Abstract: The influence of surface geometry on metal properties is studied within the limit of the quantum theory of free electrons. It is shown that a metal surface can be modified with patterned indents to increase the Fermi energy level inside the metal, leading to decrease in electron work function. This effect would exist in any quantum system comprising fermions inside a potential energy box. Also disclosed is a method for making nanostructured surfaces having perpendicular features with sharp edges.

Abstract: A method is proposed for preparing a structured metallic surface of a body or for the structuring close to the surface or the generation of metallic structures, first of all on a first metal layer or on a first intermetallic layer a second metal layer or a second intermetallic layer, the second layers differing from the first layers, being generated; and thereafter at least the second metal layer or the second intermetallic layer being heated up region by region in such a way that, in that location, there is formed an intermetallic compound using the material of the first intermetallic layer or the first metal layer and the material of the second metal layer or the second intermetallic layer, into which surface regions are embedded, which are at least essentially made of the material of the second metal layer or the second intermetallic layer.

Abstract: Copper foil for fine pattern printed circuits having a sufficient bond strength with a resin substrate, eliminating the problems of residual copper, erosion at the bottom portions of the circuit lines, etc. at the time of formation of fine patterns, and superior in heat resistance and electrical characteristics, comprising untreated copper foil roughening treated on its surface, wherein the untreated copper foil before roughening treatment is an electrodeposited copper foil having a surface roughness in terms of 10-point average roughness Rz not more than 2.5 ?m and a minimum distance between peaks of rough pyramid of at least 5 ?m or having further crystal grains of an average particle size of not more than 2 ?m exposed at the surface thereof, and a method of production of the same.

Abstract: According to various embodiments and aspects of the present invention, there is provided a dynamically tunable thin film interference coating including one or more layers with thermo-optically tunable refractive index. Tunable layers within thin film interference coatings enable a new family of thin film active devices for the filtering, control, modulation of light. Active thin film structures can be used directly or integrated into a variety of photonic subsystems to make tunable lasers, tunable add-drop filters for fiber optic telecommunications, tunable polarizers, tunable dispersion compensation filters, and many other devices.

Abstract: A coated steel sheet composed of a steel sheet and at least two types of coating layers formed thereon is provided with an electrodeposition painting having a superior appearance. The coated steel sheet has an arithmetic mean roughness Ra, which is defined by JIS B 0601-1994, of from about 0.7 to about 1.5 ?m and a peak per inch PPI of from about 180 to about 250.

Abstract: The metal film of the present invention is a dense film of a single crystal that has very low surface roughness and very good crystal orientation because an arithmetic mean roughness of the surface is not larger than 2 nm and a (111) peak intensity of X-ray diffraction is not less than 20 times the sum of all other peaks. Also the metal oxide film of the present invention is a dense film that includes less oxygen defects and almost no voids therein because a content of a non-oxidized metal is not higher than 1 mole % of a metal component that constitutes the metal oxide and a packing density is 0.98 or higher.

Abstract: A plated material reduces insertion and withdrawal forces when used in a connector. A terminal member for a connector and a connector therewith are also provided. The plated material comprises a substrate 3 made of Cu or a Cu alloy and a metal plating layer 6 formed on the surface of the substrate 3. A soft region 6A spreading in a network-shape and a hard region 6B surrounded by the network of the soft region 6A coexists in the metal plating layer 6. The soft region 6A has a Vickers hardness of 20 to 250, while the hard region 6B has a Vickers hardness of 60 to 700, which is at least 30 higher than that of the soft region 6A. An average size of the network of the soft region 6A is from 5 to 500 ?m.

Abstract: A composite nickel and copper alloy plating film (3) containing nickel and copper. Nickel is of high wear resistance and a nickel alloy improves the wear resistance of the film. Copper is of high resistance of the film. The film may further contain self-lubricating particles and hard particles which ensure its wear resistance and lubricating property to a further extent.

Abstract: A metal member to be cast-wrapped by a metal cast article, a manufacturing method thereof and a metal cast article including the metal member cast-wrapped are provided. A hollow cylindrical metal member having an outer surface with projections to be cast-wrapped by a metal cast article is manufactured in such a manner that a hollow cylindrical metal raw material 13 is inserted in a die 17 having a inner peripheral surface with longitudinal grooves of a depth H and a width W, and the hollow cylindrical metal raw material 13 is subjected to hot-extrusion.

Abstract: The object is to provide a copper foil excellent in the property of selective etching between a resistor layer and a copper layer required in production of a printed-wiring board, and also excellent in UL heat resistance. For this purpose, a copper foil for printed-wiring board comprising a nodular treatment side on one side, wherein a nickel-zinc alloy layer is formed on the nodular treatment side is used for applications of printed-wiring boards. At the same time, a production method suitable for production of the copper foil is provided.

Abstract: The invention relates to a partition (1) or a method for producing a partition (1) for a multilayer pressed packet (3), wherein the partition (1) can be placed as a pressing sheet in the composite of a multilayer pressed packet (3) to be produced, especially between two multilayers (2). The unfavorable image transfer between the multilayers (2) that has occurred in the prior art up to now is cost-effectively prevented in that the partition (1) is implemented as a steel sheet, but not as a high-grade steel sheet, and that the steel sheet—at a temperature of essentially 180?C—possesses a tensile strength of at least Rm ? 500 Mpa and/or—at a temperature of essentially 180?C—a yield strength of at least Rp0.2 ? 470 MPa.

Abstract: There is provided a flexible printed wiring board including an insulating layer having a high optical transmittance, a high adhesion strength and a high migration resistance, and suitable for a chip on film (hereafter referred to as COF). In a flexible printed wiring board for COF, having an insulating layer on which a conductive layer of an electrodeposited copper foil is laminated, and an optical transmittance of 50% or more of the insulating layer in the etched region when a circuit is formed by etching said conductive layer, electrodeposited copper foil was made to have a rust-proofing layer of a nickel-zinc alloy on the adhering surface to be adhered to the insulating layer; the surface roughness (Rz) of the adhering surface was made to be 0.05 to 1.5 ?m, and the specular gloss was made to be 250 or more when the incident angle is 60°.

Abstract: An improved electrode and method for manufacturing the improved electrode wherein the electrode having a fractal surface coating of platinum [which the present inventor refers to as “platinum gray”] with a increase in surface area of at least 5 times when compared to shiny platinum of the same geometry and also having improved resistance to physical stress when compared to platinum black having the same surface area. The process of electroplating the surface coating of platinum gray comprising plating at a moderate rate, i.e., at a rate that is faster than the rate necessary to produce shiny platinum and that is less than the rate necessary to produce platinum black.

Abstract: Disclosed herein is a cooling roll which can provide bonded a magnet having excellent magnetic properties and having excellent reliability. A melt spinning apparatus 1 is provided with a tube 2 having a nozzle 3 at the bottom thereof, a coil 4 for heating the tube and a cooling roll 5 having a circumferential surface 53 in which gas expelling grooves 54 are formed. A melt spun ribbon 8 is formed by injecting the molten alloy 6 from the nozzle 6 so as to be collided with the circumferential surface 53 of the cooling roll 5, so that the molten alloy 6 is cooled and then solidified. In this process, gas is likely to enter between a puddle 7 of the molten alloy 6 and the circumferential surface 53, but such gas is expelled by means of the gas expelling grooves 54.

Abstract: For a three-layer flexible board, there is provided a copper alloy foil that requires no roughening processing, that has good adhesion with an adhesive containing an epoxy resin, that can be laminated to form a copper-clad laminate, that has a low surface roughness, and that has high conductivity and strength. The copper alloy of the foil contains at least one of 0.01-2.0 weight percent Cr and 0.01-1.0 weight percent Zr or contains 1.0-4.8 weight percent Ni and 0.2-1.4 weight percent Si. Good adhesion of the copper alloy foil to a resin substrate with an adhesive containing an epoxy resin is obtained by setting the thickness of the anticorrosive coating to less than 3 nm; the surface roughness of the copper alloy foil is below 2 ?m expressed as ten-point average surface roughness (Rz); and, without roughening processing, the 180° C. peel strength, after adhesion of the copper alloy foil to the board film by means of an adhesive containing an epoxy resin, is greater than 8.0 N/cm.

Abstract: Liquid aluminum is sprayed onto an iron article to produce a thin tenacious non-corrodible layer. In one embodiment, an iron article is heated to at least 400° F. or preferably until cherry red. It is sprayed with a fine aluminum mist generated by heating aluminum in a container and then passing a gas under pressure through the container and out through a heat resistant ceramic nozzle. In another embodiment, aluminum is heated to at least 2000° F. in a container to produce a pool of liquid aluminum. Pressure is applied to the container to project the liquid aluminum in the form of a fine mist through a ceramic nozzle onto the iron article. The aluminum mist produces a tenacious aluminum layer on the iron article that is workable, weldable and non-corrodible. The aluminum layer is a permanent part of the iron article and cannot be removed by conventional means, such as buffing with a wire wheel driven by a electric motor.

Abstract: There is provided a magnesium alloy molded product being excellent in corrosion resistance. The magnesium alloy molded product being excellent in corrosion resistance and capable of being easily recycled is manufactured by forming an aluminum layer on a surface of a magnesium alloy molded body and then forming an anticorrosive film layer on the surface of the aluminum layer. In addition, a magnesium alloy molded product being excellent in corrosion resistance and having a brilliant anticorrosive structure is manufactured by forming a transparent anticorrosive film consisting of an organic acid amine salt on a cut surface of a magnesium alloy molded body and then forming a transparent painted film on the transparent anticorrosive film.

Abstract: The aim of the invention is to provide a metal strip for epitaxial coating with a biaxially textured layer, this metal strip, however, being able to be produced in an uncomplicated manner and having a high tensile strength, low magnetic losses and/or a high electrical conductivity. According to the invention, the metal strip is comprised of Nj, Cu, Ag or alloys thereof all serving as basic material, whereby the one-layer metal strip and, in the instance of a multilayer metal strip, at least one of its layers contains 10 nm to 5 ?m large, strength-increasing dispersoids comprised of carbides, borides, oxides and/or nitrides with a volume proportion ranging from 0.1 to 5%. In the instance of a multilayer metal strip, the layers form a composite, and at least one of the layers does not contain any dispersoids and has a biaxial texture. For the production, a starting material is used, which is comprised of Ni, Cu, Ag or of alloys thereof all serving as basic material and which contains 0.

Abstract: A bright composite sheet product including a roll cast core and a clad material bonded to the core. The core is an aluminum alloy of the AA series 1XXX, 3XXX, 5XXX, or 8XXX, and the clad material contains at least 99.5 wt. % aluminum. The composite sheet products is particularly suited for use in lighting fixtures.

Abstract: Metal articles having a durable visible marking on a smooth Type III hard anodized surface particularly useful for shock absorber tubes are produced by applying an alkaline solution to the anodized surface for not less than about 15 seconds at temperature of 100°-140° F.; applying a pattern of lacquer based solvent ink to said surface; and sealing the applied pattern by applying a liquid selected from the group consisting of nickel acetate, cobalt acetate and boiling water to said pattern.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a substrate for a magnetic recording medium that ensures a floating height on a magnetic head. This substrate is made of a sintered body provided with pores having a diameter in the range of 0.05 ?m to 2.0 ?m extending across 5% to 50% of the surface area of the substrate.

Abstract: A negative bias is applied to an integrated circuit wafer immersed in an electrolytic plating solution to generate a DC current. After about ten percent to sixty percent of the final layer thickness has formed in a first plating time, biasing is interrupted during short pauses during a second plating time to generate substantially zero DC current. The pauses are from about 2 milliseconds to 5 seconds long, and typically about 10 milliseconds to 500 milliseconds. Generally, about 2 pauses to 100 pauses are used, and typically about 3 pauses to 15 pauses. Generally, the DC current density during the second plating time is greater than the DC current density during the initial plating time. Typically, the integrated circuit wafer is rotated during electroplating. Preferably, the wafer is rotated at a slower rotation rate during the second plating time than during the first plating time.

Abstract: A surface processing method and power transmission component includes refining a surface region of a metal from a first roughness to a second roughness less than the first roughness. A solid lubricous coating or a hard coating is then deposited on the surface region. The metal has a surface hardness above 50 Rc to reduce the risk that the metal will deform under the coating and leave the coating unsupported. The surface region of the metal may be transformed into a nitrogen-containing compound or solid solution surface region before the surface refining step and deposition of the coating.

Abstract: A chain including chain pins 15, which connect an inner link plate and an outer link plate, are made of carburized or refined steel, and have the entire surface on which a large number of dimples 17 are provided which are formed through a primary shot peening performed at an arc height value of 0.35 to 0.8 mmA. Furthermore, dimples 21 with a size smaller than that of the dimples 17 are formed by applying a secondary shot peening performed at an arc height value smaller than that of a primary shot peening to the dimples 17 which have been subjected to the primary shot peening.

Abstract: In the present application, a steel sheet having surface-treated zinc-based plating is provided which comprises a zinc-based plating layer, a chromium-free conductive intermediate layer and an organic resin layer, all of the layers being superimposed one on another in the order mentioned. Even though it is of a so-called chromium-free surface-treated steel sheet, the steel sheet is more conductive and more highly resistant to corrosion than conventional chromium-free steel sheets, the likelihood of water pollution is reduced, and the steel sheet can be used in various applications as a replacement for conventional chromate-treated steel sheets.

Abstract: A process is provided for coating metallic workpieces with a bearing material, wherein the workpiece first receives a hard chromium plating having a pearl or columnar structure type surface. A predominantly silver layer is then galvanically deposited, which fills in and smooths the pearl or columnar structure type surface of the hard chromium plating. Optionally, additional hard chromium platings and predominantly silver-containing layers may be applied, preferably galvanically. The predominantly silver layer may advantageously contain a graphite component.

Abstract: A method of manufacturing magnetic powder is disclosed. This method can provide magnetic powder from which a bonded magnet having excellent magnetic properties and reliability can be manufactured. A melt spinning apparatus 1 is provided with a tube 2 having a nozzle 3 at the bottom thereof, a coil 4 for heating the tube and a cooling roll 5. The cooling roll 5 is constructed from a roll base 51 and a circumferential surface 53 in which gas flow passages 54 for expelling gas are formed. A melt spun ribbon 8 is formed by injecting the molten alloy 6 from the nozzle 3 so as to be collided with the circumferential surface 53 of the cooling roll 5, so that the molten alloy 6 is cooled and then solidified. In this process, gas is likely to enter between a puddle 7 of the molten alloy 6 and the circumferential surface 53, but such gas is expelled by means of the gas flow passages 54. The magnetic powder is obtained by milling thus formed melt spun ribbon 8.

Abstract: An anodized aluminum alloy comprises an aluminum alloy comprising magnesium in an amount greater than 3 weight percent based on the total weight of the aluminum alloy; and a clear porous oxide layer having a thickness greater than about 5 micrometers disposed on and into a surface of the aluminum alloy, wherein the anodized aluminum alloy has a surface gloss value greater than about 40 gloss units as measured on a gloss meter at dual illumination angles of 60° and 85°.

Abstract: The invention is a formable, bright metallized laminate that has superior optical and deformation properties. The metallized laminate is made from a plurality of discontinuous metal island layers deposited on a formable clear coat film. The invention is also a method that includes depositing a first discontinuous layer of metal islands upon a formable clear coat film and then depositing a second discontinuous layer of metal islands onto the first discontinuous layer of metal islands.

Abstract: The present invention is directed to an aqueous, antitarnish and adhesion promoting treatment composition, comprising: zinc ions; metal ions selected from the group consisting of tungsten ions, molybdenum ions, cobalt ions, nickel ions, zirconium ions, titanium ions, manganese ions, vanadium ions, iron ions, tin ions, indium ions, silver ions, and combinations thereof; and optionally, an electrolyte that does not contain potassium or sodium ions; wherein the treatment composition is substantially free of chromium, and wherein the treatment composition forms a coating on a substrate or material that enhances adhesion of a polymer to the material. The present invention is also directed to materials coated with the above treatment composition, and methods of coating materials using the above composition.

Abstract: Method of synthesis of confined colloidal crystals using electrodeposition. The present invention provides a method of growing confined colloidal crystal structures using electrodeposition of monodispersed charged colloid spheres onto a substrate patterned with an array of electroconductive surface relief features on a surface of a substrate. In this approach, control over large-scale ordering is achieved via a planar pattern whose scale is on the order of tens of microns, a regime readily accessed through coarse lithography, laser micromachining, and holography.

Abstract: A device having an improved thermal barrier coating (46) and a process for manufacturing the same. A support structure (28) for retaining a ceramic insulating material (46) on a substrate (16) is formed by the deposition of a support structure material through a patterned masking material (14). The support structure can define cells into which the ceramic insulating material is deposited following removal of the masking material. The masking material may be patterned by known photolithographic techniques (22,24) or by laser etching (48). The support structure (28) may be a composite metal-ceramic material having either discreet layers (30,34) or a graded composition and may be deposited by an electro-desposition process followed by a heat treatment to form a solid state diffusion bond with the substrate.

Abstract: The objective of the present invention is to provide a titanium alloy vacuum container and vacuum parts that can easily achieve an ultra-high vacuum in a short time through vacuum evacuation. The titanium alloy of the titanium alloy vacuum container and vacuum parts has a compact structure composed of fine grains, each having a size of approximately not more than 10 ?m, with a surface that is exposed to at least vacuum being set to have a surface roughness of not more than 50 nm; and in this structure, preferably, the surface roughness thereof may be set to not more than 10 nm, the titanium alloy may have a hardness in a range of not less than 230 Hv to not more than 310 Hv, and the titanium alloy may have a passivity surface film made by a thin titanium oxide layer or nitride layer that is formed on the surface thereof. The titanium alloy, which is desirably used in such titanium alloy vacuum container and vacuum parts, contains 0.3 wt. % to 0.5 wt. % of iron and 0.3 wt. % to 0.5 wt.

Abstract: Aqueous electroplating solutions and methods are provided for the codeposition of zinc and chromium. The solutions include effective amounts of zinc, chromium, and hydroxyl ions. The solutions further include an effective amount of one or more ions of alkali metals, alkaline earth metals, or a combination thereof other than sodium and potassium, to in major part balance the hydroxyl ions. A preferred alkali metal is rubidium.

Abstract: Disclosed herein is a cooling roll which can provide bonded a magnet having excellent magnetic properties and having excellent reliability. A melt spinning apparatus is provided with a tube 2 having a nozzle 3 at the bottom thereof, a coil 4 for heating the tube and cooling roll 5 having a circumferential surface 53 in which dimple correcting means is provided. A melt spun ribbon 8 is formed by injecting the molten alloy 6 from the nozzle 3 so as to be collided with the circumferential surface 53 of the cooling roll 5 in an inert gas atmosphere (ambient gas) such as helium gas, so that the molten alloy 6 is cooled and then solidified. In this process, dimples to be produced on a roll contact surface of the melt spun ribbon are divided by the dimple correcting means, thereby preventing formation of huge dimples.

Abstract: A chromatic dye such as a heterocyclic, perinone or thioindigo dye is contained in an ABS resin, and this dye-containing resin is mixed/kneaded and then pelletized. The pellets are extrusion-molded to form an uncemented first resin layer, to which an uncemented second resin layer having metallic luster and provided with a metallic film formed by depositing a metal is attached, heated and pressed, whereby the uncemented first and second resin layers are cemented together and the dye present in the uncemented first resin layer is caused to migrate into the second resin layer to color it to such a degree that a color difference A E of not less than 0.8 is produced. Thereby a laminate having chromatic metallic luster on the second resin layer side is obtained.

Abstract: There is provided a copper clad laminate which makes laser beam drilling extremely easy and is suitable for forming an interlayer connection microhole by improving a surface of its copper foil, which is to be used as the surface which a laser beam enters, in the production of printed circuit boards. Specifically, the copper clad laminate is such that it includes electrodeposited copper foil for use in the laser beam drilling and is characterized in that the matte side of the above electrodeposited copper foil is used as the surface which the laser beam enters.

Abstract: The bearing rings 1 and 2 of a rolling bearing is formed of one kind of titanium alloys of &bgr; type titanium alloys, near &bgr; type titanium alloys and &agr;+&bgr; type titanium alloys. The titanium alloy has a surface hardness of Hv 400 or more and less than Hv 600 for increasing the corrosion resistance and wear resistance of the bearing ring. Spherical rolling elements 3 rolling on the raceway surfaces 1a and 2a of the bearing rings 1 and 2 are formed of ceramics such as silicon nitride. When &bgr; type titanium alloys or &agr;+&bgr; type titanium alloys after a solution treatment and applied with an oxidation treatment at a low temperature of 400 to 600° C. are used as the material for the bearing ring, a bearing ring made of titanium alloy suitable to use under a circumstance requiring corrosion resistance is obtained.

Abstract: A surgical implant comprises a core region and a porous surface region extending over at least a part of said core region. The porous surface region has a predetermined pore volume fraction.

Abstract: A magnetic recording medium exhibiting excellent read-write conversion characteristics, including a non-metallic substrate including, on its surface, texture grooves having a line density of 7,500 lines/mm or more; an orientation-determining film; a non-magnetic undercoat layer; and a magnetic layer in order is disclosed. A production process for the medium; and a magnetic recording and reproducing apparatus are also disclosed.

Abstract: A thin film alloy material with the design of optic reflection and semi-transmission, which not only can make a single layer film have the effect of reflection and semi-transmission simultaneously, but also can attain the effect that has different reflectivity and half-transmittance by adjusting the ratio of alloy and the thickness of thin film. In a thin film that has relative upper and lower surfaces, there are a first alloy layer and a second alloy layer coated on the upper and lower surface; wherein the first alloy layer is composed of silver and metal X, and the metal X is chosen from one of the following metals: titanium, zirconium, hafnium; the second alloy layer is composed of silver, copper, and metal X, and the metal X is chosen from one of the following metals: titanium, zirconium, hafnium.

Abstract: A high-temperature strength member comprises a substrate of Ni-based single crystal alloy or a Ni-based unidirectional solidified alloy and a coating of a B-containing alloy having a specified B content formed on the surface thereof by a spraying process or a vapor deposition process.

Abstract: A diffusion barrier multi-layer structure for a TFT LCD by the LTPS process and the process for fabricating thereof are disclosed. By increasing the coarseness between two layers of the diffusion barrier multi-layer structure with a plasma treatment, or by forming a loose and porous impurity collecting layer between two layers of the diffusion barrier multi-layer structure to trap the impurity atoms, the impurity diffusion can be effectively obstructed.

Abstract: The present invention provides a magnetic recording medium comprising a magnetic layer with excellent surface smoothness, which comprises a thin film magnetic layer of thickness in a range from 0.03 to 0.30 &mgr;m that is ideal for short wavelength recording, and displays superior electromagnetic conversion characteristics. The magnetic recording medium comprises a magnetic layer containing at least a ferromagnetic powder and a binder resin on one surface of a non-magnetic support, wherein the thickness of the magnetic layer is within a range from 0.03 to 0.30 &mgr;m, and the number of concavities with a depth of 30 nm or greater in the surface of the magnetic layer is 5 per 1 cm2 of surface area or less. Preferably, the value of the average depth Rv6 of the surface of the magnetic layer, as measured by a contact type surface roughness meter, is 12 nm or less.

Abstract: The present invention provides an anti-glare film having rough surface of which R (0) and R (30 or more)/R (0) are 1% or less and 0.001 or less, respectively, wherein R (0) is if the regular reflectance along the regular reflection direction against incidence light at any angle from 5 to 30° from the normal line of said anti-glare film and R (30 or more) is the reflectance against said incidence light, along a direction inclined by 30° or more toward said anti-glare film side from said normal reflection direction. And the present invention also provides the method of producing the above-mentioned anti-glare film.

Abstract: A favorable magnetic transfer is performed to a perpendicular magnetic recording medium. A master medium is provided with a substrate on the surface of which protrusion portions, which form a pattern corresponding to the data that is to be transferred, having a pliable layer thereon have been formed. The master medium is further provided with a soft magnetic layer formed in the depression portions between the protrusion portions, and which is magnetically linked to the soft magnetic layer of the protrusion portions. The soft magnetic layer of the surface of the protrusion portions is conjoined with the magnetic recording layer of a perpendicular magnetic recording medium to form a conjoined body, and a transfer magnetic field is applied to the conjoined body in the direction from the substrate of the master medium toward the slave medium to perform the magnetic transfer.

Abstract: The properties of a metal piece are altered by laser peening the piece on the first side using an acoustic coupling material operatively connected to the second side and subsequently laser peening the piece on the second side using an acoustic coupling material operatively connected to the first side.

Abstract: A method of preparing the surface of a porous metal substrate to receive a membrane. The method does not substantially decrease the average bulk porosity of the metal substrate. A hydrogen separation membrane supported on the porous metal substrate. A cold spray is used to reduce surface variance. Exposure to an ion beam may also be used after application on the cold spray to prepare the surface of the substrate for membrane deposition.

Abstract: The present invention provides a magnetic recording medium, in particular a linear recording tape for use with computers, comprising a back coat layer with proper strength and having excellent electromagnetic conversion characteristics and excellent running durability. The magnetic recording medium comprises a lower non-magnetic layer on one surface of a non-magnetic support, an upper magnetic layer on the lower non-magnetic layer, and the back coat layer on the other surface of the non-magnetic support. And the magnetic layer has a SENDUST abrasion volume SMC of 3.0×104(&mgr;m)3/m or less and a ratio (SBC/SMC) of a SENDUST abrasion volume SBC by the back coat layer to the SENDUST abrasion volume SMC by the magnetic layer is in the range of 0.5 to 3.0.

Abstract: A method or apparatus for implanting atoms of a filler material into surface voids of a metallic component. The resulting component surface has fewer and smaller pores or surface voids making a component failure due to stress cracking less likely.