Abstract: An apparatus for a glycosyltransferase-catalyzed synthesis of a tetrasaccharide composition of the formula gal-glcNAc-gal-B-1,4-glc from saccharide units and an acceptor moiety. The apparatus has a reactor, an inlet, an outlet, and contains two glycosyltransferases; an N-acetyl glucosaminyltransferase and a galactosyltransferase.

Abstract: The sequence of cyclomaltodextrin glucanotransferase (CGTase) gene derived from a microorganism of genus Bacillus and the amino acid sequence of CGTase are determined. A recombinant DNA carrying the CGTase gene is introduced by in vitro genetic engineering technique into a host microorganism of species Bacillus subtilis or Escherichia coli. The recombinant microorganism carrying the recombinant DNA autonomically proliferates to secrete a large amount of CGTase.

Abstract: A method for modifying eukaryotic and prokaryotic proteins to extend their in vivo circulatory lifetimes. In the preferred embodiment, enzymatic and/or chemical treatments are used to produce a modified protein carrying one or more covalently attached trisaccharide, sialic acid.fwdarw.galactose.fwdarw.N-acetylglucosamine.fwdarw.(SA.fwdarw.Gal.fwd arw.GlcNAc.fwdarw.), or tetrasaccharide (SA.fwdarw.Gal.fwdarw.GlcNAc.fwdarw.GlcNAc.fwdarw.) moieties. The method can be applied to any natural or recombinant protein possessing asparagine-linked oligosaccharides or to any non-glycosylated protein that can be chemically or enzymatically derivatized with the appropriate carbohydrate units. Following injection into an animal, the modified glycoproteins are protected from premature clearance by cells of the liver and reticulo-endothelial system which recognize and rapidly internalize circulating glycoproteins with carbohydrate chains containing terminal Gal, GlcNAc, fucose or mannose residues.

Abstract: 5-O-.alpha.-D-Glucopyranosyl-L-ascorbic acid is a novel derivative of L-ascorbic acid which has a direct reducing activity and a satisfiable stability, as well as being readily hydrolyzed in vivo to form L-ascorbic acid. The 5-O-.alpha.-D-glucopyranosyl-L-ascorbic acid is prepared by allowing a saccharide-transferring enzyme together with or without .alpha.-glucosidase to a solution containing an a-glucosyl saccharide and L-ascorbic acid, and suitably used in food products, agents of anti-susceptive diseases and cosmetics containing thereof.

Abstract: The invention relates to a process for the enzymatic synthesis of 2-deoxy-.beta.-D-galactosides. The enzyme galactosyltransferase is able to catalyze the transfer of 2-deoxygalactose residues from the donor substrate uridine 5'-diphospho-2-deoxy-D-galactose to N-acetylglucosamine or aspartyl-N-acetylglucosamine or, in the presence of lactose, to terminal glucose.

Abstract: The present invention relates to stabilizing agents for enzymes which comprises an enzyme stabilizing amount of an N-substituted moranoline derivative of the formula (III): ##STR1## wherein R.sup.1 is phenyl lower alkynyl, phenoxy lower alkenyl or phenoxy lower alkynyl, wherein the phenyl moiety is unsubstituted, or a glucose oligomer thereof.

Abstract: The present invention relates to the preparation of a cylodextrinase having specific physicochemical characteristics relating to action, substrate specificities, optimum pH, stable pH, inhibition, activation and molecular weight by culturing a specified microorganism belonging to the genus Bacillus, and also provides a process for preparing maltooligosaccharides by using the present enzyme on cylodextrins.

Abstract: Described herein are a novel heat-resistant .beta.-galactosyltransferase, a production process of the enzyme and a utilization method of the enzyme. The enzyme is produced preferably by produced by a microorganism belonging to the family of Actinomycetaceae, which may be selected from fungi belonging to the genus Saccharopolyspora, the genus Thermomonospora or the genus Thermoactinomyces.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a process for preparing trehalulose and isomaltulose wherein at least the trehalulose-forming enzyme system of a trehalulose-forming microorganism is contacted with a sucrose solution to convert it into trehalulose and isomaltulose in the weight ratio of at least 4:1.

Abstract: Lactoneotrehalose, a novel saccharide shown by the formula O-.beta.-D-galactopyranosyl-(1.fwdarw.4)-O-.beta.-D-glucopyranosyl .alpha.-D-glucopyranoside, is prepared by allowing a saccharide-transferring enzyme to act on an aqueous solution containing lactose and amylaceous substance. Lactoneotrehalose is a non-reducing oligosaccharide, extremely stable, readily soluble in water, and substantially free of hygroscopicity, as well as having a satisfiable quality and moderate sweetness. These render lactoneotrehalose very useful in the preparations of orally-administrable products, cosmetics and pharmaceuticals.

Abstract: An immobilized fructosyltransferase enzyme is prepared by providing a porous or macroporous anion exchange resin having at least 1.0 m.sup.2 /g of internal surface, at least 0.1 ml/g of total porous volume, a spherical radius of 20-2,000 angstroms, and a nominal ion-exchange capacity of at least 1.0 meq./g of wet resin, adding to the ion-exchange resin a solution of fructosyltransferase enzyme derived from a microorganism of the genus Aureobasidium, Aspergillus, Fusarium, or Gloeosporium at a pH value of about 3-8, filtering and wind-drying the absorbed resin, and storing it in a cool place. A bifunctional cross-linking agent may be present in the solution of fructosyltransferase enzyme.

Abstract: A method and an apparatus for preparing saccharide compositions is disclosed. The mGOVERNMENT SUPPORTPortions of this invention were supported by National Science Foundation Grant DCB8817883.

Abstract: Described herein are a novel heat-resistant .beta.-galactosyltransferase, a production process of the enzyme and a utilization method of the enzyme. The enzyme is produced preferably by produced by a microorganism belonging to the family of Actinomycetaceae, which may be selected from fungi belonging to the genus Saccharopolyspora, the genus Thermomonospora or the genus Thermoactinomyces.

Abstract: Alpha-glycosyl rutin is formed at a high concentration by allowing a saccharide-transferring enzyme to act on a high-rutin content liquid in suspension or solution to effect saccharide-transfer reaction. The resultant alpha-glycosyl rutin is easily recovered from the reaction mixture by allowing it to contact with a synthetic macroreticular resin. Alpha-glycosyl rutin is superior in water-solubility, resistance to light and stability to intact rutin, as well as having the physiological activities as intact rutin has. Thus, alpha-glycosyl rutin is favorably usable as a yellow coloring agent, antioxidant, stabilizer, fading-preventing agent, quality-improving agent, preventive, remedy, uv-absorbent and deterioration-preventing agent in foods, beverages, tobaccos, cigarettes, feeds, pet foods, pharmaceuticals for susceptive diseases, cosmetics including skin-refining agent and skin-whitening agent, and plastics, in addition to the use in vitamin P-enriching agents.

Abstract: A method for the production of oligodextrans containing an .alpha.(1.fwdarw.2) bond which uses glycosyltransferase from Leuconostoc mesenteroides, particularly strain B-1299, sucrose and an accepter moiety such as glucose, maltose, isomaltose, isomaltotriose or methyl .alpha.-glucose. Optionally, this product may be further treated with an endodextranase or glucosamylase.

Abstract: The lactosucrose high-content powder according to the present invention is prepared by allowing an aqueous solution containing sucrose and lactose to act on a saccharide-transferring enzyme, removing concomitant saccharides in the resultant saccharide solution containing lactosucrose to obtain a lactosucrose high-content solution with a lactosucrose content of 45 w/w % or higher on sugar composition, and spray-drying the resultant solution to obtain a lactosucrose high-content powder. The powder is incorporated in an orally- or parenterally-administrable product to obtain an orally- or parenterally-administrable product which exerts a selective growth-promoting-effect on a microorganism of the genus Bifidobacterium in vivo.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a novel cyclodextrinase having the specific physicochemical characteristics relating to action, substrate specificities, optimum pH, stable pH, inhibition, activation and molecular, weight. This novel enzyme can be produced by culturing a specified microorganism belonging to the genus Bacillus. The invention also provides a process for preparing maltooligosaccharides by acting the present enzyme to cyclodextrins.

Abstract: Chromogenic enzyme substrate compounds comprising a dibenz[b,e][1,4]oxazepinone or dibenzo[b,e][1,4]thiazepinone nucleus having an enzyme-cleavable group such as a radical of a sugar, carboxylic acid, amino acid, peptide, phosphoric acid, or sulfuric acid. The substrate compounds are, in general, highly soluble in aqueous media and only slightly colored, and produce, upon enzyme cleavage, a chromogen exhibiting a large change in absorbance and a pKa below 7. Such substrates find use as indicators for the determination of enzyme analytes and enzymes used as markers in a variety of assays, including immunoassays.

Abstract: A novel cyclomaltodextrin transferase (EC. 2, 4, 1, 19) which preferentially produces .beta.-cyclodextrin from starch or partial hydrolysate thereof and produces a carbohydrate containing .beta.-cyclodextrin as the main components, and a method for preparation thereof comprising cultivating a cyclomaltodextrin glucanotransferase producing microorganism belonging to a moderate thermophile B. coagulans are provided.

Abstract: An enzymatic method for the preparation of a fructose-containing oligosaccharide, in which a .beta.-fructofuranosidase obtained by culturing Arthrobacter sp. K-1 (FERM BP-3192) as an enzyme is reacted on sucrose, raffinose or stachyose as the donor in the presence of an aldose or ketose as the receptor. The enzyme is characterized by:(1) activity on sucrose for the transglycosidation of a fructosyl group to the receptor in the presence of a monosaccharide, sugar alcohol, alkyl alcohol, glycoside or oligosaccharide;(2) activity for the decomposition of sucrose, elrose, neokestose, xylsucrose, raffinose and stachyose with inactivity on a saccharide selected from the group consisting of 1-kestose, nistose, inulobiose and levan biose;(3) optimum pH of 6.5 to 6.8 at 40.degree. C. with stability at a pH of 5.5 to 10;(4) optimum temperature of 55.degree. C. at a pH of 6.5 exhibiting at least 70% of residual activity at 60.degree. C.

Abstract: Disaccharide fluorides can be prepared by incubation of .alpha.-D-glycosyl fluorides in concentrated solutions with .alpha.-glycosidases.

Abstract: Disclosed herein is a process for preparing difructose dianhydride III (DFA III) comprising reacting inulin with an inulin lytic enzyme derived from a microorganism belonging to Arthrobacter ilicis. The enzyme employed herein efficiently produces DFA III from inulin and is more stable against heat than conventional enzymes. The present process enables industrial continuous production of DFA III. The preferred strain used herein is Arthrobacter ilicis MCI 2297 (FERM P-9893).

Abstract: A method of preparing a mixture of galactooligosaccharides having the following formula:Gal-(Gal)n-Glcwhere Gal represents a galactose residue, Glc represents a glucose residue, and n represents an integer between 1 and 4, and monosaccharides by having microorganisms containing .beta.-galactosidase or .beta.-galactosidase act on lactose, the method comprising:having glucose isomerase coexist in a liquid to be reacted or adding glucose isomerase after completion of the reaction, whereby a portion of glucose prepared by the .beta.-galactosidase processing is converted into fructose. Then, sweetener is prepared by separating monosaccharides from the mixture.

Abstract: A novel cyclomaltodextrin transferase (EC. 2, 4, 1, 19) which preferentially produces .beta.-cyclodextrin from starch or partial hydrolysate thereof and produces a carbohydrate containing .beta.-cyclodextrin as the main components, and a method for preparation thereof comprising cultivating a cyclomaltodextrin glucanotransferase producing microorganism belonging to a moderate thermophile B. coagulans are provided.

Abstract: A method of recovering and separating water-soluble cyclodextrins from cyclodextrin formation liquid, wherein the CD formation liquid or the CD liquid after separating .beta.-CD by concentrated precipitation method is mixed with .alpha.-amylase to hydrolyze dextrins to small oligosaccharides, then is concentrated and precipitated again to separate the remained .beta.-CD, after that, soluble .alpha.- and .gamma.-CD are recovered by using inclusion extraction method with organic solvent from the residual liquid.

Abstract: A method for preparing chromogenic .alpha.-amylase substrate compounds at substantially high preparative yields in a relatively short period of time by the transglucosylation of a chromogenic glucoside compound to a maltooligosaccharide chain. The concentration of the maltooligosaccharide compound is greater than about 3 times the concentration of the chromogenic glucoside compound to result in at least about 50% of the chromogenic glucoside compound being converted to the desired chromogenic .alpha.-amylase substrate compound.

Abstract: In a method for preparing multiple glucosyl branched-cyclodextrins, a debranching enzyme is contacted to a mixture of maltose or a substance containing maltooligosaccharide such as maltose with a cyclodextrin to obtain a reaction product from which a branched-cyclodextrin is then separated; said branched-cyclodextrin is converted to glycosyl-cyclodextrin under the action of glucoamylase, which is thereafter mixed with maltose or a substance containing maltooligosaccharide such as maltose; and the resulting mixture is successively acted on by a debranching enzyme and glucoamylase.

Abstract: A water-soluble iron dextran having a high iron content is prepared by adding to an aqueous solution containing more than 200 mmol D-glucose per 1000 U.alpha.(1.fwdarw.6)-D-glucosyltransferase, at 265 to 310 K and a pH value of 4.5 to 8, an aqueous sucrose solution in a mole ratio of sucrose to glucose of from 2.0 to 5.0; separating, after the consumption of the sucrose, glucose, liberated fructose and undesired oligosaccharides; reacting the so-purified dextran, having an average molar mass of from 2000 to 4000, with freshly precipitated iron(III) hydroxide and, if desired, further purifying the same.Iron dextrans having an iron content of from 27 to 33 percent by weight and an average molar mass of the dextran component of from 2000 to 4000, may be prepared according to the process of the invention which can be used in the treatment of iron deficiency.

Abstract: A process is disclosed for the production of substantially pure fructose from sucrose-containing substrates. The process comprises converting the sucrose to levan and glucose, purifying the levan by membrane technology, hydrolyzing the levan to form fructose monomers, and recovering the fructose.

Abstract: A method for modifying eukaryotic and prokaryotic proteins to extend their in vivo circulatory lifetimes. In the preferred embodiment, enzymatic and/or chemical treatments are used to produce a modified protein carrying one or more covalently attached trisaccharide, sialic acid.fwdarw.galactose.fwdarw.N-acetylglucosamine.fwdarw.(SA.fwdarw.Gal.fwd arw.GlcNac.fwdarw.), or tetrasaccharide (SA.fwdarw.Gal.fwdarw.GlcNAc.fwdarw.GlcNAc.fwdarw.) moieties. The method can be applied to any natural or recombinant protein possessing asparagine-linked oligosaccharides or to any non-glycosylated protein that can be chemically or enzymatically derivatized with the appropriate carbohydrate units. Following injection into an animal, the modified glycoproteins are protected from premature clearance by cells of the liver and reticulo-endothelial system which recognize and rapidly internalize circulating glycoproteins with carbohydrate chains containing terminal Gal, GlnNAc, fucose or mannose residues.

Abstract: This invention relates to a method for the production of a composition comprising the enzyme cyclodextrin glucosyltransferase bound by covalent means to a support material in the presence of a source of divalent calcium ion, said immobilized cyclodextrin glucosyltransferase having a higher activity and greater stability than heretofore reported. This invention further relates to the use of the immobilized cyclodextrin glucosyltransferase for the production of cyclodextrins.

Abstract: When an enzymatic reaction is performed in a reaction mixture containing cyclodextrin and a branched maltooligosaccharide or a saccharide mixture of the same in the presence of a branch-splitting enzyme such as pullulanase, a twig branched cyclodextrin, i.e. a branched cyclodextrin of which the branched portion is formed of a moiety of a branched maltooligosaccharide, is formed. This product is a novel compound not known in the prior art and is a useful material in various industrial fields such as foods, cosmetics, medicines and the like by virtue of the unique properties of, for example, clathrate formation and complex formation with atoms or ions of metals.

Abstract: A process for the production of isomaltulose whereby glucose and fructose are reacted to form isomaltulose in the presence of an enzyme which hydrolyzes a polysaccharide or oligosaccharide at the .alpha.-1,4 and/or .alpha.-1,6-glucoside linkage thereof by an exo-type cleavage.

Abstract: A process for the continuous production of cyclodextrins employs as a feedstock an aqueous solution of partially hydrolyzed starch with a dextrose equivalent between about 10 and about 15 as the feedstock for an immobilized cyclodextrin glycosyltransferase. In one variant the feedstock is sent to a membrane which removes cyclodextrins and glucose and the retentate is recycled to an immobilized glycosyltransferase so as to effectively utilize the feedstock. In another variant the effluent is passed through a water immiscibled liquid organic compound which forms a solid insoluble complex with cyclodextrins, the solids are continually removed, and the aqueous phase is recycled to an immobilized cyclodextrin glycosyltransferase as in the prior variant.

Abstract: .alpha.-Glucosyl fluoride can be converted in the presence of cyclodextrin .alpha.(1.fwdarw.4)glucosyltransferase into a mixture of .alpha.- and .beta.-cyclodextrins in high yield.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a continuous process for the enzymatic preparation of isomaltulose. A periplasmatic sucrose-mutase is produced by fermentation of microorganisms which form sucrose-mutase. The cell-free crude enzyme extract is prepared by digestion of the cells and by cross-flow microfiltration. In a single-stage, simultaneous purification and immobilization of the sucrose-mutase from the cell-free crude extract conditioned by diafiltration is obtained by selective bonding to an anionizable carrier matrix. Direct conversion of sucrose into isomaltulose is produced by the sucrose-mutase bonded to the anionizable carrier matrix, preferably in cartridge or cartouche form.

Abstract: A method for producing glucose at a high yield includes the step of saccharifying liquefied starch with a glucoamylase in the presence of a sugar transferase capable of the transfer reaction with a .alpha.-1,4-glucosidic bond.

Abstract: Process for preparing a fructosyl transferase enzyme preparation by cultivating an Aspergillus species and recovering from the culture a preparation having fructosyl transferase activity, wherein Aspergillus phoenicis is cultivated and the mycelium is recovered from the culture medium.

Abstract: The invention relates to a process for the preparation of high-purity gamma- and alpha-cyclodextrin starting from a starch substrate of low reducing capacity, partially hydrolysed with alpha-amylase. According to the invention a starch substrate of low reducing capacity partially hydrolysed with alpha-amylase is converted with cyclodextrin glucosyl transferase, after the addition of an aliphatic ketone of the formula R.sub.1 COR.sub.2, in which R.sub.1 and R.sub.2 stand for a straight or branched chained alkyl group having from 1 to 6 carbon atoms, and/or a phenol derivative of the formula R.sub.3 R.sub.4 PheOH, wherein R.sub.3 and R.sub.4 are hydrogen, alkyl having from 1 to 4 carbon atoms, or R.sub.3 and R.sub.4 together form phenyl group, Phe stand for phenyl group, OH is hydroxyl and/or a benzene derivative of the formula R.sub.5 R.sub.6 Phe, wherein R.sub.5 and R.sub.6 are hydrogen, alkyl having from 1 to 4 carbon atoms, or R.sub.5 and R.sub.

Abstract: The present invention is directed to the process of producing and separating cyclodextrins and in particular to the process of using food grade hydrocarbons that include a six membered ring having some unsaturation and ten carbon atoms such as limonene and the like natural oils.

Abstract: A process is provided for the preparation of magnetic particles to which a wide variety of molecules may be coupled. The magnetic particles can be dispersed in aqueous media without rapid settling and conveniently reclaimed from media with a magnetic field. Preferred particles do not become magnetic after application of a magnetic field and can be redispersed and reused. The magnetic particles are useful in biological systems involving separations.

Abstract: Sweetening agents for human and animal foods in the solid or liquid states contain at least 50% by weight of leucrose. They may additionally contain one or more sweetening agents selected from the group consisting of artificial sweeteners and sugar surrogates. The leucrose is produced by reaction of saccharose with .alpha.-(1-6)-glucosyl transferase in the presence of at least 100 mmoles of fructose per 1,000 I.U. of enzyme, and at least a partial separation of the dextrans and iso-malto-oligosaccharides. Leucrose may be prepared by this method having a purity of at least 98% and may be used as a non-cariogenic, metabolically fully utilizable sweetening agent with good compatibility which is also suitable for diabetics.

Abstract: Disclosed is a method for preparing transglucosidase comprising culturing a strain of Talaromyces duponti in a suitable nutrient growth medium and isolating the transglucosidase therefrom. Also disclosed is the transglucosidase produced by T. duponti.

Abstract: Iso-malto-oligosaccharide monovalent haptens were prepared by adding an aqueous sucrose solution to an aqueous solution of D-glucose containing more than 300 mmol glucose per 1000 U .alpha.(1.fwdarw.6)-D-glucosyl transferase at 265 to 310 K and a pH value of from 4.5 to 8.0 and a molar ratio of sucrose to glucose of from 0.5 to 2.0. After consumption of the sucrose, glucose, liberated fructose and undesired oligosaccharides are separated in a known manner.The process of the invention allows a particularly economical preparation of the monovalent haptens which serve for the prophylaxis of undesired dextran induced anaphylactoid side effects (DIAR).

Abstract: Isomaltulose is produced by a process in which at least the isomaltulose-forming enzyme system of an isomaltulose-forming micro-organism is immobilized and then the immobilized enzyme system is contacted with a sucrose solution to convert at least part of the sucrose to isomaltulose.

Abstract: The invention provides an efficient enzymatic method for the preparation of branched cyclodextrins such as glucosyl and maltosyl cyclodextrins. The inventive method comprises the enzymatic reaction of a branch-splitting enzyme and .beta.-amylase simultaneously with a mixture of a cyclodextrin and starch. Alternatively, a branched cyclodextrin is obtained from a mixture of a cyclodextrin and maltose in an enzymatic reaction with pullulanase, optionally, with admixture of an alcohol such as ethyl and propyl alcohols or a glycol such as ethyleneglycol and propyleneglycol to the reaction mixture. A glucosyl cyclodextrin can be obtained by the steps of first subjecting a mixture of a cyclodextrin and maltose to an enzymatic reaction with pullulanase and then subjecting the reaction product to a second enzymatic reaction in the presence of an enzyme mixture composed of takaamylase and glucoamylase and yeast.

Abstract: A gluco-oligosaccharide mixture having up to 30, in particular from 10 to 20, anhydroglucose units is prepared by reacting an aqueous solution of a mono-or disaccharide composed of glucose units containing more than 200 mmol of the saccharide per 1000 U .alpha.(1.fwdarw.6)-D-glucosyl transferase, at 265 to 310 K and a pH value of from 4.5 to 8.0, with an aqueous solution of sucrose in a molar ratio of sucrose to glucose of 2.0 to 5.0.The oligosaccharide mixtures of the present invention are used as calorie-free carrier for sweetening agents and as "body building" sweetening agent.

Abstract: Isomaltulose (6-0-alpha-D-glucopyranosido-D-fructose) is produced by passing a pure sucrose solution through a reactor containing dead, immobilized cells of an isomaltulose-forming microorganism. The sucrose solution preferably contains 45 to 75% by weight sucrose and has a temperature of 45.degree. to 65.degree. C.

Abstract: The present invention relates to food products containing a novel alpha-glycosyl ginsenoside wherein one or more alpha-glucosyl moieties are bound to ginsenoside residue, and a process for producing the food products. Such alpha-glycosyl ginsenoside is obtainable by subjecting an aqueous solution of ginsenoside and an alpha-glucosyl saccharide to an alpha-glucosyl transferase.

Abstract: A process for preparing a fructoside, especially a fructosyl disaccharide, comprises reacting a fructosyl saccharide such as sucrose or raffinose with an alcohol or aldose in the presence of a fructosyl-transferase, especially one derived from B. subtilis NCIB 11811, 11872 or 11873. In particular, aldose is a compound of the formula ##STR1## in which A represents a hydrogen atom or the group CH.sub.2 X, where X represents a hydrogen atom or an alkoxy group, and the fructosyl disaccharide so formed is halogenated to provide a halosucrose or halogalactosucrose sweetener.