Abstract: A cyclic process for removing lower valence nitrogen oxides from gaseous mixtures includes treating the mixtures in a first stage with an acidic aqueous media including a peroxygen oxidant to form nitric acid and higher valence nitrogen oides and to capture these oxides as alkali metal salts, especially nitrites and nitrates, in a carbonate/bicarbonate-containing product aqueous media in a second stage. Highly selective recovery of nitrates in high purity and yield may then follow, as by crystallization, with the carbonate and bicarbonate alkali metal salts strongly increasing the selectivity and yield of nitrates. The product nitrites are converted to nitrates by oxidation after lowering the product aqueous media pH to below about 9.Where the gas mixtures include both sulfur dioxide and lower valence nitrogen oxides, the processes for removing lower valence nitrogen oxides and sulfur dioxide may be combined into a single removal/recovery system, or may be effected in sequence.

Abstract: A process for the fixation of nitrogen is disclosed which comprises combining a mixture of nitrogen, oxygen, metal oxide and water vapor, initially heating the combination to initiate a reaction which forms nitrate, but at a temperature and pressure range below the dissociation pressure of the nitrate. With or without the water component, the yield of fixed nitrogen is increased by the use of a Linde Molecular Sieve Catalyst.

Abstract: A cyclic process for removing lower valence nitrogen oxides from gaseous mixtures includes treating the mixtures with an aqueous media including alkali metal carbonate and alkali metal bicarbonate and a preoxygen oxidant to form higher valence nitrogen oxides and to capture these oxides as alkali metal salts, expecially nitrites and nitrates, in a carbonate/bicarbonate-containing product aqueous media. Highly selective recovery of nitrates in high purity and yield may then follow, as by crystallization, with the carbonate and bicarbonate alkali metal salts strongly increasing the selectivity and yield of nitrates. The product nitrites are converted to nitrates by oxidation after lowering the product aqueous media pH to below about 9.A cyclic process for removing sulfur oxides from gas mixtures includes treating these mixtures with aqueous media including alkali metal carbonate and alkali metal bicarbonate where the ratio of alkali metal to sulfur dioxide is not less than 2.

Abstract: A nonaqueous, in-line method for removing carbonate and hydroxide contamination from a molten mixed sodium nitrate/potassium nitrate heat transfer salt. The method comprises dissolving a stoichiometric quantity of anhydrous Ca(NO.sub.3).sub.2 in the melt whereby an insoluble CaCO.sub.3 and Ca(OH).sub.2 precipitate is formed. The precipitate can be removed by settling, filtration or floatation techniques.

Abstract: Strontium carbonate is prepared by the process of reacting strontium nitrate in an aqueous reaction medium with carbon dioxide to precipitate strontium carbonate product, the nitric acid byproduct that forms being neutralized by the introduction of lime to the reaction medium.

Abstract: A method of preparing a solution of the nitrate of iron and mixed chromium from a spent iron oxide-chrome oxide shift catalyst which comprises dissolving said spend iron oxide-chrome oxide shift catalyst with nitric acid in the presence of from 5-25% by weight of the catalyst of an additive selected from the group consisting of ferrous sulfate and sodium thiosulfate.

Abstract: Gas containing nitrogen oxides is treated in two separate stages. In the first stage, the nitrogen oxides in the gas are reacted with sulfurous acid. The gaseous product of this reaction is reacted with an alkaline solution, typically caustic alkali. As a result of these treatments, the nitrogen oxides are converted into neutral salts.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for achieving nitrogen fixation includes a volumetric electric discharge chamber. The volumetric discharge chamber provides an even distribution of an electron beam, and enables the chamber to be maintained at a controlled energy to pressure (E/p) ratio. An E/p ratio of from 5 to 15 kV/atm of O.sub.2 /cm promotes the formation of vibrationally excited N.sub.2. Atomic oxygen interacts with vibrationally excited N.sub.2 at a much quicker rate than unexcited N.sub.2, greatly improving the rate at which NO is formed.

Abstract: Roofing granules coated with insolubilized reaction product of a coating composition comprising water, kaolin clay, sodium silicate, titanium dioxide and ammonium nitrate or nitrate of one or more group 1A metals.

Abstract: A ceramic throw-away tip which comprises a hot-pressed sinter of Si.sub.3 N.sub.4 on the surface of which is a thin coating of at least one of Al.sub.2 O.sub.3 and AlON.

Abstract: A liquid melt becomes converted to crystalline form at a particular temperature either spontaneously or when artificially nucleated. The liquid releases heat at crystallization. If the liquid is in a supercooled state when it begins to crystallize, its temperature will rise from the particular temperature at which it is nucleated.Another liquid material is mixed with the liquid to be crystallized. The liquid additive has properties of forming a metastable solid together with the crystallizing material. When the liquid additive exsolves, the crystalline aggregate is weakened and is easily decomposed into fragments of small size. The liquid additive materials may include monohydric alcohols, diols and triols. The liquid additive material may be included in the liquid to be crystallized, in small amounts, amounts to two percent (2%) to five percent (5%) being typical.

Abstract: Alkali metal-containing salt products selected from the group consisting of alkali metal dihydrogen phosphate, alkali metal sulfate, alkali metal nitrate, and mixtures thereof, together with alkaline earth metal fluoride, are produced from alkali metal fluosilicate by the steps of:(a) reacting alkali metal fluosilicate with alkaline earth metal ion in an aqueous solution to form alkali metal hydroxide and solid alkaline earth metal fluoride with SiO.sub.2 ;(b) separating the solid alkaline earth metal fluoride and SiO.sub.2 and recovering as useful products;(c) reacting the remaining alkali metal hydroxide solution with a mineral acid selected from the group consisting of phosphoric acid, sulfuric acid, nitric acid, and mixtures thereof, at a temperature in the range of about 30.degree.-100.degree. C. until the reaction is complete; and(d) recovering the alkali metal-containing product.

Abstract: Nitric oxides can be absorbed from gas mixtures containing nitric oxides (NO and NO.sub.2) and oxygen by absorption with aqueous solutions. According to the invention, the absorption is effected in bubble columns, superficial velocities of 2 to 30 cm/second being maintained. It is advantageous to connect several bubble columns in series such that the gas and absorption liquid pass in counter-current to one another. In this embodiment, considerably less counter-current stages are required to achieve a high degree of absorption of NO.sub.x than in the case of conventional processes. At superficial velocities of 10 to 30 cm/second, large bubbles of gas can rapidly form from the gas introduced and can interact with the absorption liquid only with difficulty. In this case, gas distributor devices are incorporated in the bubble column. Since NO.sub.2 is more readily absorbed than NO, it is advantageous to connect flow reactors, in which NO.sub.2 is formed from NO and O.sub.2, upstream of the bubble columns.

Abstract: A process for the fixation of nitrogen comprising, combining a gaseous nitrogen and oxygen at a total pressure of above 100 atmospheres with a solid oxide which can produce a nitrate, in the presence of an oxide of silicon catalyst for the acceleration of a reaction between nitrogen and oxygen to produce nitrogen oxides, initially heating the combination to a temperature of between 600.degree. C. to 800.degree. C. and below the dissociation pressure of the nitrate to start an exothermic reaction for producing nitrogen oxides from the nitrogen and oxygen and for producing nitrate from the solid oxide and to establish an equilibrium between the nitrogen, oxygen, nitrogen oxides, solid oxide and nitrate. The reacting combination in equilibrium is then cooled and either the nitrate or the nitrogen oxides are removed from the reaction as products.

Abstract: A solution containing nitrates of iron and chromium is produced by reacting metallic iron or an iron alloy with nitric acid in the presence of a hexavalent chromium compound. The solution is the starting material for making an iron-chrome oxide catalyst for the shift reaction of carbon monoxide with steam.

Abstract: Disclosed is a tracer fluid for use in connection with surfactant waterflooding or other chemicalized enhanced oil, recovery processes, and an oil recovery process using the fluid. Fluids containing easily identifiable components such as water-soluble, inorganic salts, specifically water-soluble nitrate salts, as well as low molecular weight alcohols may be used as tracer fluids for determining numerous flow and formation conditions between injection wells and production wells. Many of the most desirable tracers are degraded by bacteria present in field water or surface contamination. Incorporation of from 10 to 2000 and preferably from 50 to 1500 parts per million of an aromatic treating compound, preferably benzene, toluene, or xylene, stabilizes the chemical tracer against microbial attack.

Abstract: A process for the preparation of stable, liquid aqueous solutions of basic aluminium nitrate (aluminium oxynitrate) suitable for spinning into fibres, if desired after incorporation of a polymeric spinning aid, which process comprises reacting an aluminium oxide with nitric acid at below 25.degree. C. to form aluminium hydroxide, optionally washing the precipitate to remove undesirable ions, e.g. sodium ions, and digesting the precipitate in nitric acid or aluminium nitrate. Preferably the solution contains aluminium ions and nitrate ions in the molar ratio 1.6:1 to 2:1. Silica may be incorporated in the solution by reacting it with the nitric acid, together with the aluminium oxide, in the first step of the process.

Abstract: Disclosed herein is a process for preparing aqueous solutions of calcium nitrite by forming a solution of sodium nitrite and calcium nitrate; cooling the solution to precipitate sodium nitrate; admixing calcium hydroxide with the residual aqueous phase and forming a double salt of calcium nitrite/calcium hydroxide; and decomposing the double salt in the presence of water to form a solution of calcium nitrite and insolubilize calcium hydroxide.

Abstract: A method of leaching a material from a cavity having a closed or a partially closed top. The method consists of subjecting the liquid to a number of pressure cycles, each pressure cycle involving a decrease in pressure to cause boiling of the liquid, followed by a rise in pressure to inhibit the boiling. The method may include the step of heating the liquid to a temperature near to its boiling point.

Abstract: The addition of an excess of asbestos tailings in the course of the extraction of magnesium from asbestos tailings by digestion with an acid greatly facilitates the elimination of silica and other impurities by filtration of the resulting reaction mixture. The improvement reduces the filtration time and the filtration leaves a cake which is much easier to dispose.

Abstract: A process of treating an exhaust gas containing NO.sub.x and SO.sub.2 comprising bringing the gas into contact with an absorbing solution containing iron chelate salt and potassium sulfite, cooling the solution to crystallize and separate absorption products of potassium imidodisulfonate, potassium dithionate and potassium sulfate, heating the separated products at 250.degree. to 400.degree. C. to decompose the potassium dithionate into potassium sulfate and sulfur dioxide, then decomposing the potassium imidodisulfonate into ammonia and simultaneously reducing the potassium sulfate into potassium polysulfide and potassium carbonate, and converting the potassium polysulfide into hydrogen sulfide, gaseous sulfur and potassium carbonate.

Abstract: A process for the fixation of nitrogen comprising, combining a gaseous nitrogen and oxygen at a total temperature of about 100 atmospheres with a solid oxide which can produce a nitrate, in the presence of a catalyst for the acceleration of a reaction between nitrogen and oxygen to produce nitrogen oxides, initially heating the combination of a temperature of between 600.degree. C. to 800.degree. C. and below the dissociation pressure of the nitrate to start an exothermic reaction for producing nitrogen oxides from the nitrogen and oxygen and for producing nitrate from the solid oxide and to establish an equilibrium between the nitrogen, oxygen, nitrogen oxides, solid oxide and nitrate. The reacting combination in equilibrium is then cooled and either the nitrate or the nitrogen oxides are removed from the reaction as products.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for obtaining fertilizing solution from fossil fueled stationary engines by adding carbon dioxide and nitrogenous compounds, derived from exhaust gases, and ozone gas derived from a generator, to water so as to produce a fertilizing solution which promotes crop growth. The method comprises direct contact of exhaust gases derived from fossil fueled combustion engines particularly natural gas fired compressors, with water solution containing ozone gas and an agent selected from the group consisting of lime, limestone, calcium phosphate and/or mixtures thereof in a scrubber, cooling the enriched water from the scrubber, recycling the cooled enriched water through the scrubber until a desired concentration of carbon dioxide and nitrogen compounds are achieved and collecting the enriched water in a storage facility.

Abstract: A method of producing a complex mineral fertilizer is disclosed, comprising the steps of decomposing polyhalite at a temperature not exceeding 110.degree. C. in the presence of dilute nitric acid, neutralizing the obtained suspension with a substance selected from the group consisting of calcium carbonate, calcium hydroxide and calcium oxide, and separating the resultant product.

Abstract: This invention provides a process for treating a nickel matte to recover essentially pure nickel comprising: treating an aqueous mixture of the matte with chlorine to produce a solid residue and an aqueous lixiviating solution having a pH value which is substantially nil or positive; treating the lixiviating solution to produce a solution containing primarily nickel chloride; and electrolyzing the solution to recover pure nickel at the cathode.

Abstract: A process for preparing a rare earth nitrate solution in which rare earth hydroxides containing quadrivalent cerium are dissolved in nitric acid with the addition of hydrogen peroxide. The change in oxidation-reduction E.M.F. may be used to control the addition of peroxide to prevent formation of quadrivalent cerium ions in the nitrate solution.

Abstract: The present invention is directed to a method of preparing an inorganic-alkali metal salt of the formula:ZYwherein Z is an alkali metal selected from the group consisting of lithium and sodium, and wherein Y is an inorganic radical selected from the group consisting of SCN, CN, CNS, OCN, Br, I, Cl, NO.sub.2, NO.sub.3, ClO.sub.4, ReO.sub.4, and CF.sub.3 SO.sub.3. The method involves the reaction of a nitrogen-containing compound of the formula:QHYwherein Q is selected from the group consisting of specified nitrogen-containing groups, and wherein H is hydrogen and Y is as defined above, with an alkali metal compound of the formula:ZXwherein Z is defined above and wherein X is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, specified nitrogen-containing radicals, and specified organic radicals. The reaction is carried out in ether solvent. In a preferred embodiment, Q is NH.sub.3 and X is hydrogen.

Abstract: A monovalent thallium compound is converted to a trivalent thallium compound by treating the thallium (I) compound with molecular oxygen in the presence of a Group VIII noble metal catalyst in a liquid medium and in the presence of a promoter comprising at least one member selected from the group consisting of alkyl ammonium salts, to oxidize the thallium (I) compound to a thallium (III) compound.

Abstract: A system for treating waste gas in which the waste gas is contacted with an absorbent which contains manganese dioxide; thereafter contacting the absorbent with water to solubilize salts of manganese with an acidic ion exchange resin that retains manganese and passes acids formed from manganese salts; contacting the ion exchange resin and contained manganese with dilute nitric acid to obtain Mn(NO.sub.3).sub.2 solution; and precipitating MnO.sub.2 from the Mn(NO.sub.3).sub.2 solution.

Abstract: Reducible pollutants can be detoxified by reduction and metals can be recred by reduction of the corresponding metal ions by bringing into contact a catalyst with the solution which is suitable for the electrochemical reduction of the ions in question, and mixing into the solution (or bubbling therethrough in the case of a gas) a reducing agent that has a redox potential in the redox system of the reducing agent and its oxidation product that is more negative than the redox potential of the substance to be reduced and its reduction product. The catalyst is a material that is suitable for use as an anode material at which hydrogen can be oxidized in a fuel cell. Such catalysts include finely divided platinum, activated carbon coated with platinum, tungsten carbide and activated carbon coated with tungsten carbide, particularly. Hydrogen is a good reducing agent for the purpose.

Abstract: A process for removing nitrogen oxides (NO.sub.x) from a waste gas containing 300 through 20,000 ppm of NO.sub.x is disclosed. In the process, the waste gas containing NO.sub.x is adjusted to a molar ratio of NO/NO.sub.2 of approximately 1 and is then scrubbed with a scrubbing solution containing an alkali metal hydroxide in a first column. The scrubbing solution is removed from the first column before the alkali metal hydroxide is completely consumed. The removed scrubbing solution is then contacted in a second column with a gas having 1.0 through 60.0% by volume NO.sub.x which has been adjusted to a molar ratio of NO/NO.sub.2 of approximately 1. Thus, the NO.sub.x content of the purified gas can be lowered to far less than 200 ppm and post-treatment problems of the scrubbed solution can be effectively solved.

Abstract: A method of preparing silver nitrate of an improved purity comprising adding about 50 to about 1000 ppm of Al.sup.3+ ion to a crude silver nitrate solution resulting from dissolving metallic silver in nitric acid, adjusting the pH of the silver nitrate solution to about 5.5 to about 6.5 by adding silver oxide thereto, and then separating the precipitate formed.

Abstract: A monovalent thallium compound is converted to a trivalent thallium compound by treating the thallium (I) compound with an organic hydroperoxide in the presence of a Group VIII noble metal catalyst in a liquid medium to oxidize the thallium (I) compound to a thallium (III) compound.

Abstract: A monovalent thallium compound is converted to a trivalent thallium compound by treating the thallium (I) compound with molecular oxygen in the presence of a Group VIII noble metal catalyst to oxidize the thallium (I) compound to a thallium (III) compound.

Abstract: A monovalent thallium compound is converted to a trivalent thallium compound by treating the thallium (I) compound with an organic hydroperoxide in the presence of a Group VIII noble metal catalyst in a liquid medium and in the presence of a promoter comprising a member selected from the group consisting of alkali metal compounds and heterocyclic tertiary amines, to oxidize the thallium (I) compound to a thallium (III) compound.

Abstract: A mono-valent thallium compound is converted to a trivalent thallium compound by treating the thallium (I) compound with molecular oxygen in the presence of a Group VIII noble metal catalyst and in the presence of a promoter comprising an alkali metal compound to oxidize the thallium (I) compound to a thallium (III) compound.

Abstract: A thermal syphon-pressure pump neutralizer for neutralizing nitric acid with ammonia, comprising a reaction vessel for containing an aqueous reaction medium and having a gas outlet in its upper end and a product outlet spaced therebelow, a fluid impervious vertically disposed cylindrical member in the vessel defining a second reaction zone therewithin and a first reaction zone between the member and the vessel, the lower inlet end of the cylindrical member being spaced above the bottom of the vessel, ammonia inlet means leading into the bottom of the vessel in close proximity to but spaced below the cylindrical member inlet, nitric acid inlet means leading into the first reaction zone being spaced a predetermined distance above the cylindrical member inlet and below the product outlet, a free gas zone being provided between the reaction zones and the gas outlet and deflector means above the second reaction zone and in communication with the first reaction zone so that solution and gases evolved from the outle

Abstract: A process for the separation of ammonia from a gaseous mixture containing ammonia and hydrogen cyanide which comprises contacting said gaseous mixture in an absorption stage with an absorbent liquor comprising an acidified ammonium nitrate solution thereby selectively absorbing ammonia from said gaseous mixture and forming a solution of diminished acidity, adding nitric acid to the ammonium nitrate-containing solution of diminished acidity to restore its acidity to its initial level and recycling said restored solution to said absorption stage.

Abstract: Nitrogen oxides, or both sulfur oxides and nitrogen oxides are efficiently and economically removed from exhaust gas containing the same with an aqueous scrubbing suspension of alkaline earth metal compounds. The aqueous scrubbing suspension of alkaline earth metal compounds further contains (a) thiourea or thiosulfates or mixtures thereof and (b) copper ion or iron ion or a mixture thereof.

Abstract: A malleable or press-forgeable ingot of barium fluoride, for use as an optical body, may be grown from an ultra-pure precipitate of barium fluoride which contains less than 10 parts per million (ppm) of strontium or calcium. A process is disclosed for crystallizing barium nitrate crystals in the presence of nitric acid, reacting barium nitrate with ammonium carbonate to form barium carbonate, recovering barium carbonate crystals, suspending the barium carbonate crystals in water and precipitating barium fluoride with hydrofluoric acid. The barium fluoride crystals are recovered, dried and then calcined in the presence of ammonium fluoride or bifluoride. Barium fluoride (BaF.sub.2) crystals obtained by the process of this invention contain less than 10 ppm of each strontium and calcium.Crystals of an alkaline earth metal fluoride which have been calcined in the presence of a fluoride of ammonium are unexpectedly densified, and are particularly suited for melt-growth of an ingot in a known manner.

Abstract: A process for making hydroxyl ammonium salts by hydrogenation of nitric oxide in an acid medium in the presence of a platinum catalyst, wherein the catalyst contains 15 to 50 atom percent of selenium and the acid medium is at least 2N during the reaction. A new catalyst and method of making it are also disclosed.

Abstract: Iron is removed from concentrated aluminum nitrate solution by solvent extraction with tri-n-butyl phosphate.

Abstract: Large-sized calcium nitrate tetrahydrate particles are obtained by dissolving phosphate rock in concentrated nitric acid, cooling the resulting solution, intentionally terminating the crystallization of the calcium nitrate tetrahydrate when only 40 to at most 60% of the calcium in solution has been crystallized, to form a mother liquor, recovering a portion of the mother liquor equivalent to 20 to 80% of the solution by removing the calcium nitrate crystals therefrom; combining the remainder of the suspension with the separated mother liquor and recovering the crystals with a particle size of from 70 to 1100 microns.

Abstract: A process and apparatus for producing certain metal salts in very fine particulate form. The process comprises cooling a solution of metal salt until the solution freezes and thereafter evaporating the solvent under very low pressure. The process is particularly applicable to salts of tungsten and nickel from which sub-micron particles of tungsten and nickel can be produced.

Abstract: A method for disposing of tracer bullets having in a steel bullet a pyrotnic material containing strontium nitrate, magnesium, strontium peroxide, polyvinyl chloride, calcium resinate, barium peroxide, oxamide, zinc stearate, polyethylene, strontium oxalate and lead dioxide, with strontium nitrate and magnesium accounting for about sixty percent of the total material. The pyrotechnic material is removed from the steel bullet by drilling and the steel is used as scrap. Strontium nitrate is first removed from the material by dissolving in cold water, and the water solution of strontium nitrate is evaporated to reclaim the strontium nitrate. The remaining materials are given successive washes in hot water, isopropyl alcohol and methylene chloride to remove all the other materials except magnesium. The magnesium is dried and reclaimed.

Abstract: A continuous process for removing nitrates from nitrate containing aqueous solutions having a pH of about 0-7, which comprises: (1) extracting the nitrate containing aqueous solution with an organic amine salt dissolved in an organic solvent phase whereby the nitrate ion goes into the organic solvent, (2) separating the organic phase, (3) stripping the organic extraction solvent phase from the extraction with a stripping salt solution of pH at least 0.

Abstract: A process for the production of basic aluminum nitrate solutions by reacting metallic aluminum with nitric acid, comprising establishing a body of metallic aluminum, supplying additional aluminum to said body, supplying to said body countercurrent to the supply of the additional aluminum nitric acid of a concentration of about 5 to 30% by weight having basic aluminum nitrate dissolved therein and a pH of about 1 to 4, maintaining said body at a temperature of from about 30.degree.C up to the boiling point of the nitric acid, whereby the aluminum reacts with the nitric acid, and removing solution containing reaction product adjacent the point of supply of the additional aluminum and remote from the point of supply of the nitric acid.

Abstract: A process for adsorbing and removing nitrogen oxides from waste gases is disclosed, wherein nitrogen oxides are adsorbed in a layer packed with electrolytic manganese dioxide blocks and eluted with water or aqueous alkaline solution. The specific action of the adsorption agent used in said process is disclosed in detail.

Abstract: An aqueous basic aluminum salt high in basicity can be continuously produced with a high conversion by passing a slurry of aluminum hydroxide, alumina-containing mineral or a mixture thereof and hydrochloric or nitric acid through a tubular reactor and then reacting the initial stage reaction product with the unreacted alumina in a holding treatment portion provided subsequent to the tubular reactor.

Abstract: A malleable or press-forgeable ingot of barium fluoride, for use as an optical body, may be grown from an ultra-pure precipitate of barium fluoride which contains less than 10 parts per million (ppm) of strontium or calcium. A process is disclosed for crystallizing barium nitrate crystals in the presence of nitric acid, reacting barium nitrate with ammonium carbonate to form barium carbonate, recovering barium carbonate crystals, suspending the barium carbonate crystals in water and precipitating barium fluoride with hydrofluoric acid. The barium fluoride crystals are recovered, dried and then calcined in the presence of ammonium fluoride or bifluoride. Barium fluoride (BaF.sub.2) crystals obtained by the process of this invention contain less than 10 ppm of each strontium and calcium.Crystals of an alkaline earth metal fluoride which have been calcined in the presence of a fluoride of ammonium are unexpectedly densified, and are particularly suited for melt-growth of an ingot in a known manner.