Abstract: A conductive roller such as a developing roller, a charging roller or the like provided with a resin coating layer on a surface of an elastic layer, and more particularly to a conductive roller having the resin coating layer using an ultraviolet-curing type resin or an electron beam curing type resin and being obtained by contriving a structure of the resin coating layer, rendering the resin coating layer to contain microparticles, controlling the particle size of the microparticles, or forming the resin coating layer after the outer peripheral surface of the elastic layer is subjected to surface treatment.

Abstract: The developing device includes a developer charging member configured to charge a toner serving as a one developer; and a developer bearing member configured to bear and feed the charged toner while forming an electric field so that the toner hops. The developer bearing member includes an insulating substrate; plural electrodes arranged on the insulating substrate in a developer feeding direction to form the electric field; and an outermost layer covering the plural electrodes. The toner has a softening point of from 115 to 130° C.

Abstract: There is provided a conductive elastic roller (1) comprising a shaft member (2) and one or more elastic layers (3) disposed on an outside of the shaft member (2) in a radial direction, wherein at least one of the elastic layers (3) is composed of an ultraviolet-curing type resin formed by curing a raw material for the elastic layer comprising a urethane acrylate oligomer (A), a photo-polymerization initiator (B) and a conductive agent (C) through ultraviolet irradiation, and the urethane acrylate oligomer (A) is a urethane acrylate oligomer synthesized by using as a polyol a polyether polyol (a1) having a proportion of primary hydroxyl groups in hydroxyl groups located at molecular ends of not less than 40% obtained by an addition polymerization of propylene oxide to a polyhydric alcohol alone, or the polyether polyol (a1) and another polyol (a2), and provides a conductive elastic roller (1) provided with an elastic layer having a low hardness, a small compression residual strain and an improved stain resista

Abstract: The present invention provides conveying rolls and hearth rolls in a continuous annealing furnace for producing steel sheet having flame sprayed coatings on their surfaces wherein the flame sprayed coatings are comprised of cermet having a ceramic ingredient content of 80 vol % or less or a heat resistant alloy, the flame sprayed coatings have oxide layers comprised of one or more of a flame sprayed metal, Cr, Si, Zr, or Al, and a ratio R/R1 of the roughness parameter R of the surface of the oxide layer measured based on JIS B0633 setting the cutoff value at an initial value and a roughness parameter R? measured setting the cutoff value at 1/10 of the initial value is 4 or more.

Abstract: A developing roller has a mandrel, an elastic layer and a cover layer as a surface layer. The cover layer includes a silicon oxide film containing a carbon atom chemically bonded to a silicon atom. In the silicon oxide film, the proportion of the total number of the elements of silicon, oxygen, carbon and hydrogen to the number of all detected elements, as detected with a high-frequency glow discharge light-emission surface analysis method, is 90% or more. The silicon oxide film has an abundance ratio of an oxygen atom chemically bonded to a silicon atom to silicon atoms, (O/Si), of 0.65 or more but 1.95 or less and an abundance ratio of a carbon atom chemically bonded to a silicon atom to silicon atoms, (C/Si), of 0.05 or more but 1.65 or less, and has a ratio of the maximum value to the minimum value of the (C/Si) in a thickness direction of the cover layer, of 1.50 to 33.00.

Abstract: An electrical conductive roller 1 that includes a shaft member 2 born at both end portions in a lengthwise direction thereof, and one or more elastic layers 3 arranged on a radially outside thereof, where each elastic layer has a glass transition point of not higher than ?40° C., and at least one of the elastic layers is constituted with a ultraviolet curing type resin containing an electrically conducting agent and a ultraviolet initiator.

Abstract: A charging member is provided having a support, a conductive elastic layer formed on the support and a surface layer formed on the conductive elastic layer. The surface layer contains a polysiloxane having at least one of structures represented by the following formulas (1a1), (1a2), (1b1) and (1b2): Toners and external additives used in the toners clinging to the charging member surface can be minimized even through repeated use over a long period of time, thus the charging member can perform stable charging and image reproduction even when used in the DC contact charging method.

Abstract: The invention relates to a novel covering layer for electrophotographic printing rollers with improved scratch resistance. Said covering layer consists of between 50 and 75 wt. % of cycloaliphatic epoxides, between 20 and 60 wt. % of aminofunctional silica nanoparticles, and between 0 and 2 wt. % of perfluoroalkyltrialkoxysilanes. The aminofunctional nanoparticles are produced from aminoalkyltrialkoxysilanes preferably by means of sol/gel technology.

Abstract: A charging roll includes a shaft and an ionically conductive elastic layer formed around the shaft. The ionically conductive elastic layer is formed of a rubber composition free of any electron-conductive agent and containing 0.7 to 1.0 parts by weight of a peroxide cross-linking agent per 100 parts by weight of an ion-conductive rubber. The ion-conductive rubber is formed of at least one of an epichlorohydrin rubber and a nitrile rubber, and a percentage of a rubber component in the ionically conductive elastic layer measured by thermogravimetric analysis is 90% or more by weight.

Abstract: Exemplary embodiments provide materials, methods, and systems for a fuser member used in electrophotographic devices and processes, wherein the fuser member can include a coating material containing a plurality of nanoceram fibers dispersed in a polymer matrix for providing a desired gloss level of fused toner images.

Abstract: A conductive roller has a core and a conductive foam formed on a peripheral surface thereof. The conductive foam constitutes a three-phase rubber composition containing 35 to 50 parts by mass of epichlorohydrin rubber, 25 to 35 parts by mass of ethylene-propylene-diene copolymer rubber, and 25 to 30 parts by mass of acrylonitrile-butadiene rubber as a rubber component thereof. The conductive foam does not have a coating layer formed on a surface thereof. The conductive roller has an Asker C hardness, an electric resistance value, an average surface-cell diameter, and a number of surface cells set to 30 to 36°, 106 to 107?, 100 to 200 ?m, and 50 to 120/1.5 mm square respectively.

Abstract: The present teachings provide a fuser member. The fuser member includes an outer layer comprising a composite of a fluoropolymer and a networked siloxyfluorocarbon polymer.

Abstract: A developing roller is provided which supplies a toner to a photosensitive member to develop an electrostatic latent image formed on the photosensitive member. The developing roller has a surface layer which includes carbon black and a polyurethane resin. The polyurethane resin has a specific structure. The surface layer has a specific ester group concentration and a specific urethane group concentration.

Abstract: A method for producing an outer layer for a roll having a structure having MC carbide dispersed at an area ratio of 20-60%, comprising the steps of (1) centrifugally casting a melt having a composition comprising, by mass, 2.2-6.0% of C, 0.1-3.5% of Si, 0.1-3.5% of Mn, and 8-22% of V, the balance being Fe and inevitable impurity elements, to produce a cylindrical body comprising an inner layer having concentration MC carbide, an MC-carbide-poor outer layer, and a concentration gradient layer between the inner layer and the outer layer, in which the area ratio of MC carbide changes, and (2) cutting the cylindrical body to a depth at which the area ratio of MC carbide is 20% or more.

Abstract: A fuser member for toner fusing systems and processes. This fuser member has a fuser base and a fusing surface layer, and the fusing surface layer contains a fluoroelastomer and filler particles. The filler particles have a mean particle diameter greater than 5 microns, and a modulus greater than the modulus of the fluoroelastomer at fusing temperatures. The fusing surface layer has at least the minimum proportion by volume of these particles, with at least the minimum mean particle diameter, that will provide the fusing surface layer with an equilibrium surface roughness so that, in fusing toner to substrate, the fuser member generates an image having a gloss number less than 10.

Abstract: The present invention provides a charging member which can maintain excellent wear resistance even though being used repeatedly. In the charging member having a surface layer, the surface layer is a surface layer constituted by at least one selected from silsesquioxanes having structures represented by a compound (1), a compound (2), a compound (3), a compound (4), a compound (5) and a compound (6), and a polysiloxane having a first unit represented by SiO0.5R1(OR2)(OR3), a second unit represented by SiO1.0R4(OR5) and a third unit represented by SiO1.5R6, wherein the silsesquioxane is contained in the polysiloxane.

Abstract: A development roller for electrophotographic device and a method of making the development roller are disclosed. The development roller according to the present invention includes a central shaft and a roller body. The roller body is composed of an elastic polymer material as a primary material and carbon nanotubes in an amount to provide the conductivity of the roller body. According to the present invention, the development roller can exhibit a low hardness and a low resistance at the same time, produce images having high sharpness, and does not contaminate images.

Abstract: An electrically conductive roller, belt or mat having an elastomer composition comprised of a carbon nanotube rubber composite material. Specifically the invention relates to an electrically conductive roller, belt or mat having an elastomeric material composition comprised of a carbon nanotube silicone rubber composite material utilizing a liquid silicone rubber with very small loadings of carbon nanotubes.

Abstract: Exemplary embodiments provide a roll member that includes one or more linear arrays of actuator cells and methods for making and using the roll member. In one embodiment, each linear array of the roll member can be controllably actuated as a group by, e.g., an oscillating voltage, to release toner particles adhered thereto and to form a uniform toner cloud in the development area between the roll member and an image receiving member. The controllable actuation can also aid in the unloading process of the residual toner particles from the roll member. In various embodiments, the uniform toner cloud and/or the controllable unloading process can enable a non-interactive development system for image-on-image full-color printing.

Abstract: In one embodiment, a fuser roll for fusing toner images onto a substrate includes a substantially rigid core member, a deformable, heat conductive base layer overlaying the surface of said core member, and an outer layer supported on the base layer. The outer layer is formed of a heat conductive, conformable amorphous metal.

Abstract: Exemplary embodiments provide a roll member that includes one or more controllable cells and methods for making and using the roll member to control an image (or toner) state thereon. The controllable cells can be disposed on a roll substrate and configured in a manner that each controllable cell can be addressed individually and/or as groups. Each controllable cell can be addressable to provide a surface vibration to release toner particles adhered/attracted thereto and can also be capable of sensing the toner state of the roll member and thus to control the image or toner state. In an exemplary embodiment, the disclosed roll member can be used as a donor roll for a development system of an electrophotographic printing machine to create controlled and desired toner powder cloud for high quality image development.

Abstract: Exemplary embodiments provide a roll member that includes one or more piezoelectric tape and methods for making and using the roll member. The piezoelectric tape can be flexible and include a plurality of piezoelectric elements configured in a manner that the piezoelectric elements can be addressed individually or as groups with various numbers of elements in each group. In an exemplary embodiment, the disclosed roll member can be used as a donor roll for a development system of an electrophotographic printing machine to create controlled and desired toner powder cloud for high quality image development, such as an image on image development in a hybrid scavengeless development (HSD) system.

Abstract: A process for producing a conductive rubber roller having a conductive core material and a rubber layer provided thereon. The rubber layer contains at least acrylonitrile rubber, epichlorohydrin rubber and a blowing agent, and has a gas generation rate of from 2 ml/g·min to 4 ml/g·min at 170° C. to 230° C. The process has a vulcanizing and foaming step of vulcanizing and foaming the rubber layer by using a microwave vulcanizing furnace which provides hot air and irradiation with microwaves. A temperature of a heating atmosphere in the microwave vulcanizing furnace in the vulcanizing and foaming step is so controlled that a ratio of initial vulcanizing time T10 to initial foaming time Tp10, T10/Tp10, of the rubber layer is from 1 or more to less than 3 and the T10 is within 90 seconds.

Abstract: A developing roller that can form a toner image with high quality includes: a supporting shaft, and at least one resin layer formed on a peripheral face of the supporting shaft, the resin layer containing carbon black in which a number average Feret's diameter is in a range from 5 to 300 nm and primary particles account for 5% or more on a number basis, and the carbon black being dispersed in a base resin material thereof.

Abstract: Methods of reinforcing a fibrous roller cladding material, reinforced roller cladding materials and clad lehr rollers wherein the cladding comprises a reinforced fibrous material are disclosed. The roller cladding material, which comprises a fiber board, is reinforced by a method comprising firstly contacting the cladding material with a fluid medium comprising a reinforcing agent whereby fluid is absorbed by the cladding material, and secondly, drying the cladding until the surface of the cladding is dry to the touch, characterized in that the reinforcing agent comprises a compound of phosphorus or a compound of boron. Roller cladding materials reinforced according to the methods disclosed have an improved resistance to cullet damage. The reinforced roller cladding material may be used as the cladding of a clad lehr roller, of the type used for example to convey flat glass in sheet or ribbon form.

Abstract: The present teachings provide a fuser member, including a substrate and a release layer disposed on the substrate. The release layer includes a plurality of carbon nanotubes surrounded by a fluoroelastomeric shell layer and dispersed in a fluoroplastic.

Abstract: A conductive rubber roller having a rubber layer on a conductive core material. The rubber composition constituting the rubber layer contains a rubber component and a filler. The rubber component contains an epichlorohydrin rubber. The filler includes carbon black (A) having a nitrogen adsorption specific surface area (N2SA) of 20 m2/g to 40 m2/g and having a dibutyl phthalate (DBP) oil absorption of 80 ml/100 g to 100 ml/100 g and carbon black (B) having a nitrogen adsorption specific surface area (N2SA) of 15 m2/g or less and having a dibutyl phthalate (DBP) oil absorption of 40 ml/100 g or less. The carbon black (A) is in a content of 10 parts by mass to 30 parts by mass and the carbon black (B) is in a content of 20 parts by mass to 60 parts by mass or less, based on 100 parts by mass of the rubber component.

Abstract: An object of the present invention is to provide a charging roller (i) which includes a rubber member whose surface is subjected to a hardening treatment using a solvent containing at least an isocyanate compound and (ii) which can prevent leakage of an ionic conductive agent even if the charging roller is placed under conditions of high temperature and high humidity for a long time. The charging roller is made by forming a rubber layer on a metal core. The rubber layer is an epichlorohydrin based rubber base material to which an ionic conductive agent is added, the rubber layer being subjected to a surface treatment by applying a solution containing the isocyanate compound and heating it. This surface treatment is carried out under such conditions that a coefficient of dynamic friction at a contact portion between the rubber layer and a photoreceptor becomes 0.4 or less.

Abstract: A roll is supported at the middle thereof, for a paper, board or finishing machine is composed of two sections, a so-called inner shell (54?) and an outer shell (52?), supported by one another in the middle area of the roll (50?). The nominal stiffness of the manufacturing material of the inner shell (54?) of the roll is substantially greater than the nominal stiffness of the manufacturing material of the outer shell (52?) of the roll.

Abstract: Corona roller comprising a cylindrical base body and a roller cover of dielectric material, and method for producing it. The roller cover includes a layer of thermoplastic material, e.g. polyamide, applied onto the outer surface of the base body. Solid (powder) particles having electrically insulating characteristics are imbedded in the material matrix of said layer in the vicinity of the surface thereof in a form-locking manner such that merely a partial region of said particles protrudes from said inner layer. A hard, wear- and corrosion-resistant surface is formed at the outer side of the layer of plastic material, said hard, wear- and corrosion-resistant surface likewise having electrically insulating characteristics. For producing the corona roller, the layer of thermoplastic material is heated to a viscosity similar to that of honey.

Abstract: A developer carrier has concave portions regularly arranged on the surface thereof and being rotatable with a developer thereon. A contact member is made of an elastic rubber material, is in contact with the surface of the developer carrier, and vibrates with the rotation of the developer carrier. A value obtained by dividing a movement speed of the surface at the time of rotation of the developer carrier by a pitch of the concave portions in a peripheral direction of the developer carrier is smaller than a peak vibrational frequency of the contact member when a loss tangent obtained by dividing a loss elastic modulus of the contact member by a storage elastic modulus is the greatest.

Abstract: The present invention provides a double-sleeved roller for use in an electrostatographic machine. The double-sleeved member includes a cylindrical rigid core member. A removable inner sleeve member (ISM) is provided that includes a compliant layer that surrounds and intimately contacts the rigid core member. A removable electrically conductive outer sleeve member (OSM) such that the OSM surrounds and intimately contacts said ISM wherein the ISM and OSM are removable or mountable simultaneously.

Abstract: A developing roller suppresses scattering of toner during a developing process and provides a further higher-quality electrophotographic image. The developing roller has a mandrel, an elastic layer provided on the circumference of the mandrel, and a surface layer provided on the circumference of the elastic layer. The surface layer contains a urethane resin serving as a binder and urethane resin particles dispersed in the binder, for forming convex portions on the surface of the surface layer. The surface of the urethane resin particles is partly covered with fine inorganic particles containing at least one element selected from silicon, titanium and aluminum and the urethane resin particles are in direct contact with the binder at the surface onto which the fine inorganic particles are not attached.

Abstract: Exemplary embodiments provide a digital development system and methods for making and using the system. Specifically, the digital development system can utilize a roll member that includes a plurality of actuator cells arranged in a 2-dimensional array with each actuator cell having an actuator membrane individually addressable to eject one or more toner particles adhered thereto. In addition, the digital development system can utilize an imager architecture that includes an addressing logic circuit connected to each cell to selectively control the ejection of the one or more toner particles onto an image receiving member that is closely spaced from each actuator membrane. The disclosed digital development system can be used for non-interactive development systems for image-on-image full-color printing similar to HSD (Hybrid Scavengeless Development) technology with the donor roll becoming a high quality silent imager.

Abstract: The present invention provides conveying rolls and hearth rolls in a continuous annealing furnace for producing steel sheet having flame sprayed coatings on their surfaces wherein the flame sprayed coatings are comprised of cermet having a ceramic ingredient content of 80 vol % or less or a heat resistant alloy, the flame sprayed coatings have oxide layers comprised of one or more of a flame sprayed metal, Cr, Si, Zr, or Al, and a ratio R/R1 of the roughness parameter R of the surface of the oxide layer measured based on JIS B0633 setting the cutoff value at an initial value and a roughness parameter R? measured setting the cutoff value at 1/10 of the initial value is 4 or more.

Abstract: A core is provided with a coating formed by an agglomerate obtained by hardening of a mixture comprising a granulated stone material, preferably of the type having a high hardness factor and light color, and a hardening resin, preferably an epoxy resin, for manufacturing a roller or cylinder of a non-porous external surface, the roller being used for the processing of materials and products. For the manufacture of the roller, a formwork having a cavity for housing a core is prepared so as to provide an interspace which is filled with the mixture, following which compacting of the mixture present in the interspace and then the resin hardening step are performed to obtain a non-porous agglomerate.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a method for producing a roller shell or roller covering of a roller from a PPDI-based polyurethane. To avoid stress cracks, the intention is to overcome the inadequacy in green strength as quickly as possible by the hardener that is added to the polyurethane bringing the pot time down to 5 to 60 seconds. The present invention also relates to a PPDI polyurethane for producing a roller shell or roller covering of a roller formed by mixing a PPDI prepolymer with a hardener, in particular for carrying out the method, wherein 60 to 99% by weight of the hardener is 1,4-butane diol, at most 40% by weight is diamine and at most 1% by weight is a catalyst.

Abstract: The present invention provides a conductive roller whose outermost layer is made of a vulcanized rubber composition. The vulcanized rubber composition contains epichlorohydrin rubber and chloroprene rubber as a rubber component thereof and 0.2 to 5 parts by mass of each of a thiourea-based vulcanizing agent and a vulcanization retarder consisting of N-(cyclohexylthio)phthalimide for 100 parts by mass of the rubber component.

Abstract: A core intended to be used as a support for a roll of paper, especially toilet paper, is formed by winding at least one strip made of tissue, the strip being impregnated, at least locally, with starch so as to improve its stiffness. Thus configured, a core is provided having both a mechanical strength suitable for the envisaged use and a greatly improved ability to disintegrate relative to a cardboard core so as to allow it to be able to be disposed of directly in a toilet bowl without risk of blocking the soil pipe.

Abstract: A conductive roller which can form images of consistent quality and does not cause image failures such as formation of blank spots and a method for inspecting the roller. The conductive roller having a metallic core and at least one rubber elastic layer provided on the outer peripheral surface of the core, the rubber elastic layer being formed from a conductive rubber to which conductivity has been imparted by carbon powder, wherein the conductive roller satisfies the relationship represented by formula (1): Zr/Zc?5??(1), wherein Zr (?) represents a resistance component and Zc (?) represents a capacitive reactance component, the resistance component Zr (?) and the capacitive reactance component Zc (?) being calculated respectively from impedance Z (?) and phase difference ?, when the impedance Z (?) is measured upon application of an AC voltage of 0.2 V at a frequency of 1 Hz to the rubber elastic layer.

Abstract: Apparatus for creating a seal between an axle journal and a bearing housing is disclosed, particularly for use in apparatus for dewatering or washing material suspensions. The apparatus includes a stator ring, a pair of diagonally disposed guide pins supporting the stator ring with respect to the bearing housing so that the stator ring can be angled in a plane with respect to the pair of guide pins, a sealing ring for creating a seal between the stator ring and the axle journal, a bellows for creating a seal between the bearing housing and the stator ring, and at least one resilient member for urging the stator ring in abutment against the sealing ring.

Abstract: Disclosed is a fixing roller which comprises a core 16, a porous material layer 22 disposed in surrounding relation to an outer peripheral surface of the core 16, and a thin-walled metal sleeve 26 covering an outer peripheral surface of the porous material layer 22. The porous material layer 22 comprises a closed cell-type silicone elastomer. The present invention provides a fixing roller capable of ensuring enhanced durability and maintaining a usable state over long periods under the condition of being actually driven and rotated.

Abstract: A wound paperboard core for inorganic material comprises a plurality of paperboard plies wound one upon another about an axis and adhered together with adhesive to form a tube. An outer paperboard ply is helically wound about the tube and secured thereto. All of the plies except for the outer paperboard ply are adhered together with substantially full-coverage adhesive as in conventional cores. However, the outer paperboard ply is arranged to be readily peelable from the tube so that it (along with the inorganic material thereon) can be removed from the tube. The tube can be recycled (e.g., repulped and made into recycled paperboard or the like). The outer paperboard ply and inorganic waste can be disposed of in a landfill, and even though an increased fee may apply, the total weight is greatly reduced such that the fee is substantially reduced relative to the fee for disposing of the entire core.

Abstract: A calender roll, which was already in use and has a metallic core with engaged textile material sheets, can be worked for a new use. In the surface of the sheets are cut grooves, to which is subsequently applied a layer structure of synthetic resin-impregnated fibrous material forming a certain thickness over each point of the roll. Onto said layer can be applied a functional covering, for example of rubber.

Abstract: A drying apparatus includes a thermal roll for contacting and heating aluminum web in a continuous sheet form. The thermal roll includes a roll surface, having a static friction coefficient ? defined by contact with the web. The static friction coefficient ? satisfies a condition of: t+V?G wherein ? G = ? ? · ? A ? ? 1 = ? ? · t · sin ? ( ? / 2 ) where t is tension applied to the web; G is roll retaining force with which the roll surface frictionally retains the web; V is thermal expansion force generated by thermal expansion of the web retained on the roll surface; ?A1 is pressing force caused by the tension to the web and applied to the roll surface by the web; ? is a wrap angle at which the web contacts the roll surface. Thus, distortion of the web can be prevented even with a great difference in the temperature from the thermal roll.

Abstract: An apparatus for charging an image transfer surface in an image transfer device includes a support member and a conductive polymer material surrounding an outer periphery of the support member. An inner portion of the conductive polymer material is loaded with a supplemental conducting agent, and an outer portion of the conductive polymer material is substantially free of the supplemental conducting agent.

Abstract: An electroconductive rubber roller constituted of an electroconductive metal core and an electroconductive crosslinked rubber layer including an epichlorohydrin-based rubber, wherein the epichlorohydrin-based rubber is at least one copolymer selected from the group consisting of an epichlorohydrin-ethylene oxide copolymer and an epichlorohydrin-ethylene oxide-allyl glycidyl ether ternary copolymer. The ethylene oxide unit in the epichlorohydrin-based rubber is in a content of 40 to 90 mol %, and, the electroconductive crosslinked rubber layer has a heat quantity (enthalpy: ?H) 5 mJ/mg or less as measured by a differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and indicated by a peak appearing within a range of ?20 to 150° C.

Abstract: A development roller is provided which can ensure a desired surface roughness and roller hardness even when an elastic layer has not sufficient solvent resistance and which can be preferably used for a long period of time without generating any peeling of a coating film during a continuous long operation. In the development roller, an underlying conductive layer having at least one sublayer and a surface resin layer are provided on the elastic layer in that order. The elastic layer is formed of a foam material having a closed cell structure, the underlying conductive layer is formed from a water-based paint containing a conductive agent, and one of the sublayers of the underlying conductive layer that is in contact with the elastic layer is at least primarily composed of a chloroprene-methacrylic acid copolymer.

Abstract: A pulling roll for glass manufacture comprised of a high-temperature millboard material. The millboard comprises aluminosilicate refractory fiber, silicate, mica, and kaolin clay. A method of manufacturing a pulling roll is disclosed, together with a roll produced by the methods disclosed herein. The method comprises forming a pulling roll and densifying at least a portion of the pulling roll by exposing to the pulling roll to high temperatures.

Abstract: Provided are a developing roller for non-magnetic single component development and a developing method employing the developing, by which toner can be stably conveyed in any external environment, and the stable toner conveyance and charging amount can also be acquired. Also disclosed is a developing roller possessing a spindle and provided around an outer circumference of the spindle, at least an elastic layer (innermost layer), a resistance adjusting layer (intermediate layer) formed on the elastic layer and a surface layer (outermost layer) formed on the resistance adjusting layer, wherein the intermediate layer possesses a layer containing carbon black in a resin, a content of a polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon in the carbon black is at most 10 ppm, and a volume resistance (Rv) of all the layers provided around the outer circumference of the spindle is 1.0×107?1.0×1013 ?·cm.