Abstract: Methods of forming potassium sulfate include calcining polyhalite ore particles to convert the polyhalite ore particles to a water-soluble composition. At least a portion of the water-soluble composition is dissolved in an aqueous medium to form an aqueous solution comprising K+, Mg2+, and SO42? ions and a calcium-containing solid. The calcium-containing solid is separated from the aqueous solution to form a filtrate comprising K+, Mg2+, and SO42? ions. A potassium-containing salt is dissolved in the filtrate to increase the concentration of K+ and SO42? ions to from a concentrated liquor, and K2SO4 is crystallized from the concentrated liquor. A system for processing polyhalite ore includes a countercurrent leaching apparatus, a first mix tank, an evaporator, and at least one crystallizer.

Abstract: A crystallizer for the evaporative production of phenol-BPA adduct crystals is provided that achieves more uniform crystal growth while suppressing undesired crystal nucleation. The crystallizer includes a cylindrical vessel; a draft tube concentrically disposed within the cylindrical vessel such that an annular space is defined between the vessel and tube; an impeller that circulates liquid in the vessel through the draft tube and the annular space, and a plurality of nozzles mounted around an inner wall of said cylindrical vessel that introduce an evaporative coolant into the vessel. Each of the nozzles includes a discharge end disposed between about 30% and 60% of a radial extent of the annular space, and is located below an upper end of the draft tube a distance of between about 50% to 150% of the diameter of the vessel. Such a nozzle arrangement provides a consistent and uniform concentration of coolant across the surface of the boiling zone that prevents or at least reduces unwanted crystal nucleation.

Abstract: A crystallization method includes: actually measuring a particle number of the crystals precipitated from the saturated solution and a concentration of the saturated solution, while cooling the solution according to a cooling temperature profile; calculating an absolute particle number of crystals precipitated from the saturated solution according to a mass balance, based on an actual measurement value of the particle number and an actual measurement value of the concentration; heating the saturated solution when the absolute particle number exceeds a threshold to perform heating control so that the absolute particle number becomes a set value; and cooling the saturated solution again according to a preset cooling temperature profile after controlling to dissolve excessive crystals in the solution so that the absolute particle number returns to the set value.

Abstract: A crystallizer for crystallizing solute contained in a solution has first (2) and second (1) communicating chambers, for the solution, and a heat exchanger (20) for keeping a state of supersaturation therein. A first circuit extracts from a calm zone (15) of the latter chamber a first stream of liquid containing small crystals and recycles this stream into the first chamber. A second circuit extracts from the second chamber a second stream of liquid containing coarse crystals and brings this second stream into the first chamber. The downstream end (26) of the first circuit runs into the second circuit so that the first and second liquid streams are made to flow in the same direction into said second circuit.

Abstract: A method for preparing contaminated plastics ground into flakes, such as RPET or such polymers, having at least decontamination and SSP treatment steps, with at least one reactor, with heating to the process temperature taking place essentially outside the reactor. Also, a device for carrying out the method, and having at least one decontamination reactor and at least one SSP reactor, a device for heating plastic flakes to the process temperature being arranged upstream of the decontamination reactor. Also an SSP reactor having at least two individual reactors, and preferably between 3 and 7 individual reactors.

Abstract: A liquid separator system having a gas phase zone, an aqueous phase zone and a denser liquid zone is used to separate mixtures of fluids. The separator can be used for separating molten sulfur from liquid redox solution or reslurry water. The system includes a vessel with a top part and a bottom part. The vessel has a larger diameter at the top part than at the bottom part. The system also includes an inlet for introducing a redox solution or reslurry water and molten sulfur, which is denser than redox solution or reslurry water, into the vessel. An outlet near the bottom part of the vessel allows a flow of the molten sulfur from the vessel. An interface control structure senses an interface level between the redox solution or reslurry water and the molten sulfur, and the interface control structure controls the flow of molten sulfur from the outlet.

Abstract: A solute crystallizing apparatus utilizing a solution having solute and a first solvent. A mixing unit for combining the solution and a second solvent which lowers the solubility of the solute. A pump receives the mixed solute, first solvent and second solvent and outputs the same under a positive pressure. A membrane separator, having a membrane, receives the pressured solute, first solvent and second solvent mixture and produces a slurry of crystals of the solute, the first solvent, and second solvent as the concentrate or retentate. A solution of the solute, the first solvent and second solvent passes through the membrane as permeate. The concentration of the solute in the retentate is greater than the concentration of solute in the permeate.

Abstract: A crystallizer system for forming solid crystals includes a vessel defining a cylindrical sidewall, a sparge device located at a bottom of the vessel, a plurality of impellers attached to a shaft, and a plurality of redistribution funnel assemblies vertically spaced apart. Each funnel assembly may be positioned underneath a respective impeller of the plurality of impellers. Each funnel assembly may include a funnel, a disc attached to the shaft such that the disc rotates with the impellers, and a channel extending radially inward from a location near the sidewall. The channel may be adapted to direct gas bubbles from the sidewall to a location near blade outer edges of the respective impeller A lower edge of the funnel and the disc may define a lower gap therebetween, such that solid particles falling from within the funnel are directed out of the lower gap when the disc is rotated.

Abstract: The invention relates to a method for thermally treating polyester pellets to obtain partial crystallization, whereby the polyester melt is supplied to an underwater granulating system and granulated; the thus obtained granulate are fed from the underwater granulating system into a water-solids separator. The dried granulate is then fed into a treatment device at a granulate temperature higher than 100 degrees C., without external energy or heat being supplied. The intrinsic heat of the granulate is used as the heat treatment leading to partial crystallization. The crystallization device is embodied as an at least lightly inclined reactor, into which granulate is fed at a temperature higher than 100 degrees C. The granulate passes through the reactor from the loading point to the discharge point under its own weight and exits the reactor with a temperature higher than 130 degrees C.

Abstract: A high temperature furnace comprising hot zone insulation having at least one shaped thermocouple assembly port to reduce temperature measurement variability is disclosed. The shaped thermocouple assembly port has an opening in the insulation facing the hot zone that is larger than the opening on the furnace shell side of the insulation. A method for producing a crystalline ingot in a high temperature furnace utilizing insulation having a shaped thermocouple assembly port is also disclosed.

Abstract: Provided is a new-concept crystal growing ornament that may change in size due to a recrystallization phenomenon by supplying a growth liquid, thereby reducing repugnance or an artificial impression and arousing curiosity or interest. The crystal growing ornament includes a basic material made of a porous material and formed in a predetermined shape; a growth liquid formed to be absorbed into the basic material and evaporating after being absorbed into the basic material to generate a recrystallization phenomenon; a growth liquid supply unit connected to the basic material and formed to supply the growth liquid to the basic material after receiving the growth liquid; and a crystal growing body integrally formed outside the basic material due to the recrystallization phenomenon of the growth liquid.

Abstract: The invention relates to a washing apparatus, including a First Region (1) to which a wash material (4) is supplied, a Second Region (2), in which the wash material (4) is washed, and a Third Region (3), in which the wash material (4) is melted and a flow resistance (6), which is provided between the Second Region (2) and the Third Region (3), a purification apparatus, a synthesis device, a method for purifying a wash material, and the use of a washing apparatus or a purification apparatus for purifying and then using the target product obtained by the purification.

Abstract: A process for producing non-solid-stated polyester polymer particles having one or more properties similar to polyester polymer particles that have undergone solid-state processing.

Abstract: The use of a vapour source (10) in an isothermal system (8) to control the crystallization or recrystallization of a sample of solid material (9) which is initially at least partially amorphous and/or at least partially crystalline and contained within the system (8), the vapour source (10) including at least one solvent for crystallizing the solid material, the vapour diffusion (14) of which leads to the crystallization or recrystallization of the sample (9), the vapour source (10) being such that the quantities of heat exchanged within the system during the crystallization or recrystallization of the sample (9) other than the heat of crystallization or recrystallization of the sample are less than approximately 10%, particularly 5%, and advantageously 1% of the heat of crystallization or recrystallization of the sample. The vapour source (10) is preferably a pure solvent or a solvent mixture in which no solute is dissolved.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a method for producing semicrystalline polymer material, wherein the predominantly amorphous raw polymer material, in particular granules, to be treated is introduced into a crystallization reactor (1) and is partially crystallized there by being heated, but without melting, and subsequently the semicrystalline polymer material obtained in such a way is removed from the crystallization reactor (1) and at least part of said semicrystalline polymer material is diverted and mixed back into the crystallization reactor (1) in order to reduce the adhesive tendency of the polymer material. According to the invention, the diverted semicrystalline polymer material is combined and mixed with the raw polymer material before being mixed back into the crystallization reactor (1), and the mixture is then introduced into the crystallization reactor (1).

Abstract: Methods and devices for controlled evaporation of solvent from a solution are provided. In one embodiment, the device can control evaporation of different solutions comprising solvents of dissimilar volatilities simultaneously. In another embodiment, control over the flow of solvent vapor out of the device is provided by selecting the pressure at an inlet port and an exhaust port of the device. In yet another embodiment, control over the flow of solvent vapor out of the device is provided by selecting the size of a disk flow control orifice positioned between the wells and a vapor removal outlet of the device. In still another embodiment, control over the flow of solvent vapor out of the device is provided by the opening and closing of the vapor removal outlet of the device. In yet a further embodiment, the rate of evaporation of solvent is controlled by controlling the temperature of the solution.

Abstract: Described herein are substrates coated with crystals having uniform crystalline morphology on the surface of the substrate. The coated substrates are useful in culturing and performing functional assays on cells such as, for example, resorption studies on bone cells. New methods for producing such coated substrates are also disclosed.

Abstract: A temperature gradient is established in a crystallization crucible by means of a heat source and a cooling system. The cooling system comprises a heat exchanger and an adjustable additional heat source. The cooling system is preferably formed by an induction coil cooled by a coolant liquid circulating in the induction coil and by an electrically conductive induction susceptor positioned between the crucible and induction coil. The fabrication process comprises heating the crucible via the top and controlling heat extraction from the crucible downwards by means of the heat exchanger and by means of regulation of the adjustable additional heat source.

Abstract: Both a crystallizer and method for the evaporative production of phenol-BPA adduct crystals are provided that achieve more uniform crystal growth while suppressing undesired crystal nucleation. The crystallizer includes a cylindrical vessel; a draft tube concentrically disposed within the cylindrical vessel such that an annular space is defined between the vessel and tube; an impeller that circulates liquid in the vessel through the draft tube and the annular space, and a plurality of nozzles mounted around an inner wall of said cylindrical vessel that introduce an evaporative coolant into the vessel. Each of the nozzles includes a discharge end disposed between about 30% and 60% of a radial extent of the annular space, and is located below an upper end of the draft tube a distance of between about 50% to 150% of the diameter of the vessel.

Abstract: This invention intends to enable silicon compound to be removed from waste etching solution at a high removal rate and waste etching solution to be recycled without disposing it. The etching solution reproducing apparatus includes: temperature adjusting means for adjusting the temperature of taken out waste etching solution; atomizing means for atomizing waste etching solution adjusted in temperature by the temperature adjusting means; precipitating means for collecting waste etching solution atomized by the atomizing means and precipitating silicon compound in the waste etching solution; and separating means for separating silicon compound precipitated from the waste etching solution by the precipitating means so as to obtain reproduced etching solution.

Abstract: In the flux method, a source nitrogen gas is sufficiently heated before feeding to an Na—Ga mixture. The apparatus of the invention is provided for producing a group III nitride based compound semiconductor. The apparatus includes a reactor which maintains a group III metal and a metal differing from the group III metal in a molten state, a heating apparatus for heating the reactor, an outer vessel for accommodating the reactor and the heating apparatus, and a feed pipe for feeding a gas containing at least nitrogen from the outside of the outer vessel into the reactor. The feed pipe has a zone for being heated together with the reactor by means of the heating apparatus, wherein the zone is heated inside the outer vessel and outside the reactor.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a reaction chamber of an epitaxial reactor that essentially consists of a quartz piece; the quartz piece comprises a quartz piece portion (1) having an internal cavity (2) defined by walls (1A, 1B, 1C, 1D); the cavity (2) comprises a reaction and deposition zone (3) of the epitaxial reactor; the zone (3) is adapted to house a susceptor (4) to be heated therein; the reaction chamber also comprises a quartz component (5) arranged close to said walls (1A, 1B, 1C, 1D) in such a manner as to form a counterwall and to be a wall of said zone (3).

Abstract: A crystallization system includes a well plate and a cover for the well plate, at least one of the well plate and said cover includes at least a transparent window. The well plate including at least one well comprising a bottom surface including a first essentially planar bottom surface section and a second essentially planar bottom surface section in a first bottom plane and a well border wall provided by a well border edge surrounding the planar bottom surface section: The cover includes a first essentially planar top surface section in a first top plane adapted to face the first essentially planar bottom surface section. The first and the second essentially planar bottom surface sections are totally or partly separated by a liquid barrier, provided by one or more of a low tension surface barrier, a ridge and an indentation.

Abstract: A lamp assembly including at least one light source, a housing formed from a first moisture barrier composition and a sealing cap formed from a second moisture barrier composition, wherein the at least one light source is arranged within the housing and the sealing cap is hermetically bonded to the housing and the at least one light source, and the sealing cap is arranged to enclose the at least one light source within a volume formed by the housing and the sealing cap.

Abstract: An installation for increasing the intrinsic viscosity of a polyester material by solid phase polycondensation (SSP) comprises a heatable reaction container (2, 2?) in which the polyester material (P) can be left to reside at a predetermined thermal treatment temperature for a predetermined residence time until it has reached a desired intrinsic viscosity, and a cooling container (6, 6?) arranged downstream of the reaction container, the cooling container (6, 6?) being designed for cooling the polyester material discharged from the reaction container to a first cooling temperature which is lower than the reaction temperature. Downstream of the cooling container (6, 6?), a polyester material separator (7) is arranged which is designed for diverting the polyester material flow to a polyester material processing machine (8) and/or to an intermediate storage container (10).

Abstract: Both a crystallizer and method for the evaporative production of phenol-BPA adduct crystals are provided that achieve more uniform crystal growth while suppressing undesired crystal nucleation. The crystallizer includes a cylindrical vessel; a draft tube concentrically disposed within the cylindrical vessel such that an annular space is defined between the vessel and tube; an impeller that circulates liquid in the vessel through the draft tube and the annular space, and a plurality of nozzles mounted around an inner wall of said cylindrical vessel that introduce an evaporative coolant into the vessel. Each of the nozzles includes a discharge end disposed between about 30% and 60% of a radial extent of the annular space, and is located below an upper end of the draft tube a distance of between about 50% to 150% of the diameter of the vessel.

Abstract: Embodiments are provided that provide for efficient production of highly pure natural I-menthol. In some embodiments, a method for preparing natural I-menthol involves providing crude mentha oil in a crystallizer and gradually reducing the temperature of the crystallizer in a step-wise manner, thereby producing highly pure crystals in less than two weeks. The methods disclosed herein are suitable for pharmaceutical GMP.

Abstract: A polymer blend has a base and blend components. The base and blend components could be a branched slow crystallizing PET and a faster crystallizing PET, respectively. The ratio of base and blend components result in a block copolymer, the melt processing time and branching or chain extender levels can be can be tailored to impart the polymer blend with sufficient melt strength and crystallization rates, such that it is slow enough during the blow molding process to produce a clear article and yet fast enough during the subsequent PET recycling process making it suitable for extrusion processes as well as for recycling. The combination of materials can be used to form monolayer or multilayer articles.

Abstract: A hanging drop plate and a method of cultivating cells or of producing molecular aggregates in at least one liquid volume that adheres to a drop contact area of such a hanging drop plate. The hanging drop plate has a body with a first surface and a second surface that is essentially coplanar to the first surface. The second surface has a drop contact area for adherently receiving a liquid volume. The drop contact area is distinguished from a surrounding area by a relief structure that prevents spreading of the liquid volume on the second surface of the body. The body has at least one conduit that mouths into the drop contact area from the direction of the first surface of the body. A liquid volume is applied to the drop contact area through a communicating conduit. Cells and/or molecules can be introduced into this liquid volume.

Abstract: An apparatus for manufacturing a polycrystalline silicon thin film, including a crystallization container filled with silicon oil, crystallization electrodes spaced apart from the crystallization container, and a conductive plate positioned between the crystallization electrodes and connected with the crystallization electrodes. Because an insulating layer between the amorphous silicon thin film and the conductive plate is formed by using silicon oil filled within the crystallization container, Joule-heating induced crystallization (JIC) can be performed through a simpler manufacturing process.

Abstract: Techniques and apparatuses for making carbon nanotube (CNT) papers are provided. In one embodiment, a method for making a CNT paper may include disposing a structure having an edge portion including a relatively sharp edge into a CNT colloidal solution and withdrawing the structure from the CNT colloidal solution.

Abstract: A crystal-growing furnace having a slurry drainage duct structure includes a furnace body, a supporting table, a loading frame, a plurality of eaves elements, and a set of eaves gutters. The supporting table includes a table plate and a plurality of supporting posts. The loading frame includes a lower plate and four side plates, where four elongated eaves boards descend from sides of the lower plate. Four eaves gutters, having V-shaped grooves, are connected with one another and disposed beneath the four eaves elements correspondingly. Any high-temperature silicon slurry leaks from a furnace crucible will be guided by the elongated eaves boards into the V-shaped grooves of the eaves gutters to prevent the silicon slurry from flowing along the periphery of the table plate and down to the supporting posts.

Abstract: A method for the manufacture of crystallized polyesters with or without subsequent solid state polycondensation for the manufacture of bottles, foils, films and technical high-performance fibres, or with or without subsequent dealdehydization for the manufacture of bottles, foils, films and technical high-performance fibres.

Abstract: A plant for the crystallization of adipic acid is described. A plant for the crystallization of adipic acid, some parts of which are made of a corrosion-resistant material, is also described. The corrosion-resistant material used can be a reference austenitic stainless steel of AISI 310L type, according to the AISI (USA) nomenclature, or X1 CrNi 25-21 (1.4335) type, according to the European nomenclature.

Abstract: The present invention pertains to a method for loading a crystallization device and for manufacturing a crystallization device comprising multiple receptacles with a pre-defined amount of at least one matrix-forming compound capable of forming a crystallization matrix for a membrane protein, said method comprising the following steps: a) Modifying the state of aggregation of said at least one matrix-forming compound to a fluidic state which allows dispensing said at least one matrix-forming compound, and b) dispensing a defined amount of said at least one matrix-forming compound into at least one receptacle of the crystallization device, wherein said dispensed matrix-forming compound solidifies within said receptacle. Thereby, pre-filled crystallization devices are obtained which can be used as consumables in particular in automated crystallization processes. Also provided are protein crystallization methods using respectively prepared crystallization devices.

Abstract: Sulfur sought to be removed from deposits formed at a subterranean gas producing well is dissolved in a high boiling point relatively pure and low cost non-aqueous solvent. The dissolved sulfur is then removed from the solvent by lowering the temperature of the solution to precipitate the sulfur which is then separated and recovered as a relatively pure product. After additional processing the regenerated solvent is injected back down the well hole to dissolve additional sulfur and reutilized in successive cycles of the process. An amine or solubilizing agent may be added to the non-aqueous solvent, and an oxidizing agent may be provided during the process to oxidize polysulfides to sulfur.

Abstract: A process for producing non-solid-stated polyester polymer particles having one or more properties similar to polyester polymer particles that have undergone solid-state processing. In one embodiment, the process comprises (a) forming polyester polymer particles from a polyester polymer melt; (b) quenching at least a portion of the particles, (c) drying at least a portion of the particles, (d) crystallizing at least a portion of the particles, (e) annealing at least a portion of the particles. At all points during and between steps (b) through (e), the average bulk temperature of the particles is maintained above 165° C.

Abstract: An apparatus for growing an epitaxial film and transferring it to an assembly substrate is disclosed. The film growth and transfer are made using an epitaxy lateral overgrowth technique. The formed epitaxial film on an assembly substrate can be further processed to form devices such as solar cell, light emitting diode, and other devices and assembled into higher integration of desired applications.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a reaction vessel for crystallization of a sample from a solution and a covering foil and an arrangement for mounting the covering foil (FIG. 1).

Abstract: Boron-containing compounds, gasses and fluids are used during ammonothermal growth of group-Ill nitride crystals. Boron-containing compounds are used as impurity getters during the ammonothermal growth of group-Ill nitride crystals. In addition, a boron-containing gas and/or supercritical fluid is used for enhanced solubility of group-Ill nitride into said fluid.

Abstract: Reactor designs for use in ammonothermal growth of group-III nitride crystals. Internal heating is used to enhance and/or engineer fluid motion, gas mixing, and the ability to create solubility gradients within a vessel used for the ammonothermal growth of group-III nitride crystals. Novel baffle designs are used for control and improvement of continuous fluid motion within a vessel used for the ammonothermal growth of group-III nitride crystals.

Abstract: A method for producing polycrystalline silicon, including: reacting trichlorosilane and hydrogen to produce silicon and a remainder including monosilanes (formula: SiHnCl4-n, wherein n is 0 to 4) containing silicon tetrachloride, and a polymer including at least trisilanes or tetrasilanes; and supplying the remainder and hydrogen to a conversion reactor and heating at a temperature within the range of 600 to 1,400° C. to convert silicon tetrachloride into trichlorosilane and the polymer into monosilanes.

Abstract: A phase shifter which modulates the phase of incident light has a light-transmitting substrate such as a glass substrate, and a phase modulator such as a concavity and convexity pattern which is formed on the laser beam incident surface of the light-transmitting substrate and modules the phase of incident light. A light-shielding portion which shields light in the peripheral portion where the optical intensity distribution decreases of the phase modulator is formed on the laser beam incident surface or exit surface of the phase shifter, thereby shielding the peripheral light in the irradiation surface of the incident laser beam.

Abstract: Systems and methods for arranging a heating element in a crystal growth apparatus include connecting elements such as heater clips used to interconnect one or more heating components of the heating element, and to connect at least one of the heating components with the crystal growth apparatus. The heating components can be electrically and thermally coupled, and can be connected via the same circuit, in order to simplify control of the heating element.

Abstract: A process for producing non-solid-stated polyester polymer particles having one or more properties similar to polyester polymer particles that have undergone solid-state processing.

Abstract: A crystallizer including a cylindrical body with a bottom, a lid and a vertical shaft which is mounted on bearings and is provided with a rotary drive. The inner surfaces of the body and lid are covered with a two-layer coating. The first layer, in the form of a liner, is attached to the walls of the body by means of a high-temperature adhesive. The second layer is made of fine-grained graphite and is glued to the first layer. The bearings are arranged in a unit which is designed to allow the supply of a cooling liquid. The described subject matter makes it possible to improve the quality of ingots since the thermal deformation of the crystallizer and the interaction of the ingot with the body walls are excluded owing to the increased velocity range of the bearings.

Abstract: The invention concerns a capture tank for capturing a captive target compound from a gaseous and/or vaporous mixture comprising at least the captive target compound and one other material, or for capturing, concentrating or crystallising a target compound from a liquid mixture or solution comprising the target compound and at least one other material, the capture tank comprising an enclosure having a top region, a bottom region and at least one side defining the enclosure, the enclosure being at least partly open in its top region in order to communicate in use of the capture tank with the gaseous and/or vaporous mixture and for permitting ingress of a gaseous and/or vaporous mixture into the enclosure; the enclosure communicating in its bottom region with a reservoir for receiving the captured captive target compound; having means associated with its at least one side and/or its bottom region for permitting egress from the enclosure of the gaseous and/or vaporous mixture in at least partially captive target

Abstract: The invention relates to a continuous or discontinuous method for the production of highly condensed polyesters in the solid state, comprising a crystallization of a polyester material, wherein the crystallization is carried out in the presence of a gas with a dew point of (less than or equal to) ?approximately ?10° C. The invention also relates to a method for the production of polyester formed bodies using the polyester material obtained for the production of bottles, films and high strength threads.

Abstract: A microfluidic device for preparing a mixture, has a mixer. The mixer includes a plurality of chambers, each chamber having a volume of at most 1 microliter, a first plurality of channels, each channel fluidly connecting 2 chambers, a plurality of chamber valves, each chamber valve controlling fluid flow out of one of the plurality of chambers, and a first plurality of channel valves, each channel valve controlling fluid flow through one of the first plurality of channels.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for growing a single crystal KPb2Cl5 material using a device including a plug including an axis. The plug includes a first portion defining a cylindrical hole about the axis. The plug includes a second portion defining a first conical hole about the axis. The first conical hole has a first angle. The plug includes a third portion defining a second conical hole about the axis. The second conical hole has a second angle opposite in sign relative to the first angle. The plug includes a fourth portion defining a third conical hole about the axis. The third conical hole has a third angle, the third angle having a same sign as the second angle and being greater than the second angle. The device further includes an ampoule including the plug fused therein.