Abstract: Embodiments of the present disclosure describe burner (10) configurations used in an industrial process to convert methane to olefins, aromatics, and nanoparticles/nanomaterials. Both a vitiated coflow burner and piloted turbulent burner with inhomogeneous inlets are disclosed.

Abstract: Syngas is alternatingly introduced by a syngas alternating lead-in system through either of one- and the other-end-side heat storage bodies into flow passages in a primary reforming furnace, and oxidant is alternatingly supplied to the syngas by a primary-oxidant alternating supply system. The syngas derived from the primary reforming furnace by a syngas alternating lead-out system is introduced into a secondary reforming furnace to which connected is a secondary-oxidant supply system for supply of oxidant only at alternation in the syngas alternating lead-in and -out systems.

Abstract: A compressed air drier includes a support base, a desiccant cartridge coupled to the support base, and a case that covers the cartridge and is coupled to the support base. The support base includes an inlet for compressed air from a compressor, an outlet for the compressed air, and a discharge port for oil and water including a drain valve device. An electrically charged oil adsorbent is accommodated between the cartridge and the case. The cartridge is filled with a desiccant. The compressed air drier dries the compressed air entering the inlet with the desiccant during a loading operation, collects the dried compressed air in the case, and discharges the dried compressed air from the outlet. The compressed air drier passes the compressed air in the case through the cartridge during an unloading operation to discharge oil and water from the discharge port.

Abstract: A carbon nanotube synthesis process apparatus comprises a reaction tube in which a reaction field is formed, and a discharge pipe (32) arranged downstream of the reaction tube and discharging carbon nanotubes to the outside. A plurality of nozzles (34) are provided on the sidewall of the discharge pipe (32) in directions which are deflected with respect to the center (O) of the discharge pipe (32). When gases are discharged from the plurality of nozzles (34), a swirl flowing from the inner side surface along the inner side surface is produced in the discharge pipe (32). Adhesion of carbon nanotubes to the inner side surface of the discharge pipe (32) is prevented by the swirl flow and thus the apparatus can be operated continuously.

Abstract: A method for producing of ultra-dispersed carbon comprises the steps of introducing gaseous methane and chlorine into passageways (3 and 4) of a burner (2) communicating with a chamber (1) of a reactor, combusting the mixture of methane and chlorine resulting in the formation of a diffusion flame, depositing products of a process of oxidative coupling of methane, separating a suspension containing solid carbon particles, and extracting a desired product. The greater part of the methane stream is fed to the outer boundary of the flame through a branch pipe (6) provided within the reactor chamber. Internal walls of the reactor chamber (1) in the combustion zone of the diffusion flame are washed by means of water stream. The desired product is extracted from the crude product through thermal processing of the solid particles suspension. Utilization of the method essentially increases the mono-dispersed carbon yield in the process of oxidative coupling of methane.

Abstract: Provided are an apparatus for synthesizing carbon nanotubes, the apparatus including a reaction tube that provides a space for carbon nanotubes and is formed vertically long, a heating unit that is formed at the outer side of the reaction tube, and heats the reaction tube, a gas-supply unit that sprays reaction gas for synthesizing the carbon nanotubes by reacting with catalysts positioned inside the reaction tube, an exhaustion unit that is connected to the upper portion of the reaction tube, and discharges non-reacted reaction gas for synthesizing the carbon nanotubes, and a blocking unit that is formed inside the reaction tube, discharges only the non-reacted reaction gas for synthesizing the carbon nanotubes to the exhaustion unit, and blocks the discharge of the carbon nanotubes and catalysts, in which the cross-section of the blocking unit is divided in a plurality of polygon structures, and downward-slanted blocking wings are formed at each divided cell.

Abstract: What is disclosed herein deals with low to medium pressure, high temperature, all ceramic, air-to-air, indirect heat exchangers, novel ball joints, high load-bearing ceramic tube sheets, and tube seal extenders for ceramic tubes that are useful in such heat exchangers. Also disclosed are new and novel systems used in new and novel industrial processes such as chemical processing, sludge destruction and the production of particulates such as, for example, carbon black. Systems utilizing several heat exchangers are also disclosed.

Abstract: A process for producing carbon black comprising reacting a reaction stream formed by a prior carbon black forming process with an oxidant and a carbon black yielding feedstock to produce carbon black and cooling, separating and recovering the carbon black. The process advantageously reduces the amount of fuel needed to produce carbon black. Also disclosed is an apparatus for practicing the process.

Abstract: A process for producing carbon blacks having lower surface area and structure wherein steam is introduced into the combustion gas stream at a point located a distance “L” from the point of introduction of feedstock into the combustion gas stream such that the ratio L/D ranges from 0 to less than 1.0, where “D” is the diameter of the zone of the reactor at the point of introduction of feedstock.

Abstract: In a method for the production of carbon black and hydrogen by means of pyrolysis of hydrocarbons with a plasma torch (3) in a reaction chamber the pressure in the reaction chamber (1), the feed rate for the hydrogen plasma gas and hydrocarbons and the angle of the injection nozzles (2) in the reaction chamber (1) are adjusted in order to establish a reaction zone (5) in the chamber's central area with a location which determines the reaction enthalpy for decomposition of the hydrocarbons into hydrogen and carbon black in order to obtain a desired quality for the carbon part. The enthalpy value is adjusted in a range between 1 and 50 kWh/Nm.sup.3 and the temperature in the reaction zone is maintained between 1000.degree. C. and 4000.degree. C.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a carbon black producing method. More particularly, the present invention relates to a carbon black producing method using an oil furnace, wherein the cooling medium for stopping the carbon black producing reaction is gas.

Abstract: A carbon black reactor having a combustion chamber, a mixing chamber and a reaction chamber positioned along a longitudinal axis of the reactor. The chambers communicate with each other so as to provide a flow path for the hot combustion gases as the combustion gases travel from the combustion chamber, through the mixing chamber and into the reaction chamber. The mixing chamber is designed in the form of an axial narrow area in a dividing wall separating the combustion chamber from the reaction chamber. In addition to the mixing chamber, the combustion chamber and the reaction chamber additionally communicate with each other through at least one bypass bore provided in the dividing wall and positioned radially externally to the mixing chamber and internally to the surface of the combustion chamber. The bypass bores can be either axially aligned so as to be parallel to a central, axial axis of the mixing chamber or inclined.

Abstract: A new process and apparatus for producing carbon black is provided and unique reactor with separate carbon black forming reaction zones is described. The process utilizes such a reactor is to give unique carbon blacks which give rise to low hysteresis loss and good wear where used in rubber compounds for reinforcement and particularly in rubber tires.

Abstract: There is disclosed carbon black for a tire tread rubber which has a nitrogen adsorption specific surface area (N.sub.2 SA) of 60 to 160 m.sup.2 /g and a dibutyl phthalate absorption (DBP) of 90 to 150 ml/100 g which belong to the respective regions of hard grades of carbon black, and an intraaggregate void volume Vp (ml/g) which is at most equal to the value calculated according to the formula.

Abstract: A process for producing carbon black by utilizing a reactor comprising a first gradually constricted reaction zone in which a mixture of a fuel and an oxygen-containing gas, is burned, a second gradually constricted reaction zone having a throat in which the resulting high temperature combustion gas is mixed and reacted with a hydrocarbon feedstock, and a third reaction zone provided with a quenching water spray for terminating the reaction, which comprises directing the high temperature combustion gas formed in the first reaction zone to form an axial stream flowing in substantially the same direction as the axial direction of the reactor, introducing the divided axial streams into the second reaction zone, and, in the second reaction zone, introducing the hydrocarbon feedstock from nozzles in a direction traversing the axial streams of the high temperature combustion gas.

Abstract: An apparatus for producing carbon black comprises a reaction chamber which consists of a tapered throat and a downstream extension of the throat having the same diameter as that of the narrowest portion of the throat and provided with a plurality of ribs on its inner wall which define a plurality of flits parallel to the axis of the reaction chamber. The reaction chamber is equipped, on the upstream side of the extension, with means for introducing the feedstock oil perpendicularly to the axis of the chamber.

Abstract: A process for preparing carbon blacks having lower-than-normal structure at a given surface area, and lower-than-normal surface area at a given overall combustion level. The process is carried-out by adding auxiliary hydrocarbons, which is hydrogen or any hydrocarbon having a molar hydrogen-to-carbon ratio greater than the molar hydrogen-to-carbon ratio of the feedstock, to the reaction zone of a carbon black reactor and adjusting the primary combustion and overall combustion so that the SSI of the process is less than zero.

Abstract: The present invention discloses a carbon black having an N.sub.2 SA of 75 to 105 m.sup.2 /g and a compressive DBP absorption of at least 110 ml/100 g and, at the same time, having the following selective characteristic values:true specific gravity.ltoreq.1.9080-0.0016.times.N.sub.2 SA;void diameter of particle aggregates (nm).gtoreq.62.2-0.236.times.N.sub.2 SA; andrange of aggregate size distribution [.DELTA.Dst (nm)].gtoreq.30.6+0.6118.times.Dst.

Abstract: An axial flow carbon black reactor for producing carbon black particles having a relatively narrow particle size distribution. Feedstock oil is introduced into the reactor by a spray nozzle located coaxial with the longitudinal center line of the reactor. The oil spray flows either in the countercurrent or the concurrent direction relative to the flow of hot gas through the reactor and produces an oil spray pattern covering either substantially the entire frontal area of the hot gas flow or substantially less than the frontal area. Countercurrent feedstock flow increases coverage of the gas flow area by the oil spray and narrows the particle size distribution of carbon black produced by the reactor, and concurrent feedstock flow produces the opposite result.

Abstract: A coating composition for a plastics substrate such as a polyester film, comprises a polymeric amine, a polyepoxyresin and an etchant, and optionally includes a vinyl polymer. The composition is of utility as a priming medium in the production of photographic and reprographic elements, printing plates, inkable sheets, and the like.

Abstract: A tubular furnace as a reactor for producing carbon black is disclosed having a constriction in at least the area of the spray device for the carbon black starting material which is oriented along the reactor axis. A combination chamber for generating the gaseous pyrolysis medium for the carbon black raw material is laterally located in front of the constriction. The central axes of the reactor tube and the combustion chamber are in the same plane and are essentially at right angles to one another. In addition, a method for producing furnace carbon blacks is disclosed in which the described reactor can be used for forming a highly turbulent, yet essentially non-swirling flow of combustion gases into which the carbon black starting material is injected.

Abstract: Disclosed is a process for producing carbon blacks which for a given surface area are characterized by having lower tinting strength and higher structure.

Abstract: High structure carbon black is produced in an oil furnace reactor characterized by abrupt expansions in the reaction flow passage following the reactor throat.

Abstract: A carbon black reactor is characterized by a converging zone, a throat, a first reaction zone and a second reaction zone serially connected. Oil can be injected both upstream and downstream of the throat. Annular walls connect the throat with the first reaction zone and the first reaction zone with the second reaction zone.

Abstract: High-quality coloring carbon black having a specific surface area (S.sub.BET), an area average diameter (D.sub.a) and a pore volume (AV.sub.Hg) which make both the roughness factor (RF) and aggregate factor (AF) as calculated by the following equations, negative values:RF=S.sub.BET -28710/(D.sub.a)+1450AF=AV.sub.Hg +14.times.(D.sub.a)-290where S.sub.BET is the specific surface area (m.sup.2 /g) of the carbon black as measured by a BET nitrogen absorption method, D.sub.a is the area average diameter (m.mu.m) of the carbon black as measured by an electron microscopic measuring method, and AV.sub.Hg is the pore volume (cc/100 g) of the carbon black as measured by a mercury porosimeter, provided D.sub.a is at most 17 m.mu.m.

Abstract: The moving of adjacent axial stream at sufficiently different speeds to create turbulence and rapid mixing of feedstock and hot gases in a carbon black reactor is utilized to provide a high surface area carbon black.

Abstract: An axial flow carbon black reactor can be provided with multiple expansion steps in the reactor expansion zone, tangential air entries into the steps, tangential process air entry with straightening vanes in the converging zone to provide axial reactor flow, tangential process air entry using longitudinal baffles in the reactor expanded zone to provide axial reactor flow; multiple expansion steps with flow of fluid from the converging zone and into the steps and multiple step expansions of the reactor expansion zone with downstream sloping faces on the steps.

Abstract: This disclosure relates to an improved furnace process for producing carbon blacks by the incomplete combustion of hydrocarbonaceous feedstock wherein the resultant blacks have decreased tinting strengths and have properties which impart improved hysteresis to rubber formulations in which the blacks are incorporated.

Abstract: A process for the production of furnace blacks of variable carbon black structure according to the customary furnace black technology is disclosed, whereby a low ratio is adjusted between combustion air and carbon black raw material for achieving high yields and large raw material through-puts, and wherein for lowering of the carbon black structure the carbon black produced is removed entirely or partly from the exhaust gases and the residual gas thus obtained is completely or partially recycled to the combustion chamber of the reactor.

Abstract: A method for producing carbon black employing a carbon black reactor which comprisesa cylindrical precombustion zone;a combustion gas introduction means adapted to tangentially introduce combustion gas into the cylindrical precombustion zone; anda cylindrical reaction zone in open communication with the cylindrical precombustion zone, wherein the axis of rotation of the cylindrical reaction zone and the axis of rotation of the cylindrical precombustion zone are substantially collinear, where the method comprises tangentially introducing a combustion gas into the cylindrical precombustion zone of the carbon black to create a spiralling flow and subjecting a portion of the spiralling flow to a counter-rotational force within the cylindrical precombustion zone; wherein the counter-rotational force is created by a helix-shaped fin positioned at least partially within the cylindrical precombustion zone; and wherein the helix-shaped fin is rotated about its axis by a motorized means thereby facilitating the creatio

Abstract: A generally cylindrical carbon black reactor for the production of soft carbon blacks is modified to produce a wider range of products by the installation of a choke.

Abstract: Carbon-containing intercalatable layered or lamellar transition metal chalcogenides having the general formula M.sub.n X.sub.2 C where M is a transition metal selected from the group consisting of Ti, V, Cr, Fe, Zr and Ta; X is sulfur; and n is 1-2; such as TiS.sub.2 C or Ti.sub.2 S.sub.2 C, usable as cathode active materials in alkali metal nonaqueous secondary batteries that can undergo alkali metal intercalation, are synthesized by ion implanting a substrate of the transition metal with sulfur and then carbon at implantation energies in the range of about 150-200 kiloelectron volts and at saturation dosages of 1.times.10.sup.12 to 1.times.10.sup.19 sulfur and carbon atoms/cm.sup.2.

Abstract: The tint residual of carbon black being produced in an oil furnace charging oxygen-enriched air falls as oxygen enrichment increases. An apparatus for conducting the process utilizing a low BTU fuel with external tangential combustors is also disclosed.

Abstract: Feed oils are injected axially into a carbon black reactor in a manner which slows buildup of deposits in the reactor. This is accomplished utilizing a nozzle configuration for injecting the feed oil into the carbon black reactor so that deposit-forming contaminants are directed away from the walls of the reactor. In one aspect, the feed oil is separated into two streams, one stream is contaminant-rich and the other is substantially contaminant-free. The contaminant-rich stream is fed into the reactor surrounded by the substantially contaminant-free stream. In another embodiment, a feed nozzle for a carbon black reactor is formed by a first feed tube surrounded coaxially by a second feed tube. The first feed tube can be utilized to inject contaminant-rich feed oil into the reactor. The second feed tube can be utilized to inject contaminant-free oil into the reactor in a manner such that it surrounds the contaminant-rich stream.

Abstract: A carbon black reactor employs the following components to produce non-uniform gas flow patterns.(a) a precombustion chamber skewed at an angle of 30-60 degrees from the reactor axis, comprising:(1) offset tangential hot gas entries(2) axial or offset multiple oil feed entries(b) an optional venturi which can be offset from the reactor axis and/or asymmetric in form.

Abstract: A counter-rotational flow of combustion gas within a carbon black reactor is created by a baffle, such as an axially aligned helix-shaped fin, to promote the mixing of combustion gas and feedstock.

Abstract: In the production of carbon black, low BTU content gases are combusted in a compact combustion zone with near stoichiometric amounts of oxidant gases, tempered to the desired temperature and volume with a diluent gas stream which can be selected from air and filter off-gases, and introduced into a reactor for the pyrolysis of a carbonceous feedstock to form carbon black.

Abstract: A pipe, containing a multiplicity of spray ports spaced longitudinally along the pipe so that carbonaceous feedstock can be simultaneously ejected from the ports outwardly from the pipe, is adapted for concentric longitudinal, axial alignment in a carbon black reactor. Preferably the pipe is jacketed so that coolant fluid can be circulated through the annulus formed between the pipe and the jacket and conduit means provide a connection from the pipe to spray ports located in the jacket wall thereby providing means for ejecting carbonaceous feedstock outwardly from the jacketed pipe. A carbon black reactor containing a feedstock nozzle as described above with the nozzle adapted to eject hydrocarbon feedstock into either a precombustion or a combustion zone of the reactor. A method for producing carbon black in which hydrocarbon feedstock is introduced into either a precombustion or a combustion zone of a carbon black reactor through a feedstock nozzle as described above.

Abstract: A carbon black reactor having tangential entry of combustion gases is provided with semicircular ramps to smoothly guide the flow of each tangentially introduced stream of combustion gases toward the reactor outlet enough to avoid turbulent impact with other tangentially introduced combustion gas streams.

Abstract: A carbon black reactor to produce non-uniform gas flow patterns utilizes(a) a precombustion chamber skewed at an angle of 30-60 degrees from the reactor axis with(1) offset tangential hot gas entries,(2) axial or offset multiple oil feed entries,(b) an optional venturi which can be offset from the reactor axis and/or asymmetric in form.

Abstract: High tint residual carbon black is produced in a vortex flow, venturi oil furnace carbon black reactor by charging the liquid feed or make hydrocarbon axially as a solid jet into a swirling mass of hot combustion gases upstream from the venturi and passing the hydrocarbon feed and hot combustion gases under carbon black forming conditions through the venturi section of the carbon black reactor.

Abstract: A carbon black feedstock nozzle in which a central pipe with a diverging nozzle outlet is surrounded by at least one concentric annulus having a diverging nozzle outlet with a spray angle different from that of the central pipe and with means for supplying a separate controlled flow of inlet material to the central pipe and concentric annulus. In the preferred embodiment multiple concentric annuli surround the central pipe with the outermost annulus supplied with a coolant fluid as inlet material, and the other annuli supplied with hydrocarbon suitable as carbon black reactor feedstock. In a preferred embodiment means are provided for a seriatim cycling of flow through the various hydrocarbon feedstock annuli. A carbon black reactor in which a feedstock nozzle as described above discharges in a portion of the reactor that is either a precombustion section or a combustion section.

Abstract: Carbon black having a high diphenylguanidine (DPG) value and a low pH value is produced in a reactor by separating the combustion gases into a plurality of streams by means of a perforate partition. This partition has a tubular portion or a conical portion which is surrounded by a plurality of through apertures at the downstream end. The hot combustion gases contact the make-hydrocarbon downstream of the partition. The combustion gases are introduced into the reactor upstream of the partition in a generally tangential direction for vortex flow while the make-hydrocarbon is introduced generally axially into the reactor.

Abstract: A pneumatic tire having remarkably low rolling resistance and high wet skid resistance without deteriorating the wear resistance is obtained by using in at least the ground-contact area of its tread, a rubber composition consisting essentially of 100 parts by weight of a mixed elastomer and 40-80 parts by weight of carbon black, the mixed elastomer consisting of 10-60 parts by weight of a solution-polymerized styrene-butadiene copolymer rubber having a bonded styrene content of 5-30% by weight and a trans-1,4 content in butadiene unit of not more than 45% by weight; 10-50 parts by weight of an emulsion-polymerized styrene-butadiene copolymer rubber having a bonded styrene content of 30-50% by weight; and 0-80 parts by weight of at least one rubber having a glass transition temperature of not higher than -50.degree. C.

Abstract: Disclosed is a method of making a carbon black product having a controllable aggregate particle size distribution comprising forming in a first zone of the carbon black reactor combustion gases at a high temperature and having a gradient of increasing turbulence in the downstream direction, injecting substantially radially into the first zone a carbon black feedstock into more than one of the "zones of increasing turbulence" before the gases reach maximum turbulence, cracking the feedstock to carbon black in a second (reaction) zone, quenching the carbon black reaction, and collecting the carbon black product. Also discussed is a method for making a carbon black product having varying physical characteristics as a result of modifying reaction kinetics at any position of oil injection into the "zones of turbulence".

Abstract: The rate at which deposits are formed in carbon black reactors is reduced by feeding a contaminant rich feed oil stream into the reactor surrounded by a substantially contaminant free feed oil stream.

Abstract: In a furnace system for producing carbon black, a primary quench fluid is injected into the combustion products from the furnace to produce effluent. The effluent is passed through a trim quench chamber containing a tubular member. The tubular member has an internal flow path therethrough and is positioned in the housing defining the quench chamber to form an outer flow path therebetween. Part of the effluent flowing through the quench chamber passes through the internal flow path while the remainder passes through the outer flow path. Quench liquid is introduced into the quench chamber for initial contact with substantially only the portion of the effluent passing through the internal flow path.

Abstract: A carbon black reactor is comprised of a housing which defines a precombustion zone, a reaction zone and a quench zone which are in flow communication. Inlet means open into the precombustion zone or the reaction zone and is operable to introduce make hydrocarbon into the reactor. Also, inlet means open into the precombustion zone and is operable for the introduction of hot combustion gases into the precombustion zone. The make hydrocarbon is pyrolyzed by contact with the hot combustion gases as same flow along the reaction zone. After a predetermined time as determined by the length of flow along the reaction zone, the effluent produced by the pyrolysis of the make hydrocarbon by contact with the combustion gases is quenched to stop the reaction.

Abstract: Carbon black having a low tint residue is produced by periodically varying operating conditions in a carbon black reactor.

Abstract: High tint residual carbon black is produced in a vortex flow, venturi oil furnace carbon black reactor by charging the liquid feed or make hydrocarbon axially as a solid jet into a swirling mass of hot combustion gases upstream from the venturi and passing the hydrocarbon feed and hot combustion gases under carbon black forming conditions through the venturi section of the carbon black reactor.