Abstract: A composite material for a lithium ion battery anode and a method of producing the same is disclosed, wherein the composite material comprises a porous electrode composite material. Pores with carbon-based material forming at the pore wall are created in situ. The porous electrode composite material provide space to accommodate volumetric changes during battery charging and discharging while the carbon-based material improved the conductivity of the electrode composite material. The method creates pores to have a denser carbon content inside the pores and a wider mouth of the pores to enhance lithium ion distribution.

Abstract: A nonaqueous electrolyte secondary battery includes: an electrode assembly including positive and negative electrode plates; a nonaqueous electrolyte; an outer body; and a current interruption mechanism being provided on at least one of a conductive pathway between the positive electrode plate and a positive electrode external terminal and a conductive pathway between the negative electrode plate and a negative electrode external terminal. The nonaqueous electrolyte contains an overcharge inhibitor. The positive electrode active material layer has a specific surface area of 1.3 m2/g or less. The positive electrode active material layer has a total surface area of 41 m2/g or less with respect to the total mass of the overcharge inhibitor in the nonaqueous electrolyte. Thus the battery can increase a battery internal pressure inside the outer body in a short period of time to activate the current interruption mechanism to interrupt the conductive pathway if the battery is overcharged.

Abstract: Provided is a lithium composite oxide having a uniform and suitable particle size and high specific surface area due to a hollow structure that can be produced on an industrial scale. A nickel composite hydroxide as a raw material thereof is obtained controlling the particle size distribution of the nickel composite hydroxide, the nickel composite hydroxide having a structure comprising a center section that comprises minute primary particles, and an outer-shell section that exists on the outside of the center section and comprises plate shaped primary particles that are larger than the primary particles of the center section, by a nucleation process and a particle growth process that are separated by controlling the pH during crystallization, and by controlling the reaction atmosphere in each process and the manganese content in a metal compound that is supplied in each process.

Abstract: Provided is an anode for use in electrochemical cells, wherein the anode active layer has a first layer comprising lithium metal and a multi-layer structure comprising single ion conducting layers and polymer layers in contact with the first layer comprising lithium metal or in contact with an intermediate protective layer, such as a temporary protective metal layer, on the surface of the lithium-containing first layer. Another aspect of the invention provides an anode active layer formed by the in-situ deposition of lithium vapor and a reactive gas. The anodes of the current invention are particularly useful in electrochemical cells comprising sulfur-containing cathode active materials, such as elemental sulfur.

Abstract: Active material particles are provided that exhibit performance suitable for increasing the output of a lithium secondary battery and little deterioration due to charge-discharge cycling. The active material particles provided by the present invention have a hollow structure having secondary particles including an aggregate of a plurality of primary particles of a lithium transition metal oxide, and a hollow portion formed inside the secondary particles, and through holes that penetrates to the hollow portion from the outside are formed in the secondary particles. BET specific surface area of the active material particles is 0.5 to 1.9 m2/g.

Abstract: The present invention provides a battery or supercapacitor current collector which is prelithiated. The prelithiated current collector comprises: (a) an electrically conductive substrate having two opposed primary surfaces, and (b) a mixture layer of carbon (and/or other stabilizing element, such as B, Al, Ga, In, C, Si, Ge, Sn, Pb, As, Sb, Bi, Te, or a combination thereof) and lithium or lithium alloy coated on at least one of the primary surfaces, wherein lithium element is present in an amount of 1% to 99% by weight of the mixture layer. This current collector serves as an effective and safe lithium source for a wide variety of electrochemical energy storage cells, including the rechargeable lithium cell (e.g. lithium-metal, lithium-ion, lithium-sulfur, lithium-air, lithium-graphene, lithium-carbon, and lithium-carbon nanotube cell) and the lithium ion based supercapacitor cell (e.g, symmetric ultracapacitor, asymmetric ultracapacitor, hybrid supercapacitor-battery, or lithium-ion capacitor).

Abstract: According to one embodiment, a non-aqueous electrolyte battery includes an outer package, a positive electrode housed in the outer package, a negative electrode housed with a space from the positive electrode in the outer package and including an active material, and a non-aqueous electrolyte filled in the outer package. The active material includes a lithium-titanium composite oxide particle, and a coating layer formed on at least a part of the surface of the particle and including at least one metal selected from the group consisting of Mg, Ca, Sr, Ba, Zr, Fe, Nb, Co, Ni, Cu and Si, an oxide of at least one metal selected from the group or an alloy containing at least one metal selected from the group.

Abstract: A metal-air battery system includes: a metal-air battery including a case and a charge/discharge member arranged in the case and having a cathode, an anode and an electrolyte; a CO2 absorbing member having a CO2 selective absorber selectively absorbing CO2 over O2; an outside air supplying member supplying outside air to the CO2 absorbing member; a purified air supplying member supplying purified air to the cathode, the purified air having undergone absorptive CO2 removal by the CO2 selective absorber; and a recycling mechanism recycling the CO2 selective absorber.

Abstract: A two-phase positive electrode material for a lithium battery in which particles of lithium-enriched layered oxide of formula Li1+x(MnaNibMc)1?xO2 are at least partially coated on the surface with a metal oxide of formula LiyVOz. Such a material is advantageously produced by mixing the lithium-enriched lamellar oxide with at least one precursor of the metal oxide in aqueous solution, followed by thermal treatment at a temperature no lower than 280° C.

Abstract: A process for producing a graphitic film comprising the steps of (a) mixing graphene platelets with a carbon precursor polymer and a liquid to form a slurry and forming the slurry into a wet film under the influence of an orientation-inducing stress field to align the graphene platelets on a solid substrate; (b) removing the liquid to form a precursor polymer composite film wherein the graphene platelets occupy a weight fraction of 1% to 99%; (c) carbonizing the precursor polymer composite film at a carbonization temperature of at least 300° C. to obtain a carbonized composite film; and (d) thermally treating the carbonized composite film at a final graphitization temperature higher than 1,500° C. to obtain the graphitic film.

Abstract: An example of a lithium ion battery electrode material includes a substrate, and a substantially graphitic carbon layer completely encapsulating the substrate. The substantially graphitic carbon layer is free of voids. Methods for making electrode materials are also disclosed herein.

Abstract: In an aspect, a positive active material for a rechargeable lithium battery that includes a first positive active material; and a second positive active material including LiaMn1-xMxO2 (M is selected from Co, Ni, Mn, Fe. Cu, V, Si, Al, Sn, Pb, Sn, Ti, Sr, Mg, Ca or a combination thereof; x is 0?x?1.0; and a is 0.9?a?1.1) is disclosed.

Abstract: An object is to improve the cycle performance by improving the reactivity between lithium and a negative electrode active material in the case where an alloy-based material such as silicon is used as the negative electrode active material. A method of manufacturing a lithium secondary battery including a positive electrode including a positive electrode active material into/from which lithium can be inserted/extracted, a negative electrode including a negative electrode active material into/from which lithium can be inserted/extracted, and an electrolyte solution is provided. The method includes the steps of electrochemically inserting lithium into the negative electrode with use of a counter electrode before the lithium secondary battery is assembled, electrochemically extracting part of the lithium inserted into the negative electrode after the insertion, and assembling the lithium secondary after the extraction.

Abstract: Provided are a method of preparing an electrode assembly, in which both sides of a single current collector are coated to form an anode and a cathode, and the current collector is then bent into a vertical sectional zigzag shape and integrated in a state of disposing a separator at interfaces between facing electrode patterns, an electrode assembly prepared by the above method, and a secondary battery comprising the electrode assembly.

Abstract: In some embodiments, the present invention provides novel methods of preparing porous silicon films and particles for lithium ion batteries. In some embodiments, such methods generally include: (1) etching a silicon material by exposure of the silicon material to a constant current density in a solution to produce a porous silicon film over a substrate; and (2) separating the porous silicon film from the substrate by gradually increasing the electric current density in sequential increments. In some embodiments, the methods of the present invention may also include a step of associating the porous silicon film with a binding material. In some embodiments, the methods of the present invention may also include a step of splitting the porous silicon film to form porous silicon particles. Additional embodiments of the present invention pertain to anode materials derived from the porous silicon films and porous silicon particles.

Abstract: Alternative sputter target compositions or configurations for thin-film electrolytes are proposed whereby the sputter target materials system possesses sufficient electrical conductivity to allow the use of (pulsed) DC target power for sputter deposition. The electrolyte film materials adopt their required electrically insulating and lithium-ion conductive properties after reactive sputter deposition from the electrically conducting sputter target materials system.

Abstract: Some embodiments of the present invention provide a system that adaptively charges a battery, wherein the battery is a lithium-ion battery which includes a transport-limiting electrode, an electrolyte separator and a non-transport-limiting electrode. To charge the battery, the system first determines a lithium surface concentration at an interface between the transport-limiting electrode and the electrolyte separator. Next, the system uses the determined lithium surface concentration to control a charging process for the battery so that the charging process maintains the lithium surface concentration within set limits.

Abstract: According to one embodiment, there is provided a nonaqueous electrolyte battery including a positive electrode, a negative electrode, and a nonaqueous electrolyte. The negative electrode includes a first negative electrode active material containing a monoclinic ?-type titanium composite oxide and a second negative electrode active material. The second negative electrode active material causes insertion and release of lithium ion in a potential range from 0.8 V to 1.5 V (vs. Li/Li+).

Abstract: A positive electrode active material with least part of a surface coated with a surface treatment layer composed of a phosphate compound. The phosphate compound contains at least one element selected from the group consisting of neodymium, samarium, europium, gadolinium, terbium, dysprosium, holmium, erbium, thulium, ytterbium, and lutetium.

Abstract: An object of the present invention is to provide an aluminum foil having a plurality of through holes and a desired foil strength, and a manufacturing method thereof. The high-strength perforated aluminum foil of the present invention includes a plurality of through holes extending from a front surface to a back surface of the foil, and has: (1) a foil thickness of 50 ?m or less; and (2) a tensile strength of [0.2×foil thickness (?m)] N/10 mm or more. The method of manufacturing a high-strength perforated aluminum foil of the present invention is characterized in that a perforated aluminum foil having a plurality of through holes is either embossed, or simultaneously stretched and bent.

Abstract: A high capacity lithium secondary battery includes a lithium manganese oxide having a layered structure exhibiting a great irreversible capacity in the event of overcharging at a high voltage and a spinel-based lithium manganese oxide. Because it is activated at a high voltage of 4.45 V or higher based on a positive electrode potential, additional lithium for utilizing a 3V range of the spinel-based lithium manganese oxide can be provided and an even profile in the entire SOC area can be obtained. Because the lithium secondary battery includes the mixed positive electrode active material including the spinel-based lithium manganese oxide and the lithium manganese oxide having a layered structure, and is charged at a high voltage, its stability can be improved. Also, the high capacity battery having a large available SOC area and improved stability without causing an output shortage due to a rapid voltage drop in the SOC area can be implemented.

Abstract: A positive electrode active material for a lithium ion secondary battery having high discharge energy and capable of suppressing capacity drop with cycles and a secondary battery using the same are provided at lower cost. A positive electrode active material for a secondary battery according to a first aspect of the exemplary embodiment is represented by the following formula (I): Lia(FexNiyMn2-x-y)O4 (I) where 0.2<x?1.2, 0<y<0.5 and 0?a?1.2. Furthermore, a positive electrode active material for a secondary battery according to a second aspect of the exemplary embodiment is represented by the following formula (II): Lia(FexNiyMn2-x-y-zAz)O4 (II) where 0.2?x?1.2, 0<y<0.5, 0?a?1.2 and 0<z?0.3; A is at least one selected from the group consisting of Li, B, Na, Mg, Al, K and Ca.

Abstract: A flow battery employs a solid suspension charge material to maintain high charge density via stability of a suspension including a binder, conductive carbon and an electrolyte. A cathodic suspension employs carbon powder as a stabilizing agent in a suspension form to avoid precipitation of solids and maintain a high surface area of the suspended solids. The stabilizing agent undergoes agitation and milling to reduce a particle size and increase the change density due to the conductive nature of the fine powdered stabilizing agent exhibiting high energy density. The resulting suspensions are circulated in a charge cell connected to a load for providing electrical power.

Abstract: The disclosure includes an electrochemical cell comprising a first cathode and a second cathodes are adjacent one another in a stacked arrangement to form a cathode stack in the electrochemical cell. The first cathode includes a first current collector and a first cathode form of active material covering the first current collector, and the second cathode includes a second current collector and a second cathode form of active material covering the second current collector. The second current collector is in electrical contact with the first current collector. The electrochemical cell further comprises an anode adjacent to the cathode stack, and a separator located between the cathode stack and the anode.

Abstract: The present invention provides a positive electrode active material. The positive electrode active material is represented by the following formula (I) and has a BET specific surface area of larger than 5 m2/g and not larger than 15 m2/g: LixM1yM31-yO2??(I) wherein M1 is at least one transition metal element selected from Group 5 elements and Group 6 elements of the Periodic Table, M3 is at least one transition metal element other than M1 and selected from among transition metal elements excluding Fe, x is not less than 0.9 and not more than 1.3, and y is more than 0 and less than 1.

Abstract: The invention relates to lithium-bearing iron phosphate in the form of micrometric mixed aggregates of nanometric particles, to an electrode and cell resulting therefrom and to the method for manufacturing same, which is characterized by a nanomilling step.

Abstract: Disclosed is a method for preparing a carbide-derived carbon-based anode active material. The method includes preparing carbide-derived carbon, and expanding pores of the carbide-derived carbon. Here, expanding of pores is performed as an activation process of heating the prepared carbide-derived carbon in the air. The pores formed inside the carbide-derived carbon can be expanded during the activation process in the preparation of the carbide-derived carbon-based anode active material. In addition, by applying the carbide-derived carbon to an anode active material, lithium secondary battery having improved charge-discharge efficiency can be prepared.

Abstract: The invention provides electrode active materials comprising lithium or other alkali metals, manganese, a +3 oxidation state metal ion, and optionally other metals, and a phosphate moiety. Such electrode active materials include those of the formula: AaMnbMIcMIIdMIIIePO4 wherein (a) A is selected from the group consisting of Li, Na, K, and mixtures thereof, and 0<a?1; (b) 0<b?1; (c) MI is a metal ion in the +3 oxidation state, and 0<c<0.5; (d) MII is metal ion, a transition metal ion, a non-transition metal ion or mixtures thereof, and 0?d<0.5; (e) MIII is a metal ion in the +1 oxidation state and 0<e<0.5; and wherein A, Mn, MI, MII, MIII, PO4, a, b, c, d and e are selected so as to maintain electroneutrality of said compound.

Abstract: There is provided a negative electrode for a nonaqueous electrolyte secondary battery in which when a battery is formed, the energy density is high, and moreover, the decrease in charge and discharge capacity is small even if charge and discharge are repeated. By using silicon oxide particles having a particle diameter in a particular range as a starting raw material, and heating these particles in the range of 850° C. to 1050° C., Si microcrystals are deposited on the surfaces of the particles. Then, by performing doping of Li, a structure comprising a plurality of protrusions having height and cross-sectional area in a particular range is formed on the surfaces. The average value of the height of the above protrusions is 2% to 19% of the average particle diameter of the above lithium-containing silicon oxide particles.

Abstract: According to one embodiment, an electrode includes a current collector and an active material-including layer. The active material-including layer includes a first layer and a second layer. The first layer is provided on a surface of the current collector and includes lithium titanium oxide having a spinel structure. The second layer is provided on the first layer and includes a monoclinic ?-type titanium composite oxide.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a positive active material for an electrochemical cell including a compound having a nano-shape and represented by the following Formula 1. Lix[Li1-y-zM1yM2z]O2-?D???[Formula 1] wherein, 0.8?x?1.1, 0?y?0.5, 0?z?0.5, and 0???0.05, M1 and M2 are independently selected from transition elements, and D is selected from the group consisting of O, F, S, P, and combinations thereof. The positive active material of the present invention has high reversible capacity and an excellent cycle life characteristic, and in particular, an excellent cycle life characteristic at a high rate.

Abstract: A rechargeable battery includes an electrode assembly, a case containing the electrode assembly and a cap assembly coupled to the case. The electrode assembly includes a first electrode, a second electrode, and a separator between the first electrode and the second electrode. The cap assembly includes a cap plate and a deformable plate attached to the cap plate and configured to deform in response to an increase in pressure inside the case to electrically couple the first electrode and the second electrode to each other.

Abstract: A positive electrode active material for a nonaqueous electrolyte secondary battery includes a positive electrode active material particle and a compound containing a rare earth element and a carbonate, the compound having a particle size of 1 to 100 nm and being adhered to a surface of the positive electrode active material particle. The ratio of the compound relative to the positive electrode active material particle is 0.005% to 0.4% by mass on a rare earth element basis. The positive electrode active material particle is composed of a lithium transition metal oxide having a layered structure.

Abstract: The method for eliminating metallic lithium on a support comprises a plasma application step. The plasma is formed from a carbon source and an oxygen source with a power comprised between 50 and 400 W. It transforms the metallic lithium into lithium carbonate. The method then comprises a dissolution step of the lithium carbonate in an aqueous solution.

Abstract: A lithium secondary battery having improved output characteristics is provided. A high voltage mixed positive electrode active material has an even profile without causing a rapid voltage drop over the entire SOC area by improving a rapid voltage drop phenomenon occurring due to the difference between the operation voltages of mixed lithium transition metal oxides, and improves output characteristics at a low voltage. The lithium secondary battery includes the mixed positive electrode active material. In particular, the lithium secondary battery can sufficiently satisfy the required conditions such as output characteristics, capacity, stability, and the like, when it is used as a power source of a midsize or large device such as an electric vehicle.

Abstract: Provided are a positive electrode active material for a lithium ion secondary battery and a secondary battery using the same, by which high discharge energy is obtained at low cost and capacity drop with cycles can be suppressed. A positive electrode active material for a secondary battery according to the embodiment of the present invention is represented by the following formula (I): Lia(FexNiyMn2-x-y-zAz)O4??(I) wherein 0.2<x?1.2, 0<y<0.5, 0?a?1.2 and 0<z?0.3; A is at least one selected from the group consisting of Li, B, Na, Mg, Al, K and Ca.

Abstract: Provided is a cathode active material which is lithium transition metal oxide having an ?-NaFeO2 layered crystal structure, wherein the transition metal is a blend of Ni and Mn, an average oxidation number of the transition metals except lithium is more than +3, and lithium transition metal oxide satisfies the Equation m(Ni)?m(Mn) (in which m (Ni) and m (Mn) represent an molar number of nickel and manganese, respectively). The lithium transition metal oxide has a uniform and stable layered structure through control of oxidation number of transition metals to a level higher than +3, thus advantageously exerting improved overall electrochemical properties including electric capacity, in particular, superior high-rate charge/discharge characteristics.

Abstract: A flame-retardant lithium secondary battery is provided that has better battery performance and higher safety than conventional batteries. The lithium secondary battery uses a positive electrode that includes a positive electrode active material of the general formula (1) below, and a nonaqueous electrolytic solution in which an ionic liquid that contains bis(fluorosulfonyl)imide anions as an anionic component is used as the solvent, (1) LiNixMnyO4, wherein x and y are values that satisfy the relations x+y=2, and x:y=27.572.5 to 22.577.5.

Abstract: A protected anode including an anode including a lithium titanium oxide; and a protective layer including a compound represented by Formula 1 below, a lithium air battery including the same, and an all-solid battery including the protected anode: Li1+XMXA2?XSiYP3?YO12??<Formula 1> wherein M may be at least one of aluminum (Al), iron (Fe), indium (In), scandium (Sc), or chromium (Cr), A may be at least one of germanium (Ge), tin (Sn), hafnium (Hf), and zirconium (Zr), 0?X?1, and 0?Y?1.

Abstract: Provided are a solid battery which can reduce overvoltage and a regeneration method thereof. The solid battery comprises: an anode capable of absorbing and releasing an alkali metal ion or alkaline earth metal ion; a solid electrolyte layer containing a solid electrolyte having ion conductivity and disposed in a manner to contact the anode; a cathode capable of releasing and absorbing the alkali metal ion or alkaline earth metal ion which moves between the anode and cathode; a heating device to heat the anode to a temperature at which it softens; and a fastening device capable of applying force to closely contact the solid electrolyte layer with the anode. The regeneration method comprises the steps of heating the anode to a temperature at which it softens, and compressing the softened anode, in a direction intersecting a face of the anode which contacts with the solid electrolyte layer.

Abstract: The present invention provides a positive electrode active material. The positive electrode active material is represented by the following formula (I) and has a BET specific surface area of larger than 5 m2/g and not larger than 15 m2/g: LixM1yM31-yO2??(I) wherein M1 is at least one transition metal element selected from Group 5 elements and Group 6 elements of the Periodic Table, M3 is at least one transition metal element other than M1 and selected from among transition metal elements excluding Fe, x is not less than 0.9 and not more than 1.3, and y is more than 0 and less than 1.

Abstract: A method for producing a battery includes forming a space by expanding a liquid housing portion, the liquid housing portion being present at one end of an outer package that houses a battery element, through supply of gas from an opening portion formed at the other end of the outer package; injecting an electrolytic solution from the opening portion to store the electrolytic solution in the space of the liquid housing portion; degassing the outer package through the opening portion in a vacuum state; sealing the opening portion; and impregnating the electrolytic solution into the battery element.

Abstract: A method of manufacturing a positive electrode active material for lithium ion batteries, comprising: preparing a mixture containing (A) Li3PO4, or a Li source and a phosphoric acid source, (B) at least one selected from a group of an Fe source, a Mn source, a Co source and a Ni source, water and an aqueous organic solvent having a boiling point of 150° C. or more, wherein the amounts of (A) and (B) in the mixture are adjusted to amounts necessary to manufacture therefrom LiMPO4, wherein M represents at least one selected from the group of Fe, Mn, Co and Ni, at a concentration of 0.5 to 1.5 mol/L; and generating fine particles of LiMPO4 having an average primary particle diameter of 30 to 80 nm by reacting (A) and (B) at a high temperature and high pressure.

Abstract: A calculation method causing a calculation apparatus configured to calculate a voltage of a battery to implement a computation capability includes: referring to a detection value database configured to store a charge amount of a battery and a voltage of the battery, the voltage being generated when the battery is charged, while associating the charge amount of the battery with the voltage of the battery, and a function information database configured to store a function representing a relationship between the voltage and a charge amount of each of a plurality of active materials included in the battery; and performing a regression calculation on the voltage of the battery that is stored in the detection value database, with an amount of the active materials of the function stored in the function information database being set as a variable.

Abstract: A positive electrode material for non-aqueous electrolyte secondary batteries having high rate characteristics and high energy density, and a battery using the same are provided. The non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery includes a positive electrode containing a positive electrode material, a conductive agent and a binder; a negative electrode; a separator; and a non-aqueous electrolyte, in which the positive electrode material contains core particles and a coating material that covers from 10% to 90% of the surfaces of the core particles, the core particles are formed of a compound represented by LiaMbPO4 (wherein M represents at least one element selected from Fe, Mn, Co and Ni, and satisfies the relations: 0<a?1.1 and 0<b?1), and the coating material part is formed of a compound which is capable of insertion and extraction of Li ions in the potential range exhibited by the core particles at the time of charge and discharge.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a process for the preparation of particles comprising at least one compound according to general formula (I) M1aM2bM3cOoNnFf (I) wherein M1, M2, M3 O, N, F, a, b, c, o, n and f have the following meanings: M1 at least one alkaline metal, M2 at least one transition metal in oxidation state +2, M3 at least one non-metal chosen form S, Se, P, As, Si, Ge and/or B, O oxygen, N nitrogen, F fluorine, a 0.8-4.2, b 0.8-1.9, c 0.8-2.2, o 1.0-8.4, n 0-2.0 and f 0-2.

Abstract: Disclosed is a secondary battery which includes an electrode assembly comprising inner stacked electrodes and at least one outermost electrode positioned on at least one end of the inner stacked electrodes; and a case configured to house the electrode assembly. Herein, the at least one outermost electrode comprise an inactive material.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a method for fabricating a LiFePO4 cathode electroactive material for a lithium secondary battery by recycling, and a LiFePO4 cathode electroactive material for a lithium secondary battery, a LiFePO4 cathode, and a lithium secondary battery fabricated thereby. The present invention is characterized in that a cathode scrap is heat treated in air for a cathode electroactive material to be easily dissolved in an acidic solution, and amorphous FePO4 obtained as precipitate is heat treated in an atmosphere of air or hydrogen so as to fabricate crystalline FePO4 or Fe2P2O7. According to the present invention, a cathode scrap may be recycled by using a simple, environmentally friendly, and economical method. Further, a lithium secondary battery fabricated by using a LiFePO4 cathode electroactive material from the cathode scrap is not limited in terms of performance.

Abstract: A secondary battery 100 includes a positive electrode current collector 221 and a positive electrode mixture layer 223 coated on the positive electrode current collector 221. The positive electrode mixture layer 223 includes a positive electrode active material 610 and an electrically conductive material 620. A ratio (Vb/Va) of a volume Vb of holes formed inside the positive electrode mixture layer 223 to an apparent volume Va of the positive electrode mixture layer 223 satisfies 0.30?(Vb/Va). In addition, in a micropore distribution of differential micropore volume with respect to a micropore diameter as measured by the mercury intrusion method, the positive electrode mixture layer 223 has a first peak at which a micropore diameter D1 satisfies D1?0.25 ?m and a second peak at which a micropore diameter D2 is greater than the first peak micropore diameter D1.

Abstract: An anode active material for a lithium rechargeable battery, the anode active material including: a base material which is alloyable with lithium and a metal nitride disposed on the base material.