Abstract: A material useful for forming high temperature coatings. The material contains a MCrAlY powder wherein M is selected from the group consisting of iron, nickel, cobalt, iron-base alloys, nickel-base alloys and cobalt-base alloys. An aluminum layer coats the powder. The method forms a high temperature coating with the powder. Thermally spraying the MCrAlY powder towards a substrate reacts the aluminum coating with the MCrAlY powder to metallurgically bond the MCrAlY powder and coat the substrate.

Abstract: A substrate for a microelectronic package comprising a substrate that has grooves on a surface for bonding. A method for preparing a substrate for bonding comprising forming a grooved surface in the substrate for accepting a die for bonding, wherein the grooves are of sufficient size to provide a substantially uniform die bond, but no so large as to nullify the thermal path to the underlying substrate.

Abstract: To provide a corrosion-resisting and wear resisting alloy including cobalt, nickel or iron as a base used for a sliding part or a valve seat for a machine, and restraining erosion and corrosion caused by eutectic carbide constituting the alloy in an atmosphere with dissolved oxygen.

Abstract: A method for preparing an aluminum alloy-containing coating composition is described. A slurry containing a selected amount of aluminum is combined with at least one additional slurry containing a selected amount of a second metal which forms an alloy with aluminum. The resulting slurry mixture is applied to a metal substrate, and then heated to form a substantially devolatilized coating. The coating then receives a secondary heat treatment. Related compositions and articles are also described, as are processes for repairing a damaged or worn coating, utilizing the slurry.

Abstract: A device (10) comprising a substrate (22) having a deposited ceramic thermal barrier coating layer (20) characterized by a microstructure having gaps (28) where the thermal barrier coating (20) consists essentially of a pyrochlore crystal structure having a chemical formula consisting essentially of An+2−xBm+2+xO7−y, where A is selected from the group of elements selected from La, Ce, Pr, Nd, Sm, Eu, Gd, Tb, Dy, Ho, Er, Tm, Yb, and mixtures thereof; where B is selected from the group of elements selected from Zr, Hf, Ti and mixtures thereof; n and m are the valence of A and B respectively, and for −0.5≦x≦0.

Abstract: A device (10) comprising a substrate (22) having a deposited ceramic thermal barrier coating characterized by a microstructure having gaps (28) where the thermal barrier coating comprises a first thermal barrier layer (40), and a second thermal barrier layer (30) with a pyrochlore crystal structure having a chemical formula of An+2−xBm+2+xO7−y, where A is selected from the group of elements consisting of La, Ce, Pr, Nd, Sm, Eu, Gd, Tb, Dy, Ho, Er, Tm, Yb, and mixtures thereof, where B is selected from the group of elements consisting of Zr, Hf, Ti and mixtures thereof, where n and m are the valence of A and B respectively, and for −0.5≦x≦0.

Abstract: A method for applying at least one bond coating on a surface of a metal-based substrate is described. A foil of the bond coating material is first attached to the substrate surface and then fused thereto, e.g., by brazing. The foil is often initially prepared by thermally spraying the bond coating material onto a removable support sheet, and then detaching the support sheet. Optionally, the foil may also include a thermal barrier coating applied over the bond coating. The substrate can be a turbine engine component.

Abstract: An article having a layer of metal thermally sprayed over a substrate with a roughened interface at the surface of the substrate applied by a thermal spray process, such as the HVOF process. The interface has a predetermined cleanliness level so that after a diffusion heat treatment, the applied layer has an extended life in severe gas turbine service due to improved adhesion of the layer to the substrate. When the article is used for high temperature applications such as turbine shrouds and encounters significant levels of stress, the strength of the interface can be a factor in the life of the coating.

Abstract: A method of providing a roughened bond coat, for example in a thermal barrier coating system, comprises providing an oxidation-resistant plasma-sprayed layer onto a substrate and disposing a slurry overlayer on the oxidation-resistant plasma-sprayed layer. These steps form a roughened bond coat possessing an uneven, undulated, and irregular surface. A roughened bond coat in a thermal barrier coating system reduces de-bonding of the bond coat and a thermal barrier coating layer, which is desirable to maintain the insulation features of the thermal barrier coating system.

Abstract: A protective coat formed by thermal spraying, and having an outstanding durability against corrosion by a molten light alloy. A thermal spraying composite material used to form such a coat contains from about 30 to about 70% by weight of molybdenum boride, from about 20 to about 40% by weight of nickel or cobalt, from about 5 to about 20% by weight of chromium, and from about 5 to about 10% by weight of at least one metal boride selected from the borides of Cr, W, Zr, Ni and Nb.

Abstract: The present invention relates generally to an oxidation and corrosion resistant coating composition produced by a vapor phase co-deposition of transition metals on metallic components. In particular, this coating includes aluminum and silicon and the coated substrate may comprise precious metal, nickel, cobalt or MCrALY. Such coatings are particularly useful in protecting nickel and cobalt and iron-based superalloys from heat corrosion and oxidation attack, especially during high temperature operation, e.g., gas turbine and jet engine hot zones.

Abstract: The invention is directed to anti-corrosive alloys and relates in particular to an alloy containing cobalt, chromium, aluminum, yttrium, silicon, a metal from the second main group, together with the corresponding oxide, in the following proportions: chromium (Cr) 26.0-30%; aluminum (Al) 5.5-13.0%; yttrium (Y) 0.3-1.5%; silicon (Si) 1.5-4.5%; metal from the second main group (magnesium, calcium, barium, strontium) 0.1-2.0%; oxide of the corresponding metal from the second main group 0.1-2.0%; cobalt (Co) remaining percentage. Preferably, tantalum (Ta) is also added in a proportion of 0.5-4.0%, and the remaining percentage of cobalt is replaced by a remaining percentage of Me, Me being understood to mean a metal which may be nickel (Ni) or iron (Fe) or cobalt (Co) or a composition comprising Ni—Fe—Co, Ni—Fe, Ni—Co, Co—Fe.

Abstract: A metal article which includes a protective coating system is described. The coating system includes a braze alloy layer and a plasma-sprayed bond coat. The bond coat may lie on top of the braze alloy layer, or the braze alloy layer may lie on top of the bond coat. In the case of a porous bond coat, partial or complete densification of the bond coat is sometimes carried out. Densification is achieved by heat treating the article, so that the braze alloy material migrates into the pores of the bond coat to a selected thickness. Related processes are also described.

Abstract: A composite material includes a structural carrier layer and a relatively thin metal foil layer separated by a release layer. The release layer, that may be an admixture of a metal such as nickel or chromium and a non-metal such as chromium oxide, nickel oxide, chromium phosphate or nickel phosphate, provides a peel strength for the metal foil layer from the carrier strip that is typically on the order of 0.1 pound per inch to 2 pounds per inch. This provides sufficient adhesion to prevent premature separation of the metal foil layer from the carrier layer, but easy removal of the carrier layer when desired. Typically, the metal foil layer is subsequently bonded to a dielectric and the carrier layer then removed. The metal foil layer is then imaged into circuit features in the manufacture of printed circuit boards and flexible circuits.

Abstract: A diffusion aluminide coating having a graded structure is applied over a nickel base superalloy substrate. The coating has an inner region of a diffusion aluminide adjacent to the substrate rich in a reactive element, typically Hf, Si or combinations of the two. The near surface region is a diffusion aluminide which is substantially free of reactive elements. Such coatings when used as bond coats in thermal barrier coating systems exhibit improved spallation performance.

Abstract: A roughened bond coat comprises a screen that includes interwoven wires defining openings and a metallic material disposed on the screen. The screen and metallic material form a roughened bond coat possessing an uneven, undulated, and irregular surface. The metallic material may be one of a slurry and a powder, and applied by coating and spraying, respectively. A thermal barrier coating system, which is formed with and incorporates the roughened bond coat, exhibits greater adhesion of a thermal barrier coating and bond coat due to an increased interfacial surface area provided by the uneven, undulated, and irregular surface.

Abstract: A method of improving the oxidation and corrosion resistance of a superalloy article comprises providing a superalloy substrate having a sulphur content which is less than 0.8 ppm by weight, and depositing on the substrate a protective antioxidation coating having a sulphur content also less than 0.8 ppm by weight. A heat barrier layer may also be provided by depositing on the protective anti-oxidation coating a ceramic coating of columnar structure.

Abstract: A method of providing a roughened bond coat, for example in a thermal barrier coating system, comprises providing an oxidation-resistant plasma-sprayed layer onto a substrate and disposing a slurry overlayer on the oxidation-resistant plasma-sprayed layer. These steps form a roughened bond coat possessing an uneven, undulated, and irregular surface. A roughened bond coat in a thermal barrier coating system reduces de-bonding of the bond coat and a thermal barrier coating layer, which is desirable to maintain the insulation features of the thermal barrier coating system.

Abstract: A hydrogen storage laminated material can be obtained which is capable of achieving reduction in weight as well as being mass-produced industrially while assuring excellent hydrogen storage capability. The hydrogen storage laminated material (10) has a laminated structure of a first layer (6a) and a second layer (7a), wherein the first layer is formed from an alloy or compound including an element of a group 2A or 3A or an element of at least one of the groups 2A and 3A, and at least partially includes a bcc structure, and the second layer is formed from an alloy or compound including an element of one of groups 6A, 7A and 8A or an element of at least one of the groups 6A, 7A and 8A.

Abstract: In accordance with the invention, a metal substrate is coated with a multilayer surface finish comprising, in succession, an amorphous metal underlayer, a corrosion-resistent metal middle layer and one or more outer layers of precious metal. In an exemplary embodiment the metal substrate comprises copper alloy, the amorphous metal underlayer is Ni—P, the middle layer is nickel and the outer layer is palladium. The resulting structure is particularly useful as an electrical connector.

Abstract: An article includes a substrate formed of a superalloy, a silicon-based ceramic material and a thermally stable silicon diffusion barrier layer. The thermally stable diffusion barrier layer is intermediate to the substrate and ceramic material and prevents diffusion of silicon or carbon into the substrate. The diffusion barrier coating is any coating that is thermally stable and that prevents diffusion of silicon or carbon across a ceramic material:superalloy interface. In a method of forming an article, a superalloy substrate is formed, a thermally stable diffusion barrier layer is applied onto the substrate and a silicon-based ceramic material is supported by the barrier layer coated substrate. The diffusion barrier layer substantially prevents diffusion of silicon from the ceramic material into the superalloy substrate.

Abstract: Its basic means is a monolithically bonded construct prepared by monolithically bonding together a rare-earth magnet 2 and a an alloy material that is a high melting point metal or a high specific-tenacity material through the solid phase diffusion bonding by the hot isostatic pressing treatment, and a monolithically bonded construct with an interposal of a thin layer of the high melting point metal between a rare-earth magnet 2 and an alloy material 3, 4 that is a high specific-tenacity material.

Abstract: A ferromagnetic tunnel junction structure includes an anti-ferromagnetic layer; a first ferromagnetic layer in contact with the anti-ferromagnetic layer; a tunnel barrier layer in contact with the first ferromagnetic layer; a second ferromagnetic layer in contact with the tunnel barrier layer so that the tunnel barrier layer is sandwiched between the first and second ferromagnetic layer, the second ferromagnetic layer includes at least a high polarization layer and at least a soft magnetic layer so that the high polarization layer is positioned closer to the tunnel barrier layer than the soft magnetic layer.

Abstract: The use of a thermal spray method relates to the production of a layer (20) for a heat insulating coat of a material (10) in powder form. This material consists at least to 80 mol % of zirconium silicate ZrSiO4, in particular of the mineral zircon, and the majority of its powder particles (1) have diameters in the region between 10 and 100 &mgr;m. During the spraying on the particles are at least partially melted through in a gas flow (42) under reducing conditions and at a temperature greater than 20000° C. Method parameters, among others the dwell time of the particles in a heat imparting medium, in particular a plasma (41) or a flame, the temperature of the heat imparting medium and the momentum transferred to the particles, are chosen in such a manner that the layer (20) which is formed of the particles has a structure with lamellar elements (21).

Abstract: An article of manufacture having a wear-resistant cylindrical surface is made up of a metallurgically tough base steel with a substantially cylindrical surface, a thin, cylindrical metal sleeve mated to and affixed to the cylindrical surface of the base steel, and a composite metallic coating containing particles having a hardness greater than Rockwell C 70 metallurgically bonded to the surface of the sleeve opposite the base steel/sleeve interface.

Abstract: A high rhenium-containing nickel superalloy article (10) has a multilayer coating (12) comprising a barrier coating (14) and an aluminide coating (16). The aluminide coating (16) is a corrosion and oxidation protective coating for the superalloy article (10). The barrier coating (14) comprises an alloy with a similar composition to the high rhenium-containing nickel superalloy article (10) but with less rhenium. The barrier coating (14) minimises diffusion of elements between the aluminide coating (16) and the superalloy article (10) to minimise the formation of topologically close packed phases at the interface between the superalloy article (10) and the multilayer coating (12). The barrier coating (12) preferably has some rhenium to minimise diffusion of rhenium from the superalloy article (10) to the barrier coating (14).

Abstract: A Ni plating layer 3, a Cu plating layer 11, a Zn—Ni alloy plating layer 4 and a chromate layer 5 are formed sequentially in that order on the outer surface of a steel base 2. The Cu plating layer 11 interposed between the Ni plating layer and the Zn—Ni plating layer seals up pinholes in the Ni plating layer and enhances the sacrificial corroding action of the Zn—Ni alloy plating layer.

Abstract: A metal article which includes a protective coating system is described. The coating system includes a braze alloy layer and a plasma-sprayed bond coat. The bond coat may lie on top of the braze alloy layer, or the braze alloy layer may lie on top of the bond coat. In the case of a porous bond coat, partial or complete densification of the bond coat is sometimes carried out. Densification is achieved by heat treating the article, so that the braze alloy material migrates into the pores of the bond coat to a selected thickness. Related processes are also described.

Abstract: A thermal barrier coating system for a superalloy substrate is disclosed. The superalloy is preferably of the type that is capable of forming an adherent alumina layer. A bond coat is applied to a local area of the substrate, so that a portion of the substrate remains exposed. The localized area is defined to be the area(s) at which a TBC typically fails first, e.g., the leading and trailing edges of an airfoil, or other area. An alumina layer is formed on the remaining portion of the substrate, and also on the bond coat. A ceramic layer is then applied on the alumina layer. Even if the ceramic material is removed, the localized bond coat remains, and reduces the rate at which the underlying substrate oxidizes. A coated article is also disclosed, as is a system that utilizes a conventional superalloy and aluminide coating with the localized bond coat.

Abstract: A coating composition for superalloy structural parts, especially, for gas turbine vanes and blades, which has high resistance to oxidation and corrosion and has excellent mechanical behavior. The coating preferably comprises: 18 to 28 wt % of Co; 11 to 15 wt % of Cr; 11.5 to 14 wt % of Al; 1 to 8 wt % of Re; 1 to 2.3 wt % of Si; 0.2 to 1.5 wt % of Ta; 0.2 to 1.5 wt % of Nb; 0.3 to 1.3 wt % of Y; 0 to 1.5 wt % of Mg; 0 to 0.5 wt % of a total of La and La-series; 0 to 0.1 wt % of B; less than 0.1 wt % of Hf; and less than 0.1 wt % of C. The balance of the coating is Ni. A total of Y, La, and La-series is from 0.3 to 2.0 wt %, and a total of Si and Ta is equal to or less than 2.5 wt %.

Abstract: A gas turbine component consists of a superalloy base material with a single crystal structure and a protective coating layer. The coating layer has a single crystal structure, which is epitaxial with the base material.

Abstract: There is provided a surface alloyed component which comprises a base alloy with a diffusion barrier layer enriched in silicon and chromium being provided adjacent thereto. An enrichment pool layer is created adjacent said diffusion barrier and contains silicon and chromium and optionally titanium or aluminum. A reactive gas treatment may be used to generate a replenishable protective scale on the outermost surface of said component.

Abstract: An inexpensive panel member for an automobile body. Two layers of Zn plating (2a, 2b) are formed over two opposite surfaces of a steel plate (1) respectively. Then, another layer of plating (3) is formed over at least one of the two layers of Zn plating. This another layer of plating (3) is made from a metal or alloy having a standard electrode potential equal to or more than Fe. In this manner, a plated steel panel sheet (4) is prepared. Subsequently, a non-plated steel panel sheet (5) is joined with the plated steel panel sheet (4) in a partly overlapping manner such that the another layer of plating (3) contacts the non-plated steel panel sheet (5). The another layer of plating is made from Ni, Ni alloy, Fe—P alloy, Co, or Co alloy. A chemical conversion coating (Phosphophyllite) (8) and common painting layers (97, 98, 99) are further formed over the joined sheets when used for an automobile body.

Abstract: A device (10) comprising a substrate (22) having a deposited ceramic thermal barrier coating layer (20) characterized by a microstructure having gaps (28) where the thermal barrier coating (20) consists essentially of a pyrochlore crystal structure having a chemical formula consisting essentially of An+2−xBm+2+xO7−y, where A is selected from the group of elements selected from La, Ce, Pr, Nd, Sm, Eu, Gd, Tb, Dy, Ho, Er, Tm, Yb, and mixtures thereof; where B is selected from the group of elements selected from Zr, Hf, Ti and mixtures thereof; n and m are the valence of A and B respectively, and for −0.5≦x≦0.

Abstract: A thermal barrier coating system and a method for forming the coating system on an article. The coating system employs a bond coat of a nickel aluminide alloy over which a thermal-insulating ceramic layer is deposited. The nickel aluminide bond coat contains zirconium, but is otherwise predominantly of the beta (&bgr;) NiAl phase. The bond coat is preferably deposited by a physical vapor deposition process to have a fine-grain microstructure and a limited diffusion zone in the article surface.

Abstract: A magnetic recording medium comprising a non-magnetic substrate having thereon a non-magnetic undercoat, a magnetic film and optionally a protective film. The magnetic film comprises a material containing Co as a main component. The non-magnetic undercoat comprises at least two layers including a first undercoat film and a second undercoat film provided on the first undercoat film. The first undercoat film comprises a material containing Cr as a main component, and the second undercoat film comprises a material selected from the group consisting of a Cr/Nb-base alloy, a Cr/W-base alloy, a Cr/V-base alloy and a Cr/Mo-base alloy as a main component.

Abstract: An article comprising a substrate and an outer metallic layer, such as a coating, is provided with augmented heat transfer from the substrate through the combination of a layer thickness of about 0.003″ to about 0.017″, a layer surface roughness of at least about 500 micro inches Ra, a layer tensile bond strength of at least about 5 ksi, and a heat transfer augmentation of at least about 1.1. A method of making the article uses an electric arc wire thermal spray process in which the atomizing gas pressure is maintained within the range of about 20-80 psi.

Abstract: An iron aluminide coating as a bonding layer between a thermally stressed element of a thermal turbomachine and a heat insulation coat consists essentially of:  5-35 % by weight aluminum 15-25 % by weight chromium 0.5-10  % by weight molybdenum, tungsten, tantalum and/or niobium   0-0.3 % by weight zirconium 0-1 % by weight boron 0-1 % by weight yttrium the remainder being iron and incidental impurities arising from production thereof.

Abstract: A thermal barrier coating for hot gas path components of a combustion turbine based on a zirconia-scandia system. A layer of zirconium scandate having the hexagonal Zr3Sc4O12 structure is formed directly on a superalloy substrate or on a bond coat formed on the substrate.

Abstract: An improved coating and method for applying the coating to minimize the consumption of substrate material during high temperature service by formation of an intermediate metal aluminide layer. A layer of Ni or Co or combinations of Ni and Co are added to the substrate material as an overlay by a process such as electroplating or electroless plating. A diffusion aluminide is then formed at the surface by exposing the plated substrate to a source of aluminum at an elevated temperature.

Abstract: A metallic article (30) comprises a bond coating (34) on the metallic article (30) and a ceramic thermal barrier coating (38) on the bond coating (34). The ceramic thermal barrier coating (38) comprises a plurality of columnar grains (40) extending substantially perpendicular to the surface of the metallic article (30). The ceramic thermal barrier coating (38) has an inner portion (44), a transition portion (46) and an outer portion (48). Each columnar grain (40) has a substantially constant cross-sectional area throughout its length in the outer portion (48), has smooth surfaces and there are distinct uniform gaps (42) between columnar grains to minimize the stress/strain in the columnar grains (40) and/or to minimize the stress/strain between adjacent columnar grains (40) and thereby increases the resistance to spallation of the ceramic thermal barrier coating. The columnar grains (40) are produced by controlling the evaporation rate of the ceramic, the temperature and speed of rotation of the article (30).

Abstract: An article includes a substrate and an adhesion layer overlying the substrate. The adhesion layer includes a first phase including particles, and a second phase including braze alloy that bonds the particles to the substrate. The article further includes a ceramic layer overlying the adhesion layer. In one embodiment, the ceramic layer is a thermal barrier coating (TBC), formed of stabilized zirconia (ZrO2).

Abstract: A turbine component contains a substrate (22) such as a superalloy, a basecoat (24) of the type MCrAlY, and a continuous barrier layer (28) between the substrate and basecoat, where the barrier layer (28) is made of an alloy of (Re, Ta, Ru, Os)X, where X can be Ni, Co or their mixture, where the barrier layer is at least 2 micrometers thick and substantially prevents materials from both the basecoat and substrate from migrating through it.

Abstract: The present invention provides a lead frame material and a process for manufacturing a lead frame material. The process includes forming an intermediate layer on a lead frame substrate by vacuum deposition and forming a top protective layer on the intermediate layer by vacuum deposition. By using vacuum deposition, the coating material can be selected from a wider variety of materials; thus, coatings with novel compositions can be formed. The intermediate layer can be Ni, Ag, W, Zn, Cr, Mo, Cu, Sn, Al, Ta, Co, Nb, or alloys thereof, and the top protective layer can be Pt, Ir, Re, Ru, Rh, Pd, Au, Ag, or alloys thereof.

Abstract: A glazing covered ferrite core electrode terminal has a ferrite core, a glazing covered layer coated on a surface of the ferrite core, a silver paste layer disposed on the glazing covered layer, a nickel plated layer disposed on the silver paste layer, a solder plated layer disposed on the nickel plated layer, and a solder paste layer disposed on the solder plated layer.

Abstract: Non-magnetic transition metal spacer layers 2.5 to 50 Angstroms thick with compositions of Os, Ru and Re are used in laminated magnetic structures. The ultra-thin non-magnetic transition metal spacer layers are useful to fabricate micron and sub-micron laminated magnetic devices. The laminated magnetic structures using ultra-thin non-magnetic transition metal spacer layers of Os, Ru and Re have anti-ferromagnetic coupling between the magnetic layers. The anti-ferromagnetic coupling provides a mechanism for reduced edge curling and efficient directional magnetization. Alloying the non-magnetic transition metal layer provides a method for engineering coupling strengths, coercivities and remanences in magnetic structures useful for high frequency applications. These laminated magnetic structure have applications in magnetic read head, magnetic write head, magnetic memory, and miniature transformer devices.

Abstract: A composite barrel for use in extrusion or injection molding is disclosed. The composite barrel includes an outer housing having a cylindrical bore that extends throughout the length of the outer housing. A wear-resistant lining is disposed on an interior surface that defines the cylindrical bore. The lining is fabricated from an alloy that includes a base metal and phosphorus and the lining may contain hard abrasion-resistant particulate, such as tungsten carbide. The base metal is nickel or cobalt or a mixture of nickel and cobalt. The alloy is typically applied by centrifugal casting and can be cast in a nitrogen-rich atmosphere without creating undesirable lining porosity. Such linings can be made for a fraction of the cost of comparable linings that must be cast under vacuum or in an atmosphere of argon.

Abstract: A process is provided for producing an abrasive coating on a substrate surface by applying a bond coat by low pressure plasma spraying and anchoring to the bond coat abrasive particles by electroplating and embedding the particles into an oxidation resistant matrix by entrapment plating.

Abstract: A ceramic composite material comprises a ceramic material constituting a matrix, and dispersion particles disposed in the matrix in a dispersing manner. A specific shape of a ceramic composite material is, for instance, a sinter or a thermally sprayed layer. The dispersion particles are consisting of a composite oxide including at least one kind of a first metallic element selected from alkaline earth metals such as Mg and Ca, and at least one kind of a second metallic element selected from W, Ti, Ta, Mo, Nb, V, B, Te, Ge and Si, for instance, are composite oxide particles precipitated by reacting a compound containing a first metallic element and a compound including a second metallic element through heat treatment. The precipitated particles consisting of such a composite oxide can be dispersed as planar particles or acicular particles in the ceramic layer to which, for instance, thermal spraying is applied.

Abstract: A powder of dicalcium silicate is made by spray drying calcia and silica with incorporation of sodium and phosphorus or stabilized zirconia. The spray dried powder is sintered to form a thermal spray powder. Sprayed coatings have a web of interconnected, randomly oriented microcracks substantially perpendicular to the coating surface. The coatings are stable in thermal cycling and a hot corrosive environment.