whereby the bone cement is manufactured by mixing various substances with each other to provide a setting mass which in set condition is adapted to fix protheses at surrounding bone tissue, and whereby the mixture is applied to the bone tissue by means of a feed device (20) from which the mixture (19) may be pressed out.

Abstract: Apparatus for reducing iron and vanadium in phosphoric acid solution with the aid of a granular reductant. The apparatus is comprised of a drum rotatable around its transverse axis. It is partially filled with the granular reductant and provided with inlets for supplying the phosphoric acid solution, the granular reductant and an inert gas, and also with a reaction product outlet.

Abstract: A catalyst mixing tank having an axially aligned cylindrical outlet conduit at the vessel bottom has an agitator on a shaft which terminates in a spiral configuration extending from the vessel and terminating within the outlet conduit thereby providing agitation within the outlet conduit. This catalyst mixing tank combined with a downstream ball-check feed valve with the feed valve having a diametrical clearance between ball and cylinder in a range of about 0.040 inch to the maximum clearance that precludes leaking between ball and cylinder and with control of the pressure differential across the ball-check feed valve provides a catalyst feed system particularly suitable for use with viscous material or material likely to bridge an opening.

Abstract: Arrangement for the treatment of fluent, thin and highly viscous media, particularly for the fermentation of micro organisms, for mixing, pumping and the dissipation of the medium. The arrangement is based on a novel principle of bladeless mixing and pumping of fluent media of any kind and density. The main part of the arrangement is a hollow rotor with a bottom with at least a single inlet opening in the bottom. The rotor is rotated at a speed at which the treated medium due to centrifugal forces proceeds from one end of the rotor to the other one. The medium is discharged from the rotor through one or more outlet openings in the sides or in the top of the rotor; the medium is either only raised, or is also dissipated below or above the level of the fluent medium.

Abstract: A shaftless instrument achieves mixing by a rotor floating on a solution in association with an external magnet or magnetic field. The magnet is driven by a motor located outside of but in close proximity to said instrument. In one embodiment, a feed inlet is located in the vicinity of the lower portion of said instrument and communicates with the bottom interior of said instrument in the vicinity of the rotor location. During operation, a fluid feed supports said rotor a small distance above the instrument bottom and enables it to rotates above the fluid feed location.

Abstract: Apparatus for continuously making products in dry-phase in an exothermic reaction includes a chamber having a mixer disposed at the bottom thereof with a reaction chamber above the mixer. First and second inlets are provided for introducing reactant materials into the reaction chamber at a position above the mixer. The mixer projects the solid particles into the reaction chamber in order to interact and produce the final product while an expansion chamber is provided above the reaction chamber for evacuating the resulting gas.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for the continuous overbasing of petroleum sulfonate providing in a process in which CO.sub.2 is contacted with a reaction mixture of neutral petroleum sulfonate, lube oil stock, lime, methanol, and naphtha in a series of reaction vessels in which additional CO.sub.2 is contacted seriatim in each succeeding reaction vessel with the effluent from the preceding reaction vessel, a method and apparatus for the removal of at least a portion of the effluent from each reaction vessel with the reduction of water content in this portion and subsequent supplementing of methanol content in this portion to provide a reaction efficient amount of water and methanol in each succeeding reaction.

Abstract: Iron and vanadium is phosphoric acid solution are reduced. To this end, the phosphoric acid solution is contacted with ferrophosphorus which is used as the reductant.

Abstract: Method and apparatus for the chlorination of polyolefins in aqueous suspension. The method includes subjecting the suspension of the polyolefin to a submerged jet of chlorine gas at a velocity sufficient to atomize the chlorine; i.e., at least about sixty feet per second. By this method a very intimate mixture of chlorine and aqueous suspension is formed, whereby the chlorination proceeds more efficiently and at a lower chlorine pressure. Further advantages include a more uniformly-substituted product.

Abstract: A process for the production of crystalline dextrose monohydrate in which the mass M subjected to crystallization traverses from above downwards continuously and under malaxation, a vessel inside which it is subjected to a temperature gradient globally decreasing from above downwards. The crystalline mass is recovered continuously at the lower part of the vessel, means being provided to take up at the intermediate level a fraction of the mass and to recycle it to a level situated in the vicinity of the upper end of the vessel.

Abstract: A stationary horizontal cylindrical reactor for the production of lead oxide comprises a series of horizontal rotating blades to promote and maintain the oxidation reaction, to provide a particle size reduction and to effect centrifugal classification of the lead oxide produced in the reaction. The reactor includes a chamber supplied with raw lead, air and water, and by the use of the entire reactor chamber-blade interface as a reaction zone results in a highly energy efficient and high rate production apparatus. The apparatus is extremely versatile and can be used to produce low free lead (less than 1%) litharge (PbO) and high free lead or leady litharge on a consistent high volume basis.

Abstract: Method and apparatus for mixing serum and reagents for chemical analysis. The method comprises the steps of providing a container containing a serum sample and one or more reagents to be mixed, positioning an elongated mixing member within the containers and extending into the serum sample and reagents to be mixed, and then rapidly oscillating the mixing member back and forth along an arcuate path for a sufficient period of time to thoroughly mix the serum sample and reagents. The method reduces foaming of the serum sample-reagent fluid being mixed, helps to eliminate the formation of air bubbles therein and is useful as a degasser to remove air or other gases from serum-reagent mixture. Piezoelectric techniques are employed to effect the mixing with a simple and reliable apparatus. The mixing means includes a driving assembly which comprises a thin, flexible, metal plate having a pair of thin, flexible, piezoceramic elements secured to opposite faces thereof. Upon the application of an A.C.

Abstract: A continuous reactor for forming polymeric materials from reactive components for use in a system for mixing monomeric materials and the process of operation of the continuous reactor and system.

Abstract: Liquid soap is made in small quantities in the home by mixing a fat, such as left over cooking fats, with an alkali while adding a diluent each time viscosity of the mixture is detected to rise. Apparatus for making the soap includes a sealed container 17 with compartments filled with the alkali and other additives, with the sealed container having protrusions 68 which engage switch elements 69 that control the amounts of each additive to be mixed with the fats. A tiltable baffle 78 feeds the grease added to the system alternately to one of two grease receptacles 75 or 76, a D.C. motor drives a mixer 55, and water from a water tank 30 is added to the mixture in response to the detection of an increase in voltage drawn by the motor.

Abstract: Apparatus for producing an acid compound wherein an aqueous medium is pumped through a first reactor into which ammonia is injected. The first reactor comprises a venturi with a mixing deflector in the throat of the venturi. The ammonia is introduced to the first reactor via an inclined fitting proximate to the deflector. The aqueous ammonia medium is caused to flow through a second reactor downstream from the first reactor wherein sulfuric acid is injected and mixed with the aqueous ammonia medium resulting in an exothermic reaction between the ammonia and sulfuric acid under high temperatures and pressures. The sulfuric acid inlet of the second reactor comprises an inclined fitting which extends into the second reactor to form a baffle to facilitate mixing of the sulfuric acid and the aqueous ammonia mixture. The ammonia/sulfuric acid mixture then flows into a vat wherein the temperature and pressure of the compound are reduced.

Abstract: A method for directing a desired amount of gas below the liquid surface in a solution reactor, to mix the bubbles as effectively as possible with a suspension of a pulverous solid and a liquid, and to produce in the mixed gas-liquid-solid suspension a strong, suspension-maintaining flow field which is downward in the center of the reactor and upward along its sides, is disclosed. A so-called gls-mixer according to the invention consists of a circular plate fitted at the lower end of a rotating shaft suspended by its upper end, vertical dispersion blades situated radially at the edges of the circular plate, and baffles attached to the dispersion blades by means of arms. An upwardly directed gas-feeding conduit is fitted at the bottom of the reactor, and from this conduit the gas jet discharges to the center point of the circular plate.

Abstract: The bioconverter includes a collecting vessel having a plurality of stirring shafts rotatably mounted therein, each of which is driven by a separate electric motor. Adjacent shafts operate in opposite directions and stirring arms are oriented relative to each shaft moving the carrier mixture within the vessel which is in close proximity to a shaft in opposite directions along adjacent shafts. A moisture sensing device is adapted to be located below the level of the carrier mixture within the vessel for sensing the percentage moisture content of the mixture and waste material added thereto. A first fan is provided for exhausting the air from the vessel and a second fan is provided for moving the air over the surface of the mixture within the vessel. A first heating coil is located on the bottom of the vessel for heating the mixture within the vessel, and a second heating coil is provided adjacent the second fan for heating the air which is blown over the upper surface of the mixture within the vessel.

Abstract: There is disclosed an apparatus for effecting a chemical reaction. There is provided an aspirator-mixer or zone to which the reaction mass is pumped to activate the same and into which another reactant is furnished and from which admixed reaction mass and reactant are discharged into a reaction zone in which the concentration or proportion of a vaporous or gaseous reactant is maintained at a level as desired by sucking therefrom into the suction side of the aspirator-mixer or zone any excess of such reactant. In one embodiment, a mercaptan is oxidized to corresponding disulfides with oxygen and the oxygen level in the reaction zone is maintained as desired by sucking off into the suction side of the aspirator-mixer any oxygen in the reaction zone in excess of that desired therein.

Abstract: A dissolution system for pharmaceutical solid oral dosage forms (medicinal tablets) comprising one or more open-top flasks for receiving a solvent media and the solid dosage forms to be tested, together with structure for delivering a solvent media into the flasks, structure for agitating the solvent media, structure for removing test samples, and structure in the form of a drain valve assembly at the bottom of each flask for removing residual solute and flushing the tank.

Abstract: Vortex apparatus for the continuous production of a precipitate by reacting together at least two reactants wherein it comprises a rotary bowl, having a vertical axis a fixed cylinder arranged coaxially within the bowl in order to define with the latter an annular raising chamber, thus providing a fluid flow connection with a reaction chamber defined within the fixed cylinder, reactant inlet pipes issuing into the upper part of the reaction chamber in the vicinity of the axis of the bowl, at least one weir fixed to the rotary bowl at the upper end of the raising chamber and a turbine fixed to the rotary bowl in the lower part of the reaction chamber, so as to produce a vortex in the latter and ensure the raising of part of the precipitate into the raising chamber.

Abstract: A centrifugal reaction chamber for enhancing the chemical reaction between two or more reactants, one of which is solid particulate material and another of which is a liquid in which the particulate matter is dispersed. The chamber normally is formed by a cylindrical tub having a drive shaft for rotating divider means secured to the shaft and forming one or more radial dividers extending between the shaft and cylindrical wall of the tub. Each divider includes two panels spaced apart and converging in a radial direction away from the shaft. One panel urges the particulate material from the center toward the wall of the tub. The particulate material then is directed back toward the center by the second panel.

Abstract: There is described an apparatus for handling and conditioning biologically injurious waste, especially radioactive waste which consists of a working space or chamber having containers for receiving and dosing the waste, conveying and control devices for the waste and the additions and a filling station for filling the final storage container. It is characterized by the working space having a slanting bottom running into a sump, the containers for receiving and dosing the waste being surrounded by a variable shielding, the cover of the final storage container provided with a stirrer convertable to the stirrer driving mechanism taking place by means of a slidable lift which supports the driving mechanism, a waste supply line, a waste air line, a positioning device and stopping pins, and controlling the sequence of operations by a freely programmable control.

Abstract: A horizontal agitation bed type vapor phase polymerization apparatus for olefins provided on its lower curved surface with plural cells each having an opening facing on the polymerization reaction system and further having small holes formed in its side wall portion for feeding a starting olefin gas.

Abstract: In a reactor for continuous polymerization in which an olefinic monomer is polymerized by contacting the olefinic monomer under suitable reaction conditions with an initiator, the formation of residue in the reactor is reduced by introducing the olefinic monomer and initiator into opposite sides of a turbulent zone produced by an agitator in the reactor. This improves mixing of the olefinic monomer and the initiator and prevents the initiator from contacting high concentrations of the olefinic monomer which results in reduced residue formation in the reactor.

Abstract: The invention is an improved lime slaker in which the lime is combined with the slaking liquor in a vertical conduit which extends below the level of the liquor in the slaker vessel. The slaking liquor is introduced into the conduit at a high velocity tangential to the interior surface of the conduit to flush the lime into the vessel. The slaker includes a vertical vent pipe that extends through the bottom of the vessel. In a preferred embodiment, the inlet of the vent pipe is surrounded by an entrainment separator. Removable covers permit convenient access for inspection and cleaning of the conduit and the vent pipe.

Abstract: A membrane of fiberglass-reinforced polyester resin is used as a traffica cover over a compacted backfilled crater and crushed stone base to impart strength to the repair and prevent foreign object damage to aircraft. The membrane cover is usually prefabricated from several fiberglass matting layers of chopped fiberglass strands chemically bonded to woven fiberglass roving and impregnated with a polyester resin; an anchoring system consisting of holes along the cover perimeter and torque set rock bolts are used in conjunction with special steel bushings to secure the cover to airfield pavement surrounding the crater.

Abstract: In a process for the preparation of aromatic polyesters by polycondensation of diphenols with chlorides of aromatic dicarboxylic acids by the two-phase interfacial polycondensation process, in which a dispersion as the reaction mixture is prepared from an aqueous phase, which contains the diphenolate formed with the aid of alkali metal hydroxide, and an organic-liquid phase containing the acid chlorides, this dispersion is passed, in the apparatus which is intended for carrying out the process and which comprises a reaction kettle and a dispersing device included with the latter in a circulation, through the dispersing device and the reaction kettle, the acid chloride dissolved in a largely anhydrous chlorinated solvent being continuously fed into this circulation at a point which, in the direction of flow, is upstream of the dispersing device.

Abstract: The invention relates to an apparatus for making P.sub.2 S.sub.5 comprised of a plurality of reactors connected by pipe structures to a collecting tank which is common to all of them. By means of partitions, the cooling tank is subdivided into a plurality of separate chambers. Outlet pipes open thereinto and terminate in collecting devices. The pipe structures running to the collecting tank are pivotably arranged above the various chambers and permit liquid P.sub.2 S.sub.5 to be introduced thereinto at will.

Abstract: Disclosed is an improved method and the thermolysis equipment setup for certing tetraethylammonium tetrahydridoborane to bis(tetraethylammonium) decahydrodecaborane by a thermolysis reaction which increases the yield in the range between about 22% to 64%, and, perhaps higher. The heat transfer control is maintained by employing triethylamine borane in the reaction mixture between about 175.degree. C. and 186.degree. C. for a reaction time from about 1 hour to about 2.5 hours. The disclosed thermolysis procedure is successful in dissipating a major portion of the exothermic heat. The control of the generated heat serves to minimize the formation of the byproduct bis(tetraethylammonium) dodecahydrododecaborane while increasing the yield of the desired product, bis(tetraethylammonium) decahydrodecaborane.

Abstract: Polyolefins which are made by subjecting .alpha.-olefins to catalytic polymerization are freed from residual liquid hydrocarbons by means of steam and water. To this end, the invention provides:(a) for the hydrocarbon-containing polyolefin to be introduced into an aqueous emulsifier-containing emulsion and for the resulting mixture to be stirred so as to be converted to a homogeneous dispersion;(b) for the dispersion to be introduced into the upper portion of a column with at least 5 sieve plates therein and contacted countercurrently with steam of about 100.degree. to 120.degree. C.

Abstract: This invention relates to an apparatus for the continuous preparation of aqueous solution of slaked lime solids with fresh water. The apparatus comprises a main vessel having an inverted truncated cone including a smallest and closed bottom. There is provided a dispenser for supplying material slaked lime solids to said main vessel at or nearly at the top end thereof from above, and a constant headed fresh water reservoir for supplying fresh water to the main vessel at a place selected therein in close proximity to the smallest bottom through a piping. A flow rate adjusting means is arranged in this piping. At least a mechanical or fluid agitator is provided at a close proximity to the vessel bottom. Means for the take-up of the formed product solution in an overflowing manner from the main vessel is provided at the top thereof.

Abstract: A horizontal agitation bed type vapor phase polymerization apparatus for olefins, having a lower curved surface constructed by a perforated plate so as to allow a olefin gas to be fed uniformly throughout the reaction system through the said perforated plate.

Abstract: A machine for solid phase polymerization comprises: a system for supplying particles of a synthetic polymer; a reaction system for effecting solid phase polymerization of the particles, fed from the supplying system, under a vacuum and heated condition; and a system for discharging the solid phase polymerized particles. The supplying system includes a pre-treatment apparatus comprising: a pre-crystallizer of a vertical agitator type; and a beater of a horizontal type. The reaction system includes a horizontal reaction vessel having a horizontal rotary shaft with a helically formed screw vane. The screw vane has a multiplicity of small through-apertures, and scrapers extend axially extending between adjacent screw vane portions. Intermediate pots having specially designed vacuum breakers are disposed at locations between the reaction system and the supplying system and between the reaction system and the discharging system.

Abstract: This invention relates to an apparatus for the continuous preparation of aqueous solution of slaked lime solids with fresh water. The apparatus comprises a main vessel having an inverted truncated cone including a smallest and closed bottom. There is provided a dispenser for supplying material slaked lime solids to said main vessel at or nearly at the top end thereof from above, and a constant headed fresh water reservoir for supplying fresh water to the main vessel at a place selected therein in close proximity to the smallest bottom through a piping. A flow rate adjusting means is arranged in this piping. At least a mechanical or fluid agitator is provided at a close proximity to the vessel bottom. Means for the take-up of the formed product solution in an overflowing manner from the main vessel is provided at the top thereof.

Abstract: A method of and an apparatus for the scrubbing of waste gases and especially combustion gases by chemisorption. According to the invention combustion gases which can contain sulfur dioxide are scrubbed with water in the presence of lime and the scrubbing liquid is collected directly beneath the scrubbing column in an oxidation basin which is provided with means for introducing oxygen into the liquid to promote the formation of calcium sulfate crystals. The gases can sweep across the top of this basin and, at the outlet thereof, a coarse droplet separator is provided followed by a fine droplet separator or demister. Spray-water nozzles can be provided between the droplet separators for cleaning them.

Abstract: An improved anchor agitator is provided for performing uniform and effective stirring of the fluidized bed zone of a polymerization vessel in a gaseous phase polymerization, especially of olefins such as ethylene and propylene. The anchor agitator includes at least two pairs of arms provided on a rotating shaft in mutually crossing positions. A pair of main blades is provided at opposite outward end portions of one pair of arms and at the opposite outward portions of each remaining pair of arms a pair of subsidiary blades is provided. The main blades and subsidiary blades extend substantially parallel along the axis of the rotating shaft and each pair of blades is located substantially equidistant from the axis of the rotating shaft. The pair of main blades is located farther from the axis of the rotating shaft than the subsidiary blades.

Abstract: Impure gas streams are purified/treated in a gas-liquid phase contactor of cocurrent spray scrubber type, wherein the feed gas, together with a cocurrently descending spray of treatment liquid, are introduced into a contact zone under conditions such that the pressure of atomization of the liquid and the liquid dispersing velocity of the gas feed ensure effective interphase surface and contact time therefor, whereby the impure gas is efficiently physically scrubbed by said liquid, either with or without concomitant chemical reaction therebetween, and the dispersed liquid interphase is then vertically directed to a downstream separation zone wherein the gas stream is subjected to an abrupt change in direction and is thus separated from the interphase at essentially the original inlet velocity thereof and with essentially no content of treatment liquid, while at the same time essentially all of the atomized treatment liquid maintains its vertically downward descent to a liquid collection and recovery zone.

Abstract: A process and apparatus are provided whereby sulfur and nitrogen oxides as well as carbon monoxides and unburned hydrocarbons are removed from internal combustion engine exhaust gases. The gases are passed through a chamber containing a sulfide and an oxide of iron, copper or zinc. The system is partially self-regenerating and can be used in conjunction with present catalytic converter units or in lieu thereof. In certain embodiments the present invention can also replace muffler units in exhaust systems.

Abstract: A liquid-vapor contacting apparatus comprising a vertical, mechanically agitated, elongated tower containing a plurality of vertically spaced, horizontally disposed stages therein and means for separating said stages, each of said stages comprising: (a) liquid tray means; (b) a liquid space and a vapor space above said liquid space; (c) weir means capable of maintaining a predetermined amount of liquid on said liquid tray means; (d) a first liquid downcomer means capable of providing a path for liquid from a stage or location immediately above said stage to the liquid space of said stage; (e) a second liquid downcomer means capable of providing a flowpath for the liquid in said stage to the next, lower, successive stage; (f) means capable of removing vapor from said vapor space including vapor downcomer means capable of providing a path for said vapor from said vapor space to the next lower, successive stage in a manner such that said vapor removed from said stage does not pass through liquid presenting any s

Abstract: Substituted thiocarbamates are produced by continuously feeding together a secondary amine and sulphur in stoichiometric proportions and in a suitable solvent into a reaction column subjected to pressure by carbon monoxide. A continuous circulation of the reaction solution is maintained in the column, and the effluent is subjected to alkylation, the substituted carbamate being derived therefrom continuously.

Abstract: Disclosed herein are a process and apparatus for manufacturing vanadium pentoxide in powder form by the thermal decomposition of ammonium metavanadate containing more than 10% NH.sub.3 in a single operation.

Abstract: An improved apparatus for producing potassium sulfate and hydrogen chloride gas from potassium hydrogen sulfate and potassium chloride is provided, which comprises a horizontal type muffle furnace having an arcuate upper wall, at least one shaft of an agitator, a means for feeding raw materials, and a means for discharging the reaction product, to discharge the product by overflow; and an outer casing for said muffle furnace in which said furnace is accomodated on a bed of an insulating material and a space over said furnace, as a passage for heating gas. A heating gas introduced into said space over said furnace supplies the heat quantity required for the total reaction, through the upper wall of the furnace to raw materials. According to this apparatus, the life of furnace for continuous operation can be prolonged.

Abstract: The invention disclosed herein is concerned with a process for mixing a plurality of viscous rapidly reacting, fluid materials and an apparatus with which to perform this process. In this process the fluid materials are initially introduced into a mixing chamber and mixed with a gas, preferably in such a way that an angular momentum is imparted to the mixture. The mixture is then fed into a static mixer which has a short residence time spectrum. The apparatus comprises a cylindrical mixing chamber with a gas inlet and at least one nongaseous fluid material inlet arranged to direct flow tangentially to the interior surface of the mixing chamber. Other inlets may be provided downstream of these initial inlets but before a static mixer with which said mixing chamber communicates. An outlet is provided downstream of said static mixer which preferably has intersecting baffle plates, a low pressure loss and a short residence time spectrum.

Abstract: In aqueous dispersions on the basis of polyvinyl chloride the content of residual monomers is reduced by the countercurrent method by contacting the rapidly moved surface of the dispersion with secluded intensely mixed gas atmospheres in several successive chambers. To carry out the process a device is used which permits to obtain under mild conditions residual monomer contents of 10 ppm and therebelow.

Abstract: A polymerization autoclave for the suspension polymerization of vinyl compounds in the aqueous phase having a volume of from 50 to 200 m.sup.3, an impeller agitator driven from below at the bottom of the autoclave and two cylindrical displacement bodies acting as flow interrupters, secured downwardly from the autoclave dome, where the autoclave has a height-to-diameter ratio of from 2.4 to 3 with a critically dimensioned agitator and critically dimensioned flow interrupter fittings. By the use of this invention in the case large-scale autoclaves, the heat of polymerization can be removed merely by wall-cooling. The autoclave according to the invention are very economical, as shown by, for example, a spatial capacity of 0.3 to 0.4 metric tons of polyvinyl chloride per m.sup.3 autoclave volume.

Abstract: A process and apparatus for condensing solid materials such as phosphates which tend to sinter and adhere when heated in a reactor wherein the reactants are introduced into a trough-like reactor provided with at least one set of rotatable agitating paddles. Heat is supplied to the reactor by passing a heating medium, such as a molten salt or a molten metal, through one or more heating jackets on the exterior of the reactor housing. The agitating paddles press the solid material in a thin layer against the wall of the reactor housing, and the material in the layer absorbs heat from the heating medium and sinters to a hard layer. One paddle of each set of paddles is provided with a stripping knife which moves along a path closely adjacent to the exterior wall of the reaction chamber to strip sintered material from the wall of the reactor housing. Heat is also transferred to the interior of the reactor housing by circulating the peeled material through the interior region of the reactor housing.

Abstract: An apparatus for producing silver halide grains of a uniform size wherein the apparatus comprises a mixing chamber comprising a casing of a polygonal-pillar shape within a reaction vessel filled with an aqueous colloid solution in such a manner that the interior of the mixing-chamber is filled with the aqueous colloid solution, where a water soluble silver salt solution and a water soluble halide solution are supplied by way of conduits to the lower end of the mixing chamber to dilute the solution with the aqueous colloidal solution contained in the mixing chamber, first agitation means disposed in the mixing chamber for rapidly agitating to mix and react both reaction liquids to form silver halide grains, and a second agitation means for immediately discharging the silver halide grains into the reaction vessel to ripen the silver halide grains outside of the mixing chamber.