Abstract: This invention relates to novel crystalline metallo manganese oxides that has the hollandite structure. The composition is represented by the formulaA.sub.y Mn.sub.8-x M.sub.x O.sub.16where A is a templating agent such as potassium, ammonium, and y varies from about 0.5 to about 2.0, M is a metal such as chromium, vanadium, gallium, antimony and x varies from about 0.01 to about 4.0. These oxides have a three-dimensional structure with manganese and the M metals forming the framework. Finally, these novel oxides are capable of catalyzing hydrocarbon conversion processes such as oxidation and oxidative dehydrogenation.

Abstract: In accordance with the present invention there is provided a method for making and using an improved chromium catalyst which is useful in oxidation of combustible materials such as hydrocarbons, chloro-carbons, chlorohydrocarbons, polymers and other combustible materials. The process for the catalytic oxidation of combustible material, comprises: contacting a combustible material in a heated reaction zone in the presence of oxygen and a chromium impregnated catalyst prepared by impregnating a supporting material with a chromium compound and calcining the solid material at a temperature and for a time at least sufficient for the supporting material to reach a temperature of at least 725.degree. C. By the method the catalyst exhibits reduced loss of chromium to the environment.

Abstract: A process is provided to produce polyolefins having a multimodal molecular weight distribution at the molecular level by contacting at least one mono-1-olefin in a polymerization zone, under polymerization conditions, with two different types of supported chromium catalyst systems. The first catalyst system comprises a chromium oxide catalyst system which comprises chromium oxide supported on an inorganic oxide. The second catalyst system comprises a chromocene catalyst system which comprises chromocene supported on an inorganic oxide. The resultant, recovered polymer has a multimodal, or at least a bimodal, molecular weight distribution.

Abstract: This invention relates to ethylene oxide catalyst for the vapor phase production of ethylene oxide from ethylene and oxygen prepared by impregnating a porous, refractory support having a surface area ranging from about 0.05 to about 10 m.sup.2 /g with a solubilized catalytically effective amount of silver, a solubilized promoting amount of alkali metal, a solubilized promoting amount of rhenium, and a solubilized promoting amount of hafnium metal, wherein the Group IVB metal is provided in the form of Group IVB oxycation-containing salts. The catalyst provide substantial initial activity improvement as well as long term selectivity and activity stability improvement over prior art rhenium promoted catalyst, without any loss of initial selectivity advantage.

Abstract: Chromium catalyst compositions are provided. Theses chromium catalyst compositions can be used to polymerized olefins. The resulting polymerization product can have improved properties.

Abstract: This invention provides a chromium catalyst system that comprises[a] a support that comprises silica, wherein said support has a surface area to pore volume relationship as follows0.5.ltoreq.Pore volume.ltoreq.f(SA)wherein said f(SA) is(1.14.times.10.sup.-7)(SA).sup.3 -(1.19.times.10.sup.-4)(SA).sup.2 +(3.19.times.10.sup.-2)(SA)+0.20;and[b] a hexavalent chromium compound;wherein the surface concentration of said hexavalent chromium on said support is from 0.25 to 1 hexavalent chromium atoms per square nanometer.Another embodiment of this invention provides a process to homopolymerize ethylene, or copolymerize ethylene with a comonomer, said process comprises polymerizing ethylene with the above chromium catalyst composition.

Abstract: A process for the preparation of an activated catalyst for the polymerization of olefins, includes mixing, in the absence of a solvent, at least one chromium salt with a support composition including at least one compound (A) which is an inorganic, oxygen-containing compound of at least one element selected from the group consisting of Group IVb, IIIa and IVa, and at least one compound (B) which is an inorganic compound containing at least one element selected from the group consisting of Group IVb and IIIa, the at least one compound (B) being different from the at least one compound (A); preactivating the mixture by heating in an oxidizing atmosphere at a temperature which is lower than the melting temperature of the at least one chromium salt to obtain a catalyst precursor; and activating the catalyst precursor by calcining in an oxidizing atmosphere and under conditions such that part of the chromium is converted to hexavalent chromium.

Abstract: A halogenated hydrocarbon having 1 to 4 carbon atoms is brought into contact with hydrogen fluoride in a gaseous phase in the presence of a catalyst prepared by firing a substance composed mainly of chromium(III) hydroxide in the presence of hydrogen at a temperature of 350.degree. to 500.degree. C. or a catalyst prepared by heat-treating the above substance in an inert gas stream at a temperature of 100.degree. to 600.degree. C. and then firing the heat-treated substance in the presence of hydrogen at the above temperature or any one of catalysts prepared by partially fluorinating the above catalysts.

Abstract: A catalyst for the production of a nitrile from an alkane, which satisfies the following conditions 1 and 2:1 the catalyst is represented by the empirical formula:Mo.sub.a V.sub.b Te.sub.c X.sub.x O.sub.n (1)wherein X is at least one element selected from the group consisting of Nb, Ta, W, Ti, Al, Zr, Cr, Mn, Fe, Ru, Co, Rh, Ni, Pd, Pt, Sb, Bi, B and Ce,when a=1,b=0.01 to 1.0,c=0.01 to 1.0,x=0.01 to 1.0,and n is a number such that the total valency of the metal elements is satisfied; and2 the catalyst has X-ray diffraction peaks at the following angles of 2.theta. in its X-ray diffraction pattern:Diffractionangles of 2.theta. (.degree.)22.1.+-.0.328.2.+-.0.336.2.+-.0.345.2.+-.0.350.0.+-.0.3.

Abstract: A chromium-containing fluorination catalyst which comprises an activity-promoting amount of zinc or a compound of zinc, a process for increasing the activity of a chromium-containing fluorination catalyst by introducing an activity promoting amount of zinc or a compound of zinc to the catalyst and a process for the production of fluorinated hydrocarbons, in particular 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane which comprises reacting a hydrocarbon or a halogenated hydrocarbon, in particular 1-chloro-2,2,2-trifluoroethane with hydrogen fluoride in the vapor phase in the presence of the zinc-promoted chromium-containing catalyst.

Abstract: This invention relates to ethylene oxide catalyst for the vapor phase production of ethylene oxide from ethylene and oxygen prepared by impregnating a porous, refractory support having a surface area ranging from about 0.05 to about 10 m.sup.2 /g with a solubilized catalytically effective amount of silver, a solubilized promoting amount of alkali metal, a solubilized promoting amount of rhenium, and a solubilized promoting amount of hafnium metal, wherein the Group IVB metal is provided in the form of Group IVB oxo salts. The catalyst provide substantial initial activity improvement as well as long term selectivity and activity stability improvement over prior art rhenium promoted catalyst, without any loss of initial selectivity advantage.

Abstract: This invention relates to a process for the preparation of an ethylene oxide catalyst having improved selectivity stability which catalyst comprises depositing silver, a promoting amount of alkali metal, a promoting amount of rhenium and, optionally, a promoting amount of rhenium co-promoter selected from sulfur, molybdenum, tungsten, chromium and mixtures thereof, on a porous refractory support, at least partially drying the support, and thereafter depositing a promoting amount of nickel on the support.

Abstract: Multimetal oxide compositions of the formula I[X.sup.1.sub.a X.sup.2.sub.b O.sub.x ].sub.p [X.sup.3.sub.c X.sup.4.sub.d X.sup.5.sub.e X.sup.6.sub.f X.sup.7.sub.g X.sup.2.sub.h O.sub.y ].sub.q(I)whereX.sup.1 is bismuth, tellurium, antimony, tin and/or copper,X.sup.2 is molybdenum and/or tungsten,X.sup.3 is an alkali metal, thallium and/or samarium,X.sup.4 is an alkaline earth metal, nickel, cobalt, copper, manganese, zinc, tin, cadmium and/or mercury,X.sup.5 is iron, chromium, cerium and/or vanadium,X.sup.6 is phosphorus, arsenic, boron and/or antimony,X.sup.7 is a rare-earth metal, titanium, zirconium, niobium, tantalum, rhenium, ruthenium, rhodium, silver, gold, aluminum, gallium, indium, silicon, germanium, lead, thorium and/or uranium,a is from 0.01 to 8,b is from 0.

Abstract: The present invention concerns a polymerization catalyst of olefins, said catalyst containing an active chromium compound on an inorganic support. The catalyst in accordance with the invention is prepared by vaporizing a precursor of chromium oxide such as chromyl chloride and allowing the chromium oxide vapor to react with the surface of, e.g., silica gel support material at 160.degree. . . . 500.degree. C. A selective binding of the chromium oxide to the support material is achieved by keeping the vapor pressure sufficiently high and the duration of interaction with the support sufficiently long so as to maintain an excess of the chromium compound in relation to the number of available binding sites on the support material. The activity of a catalyst in accordance with the invention even with a very low content of catalytic metal is as high as the activity of a catalyst of an appreciably higher metal content that has been prepared by the methods of the conventional technology.

Abstract: The invention is directed to a catalyst for the selective oxidation of sulphur-containing compounds to elemental sulphur, comprising at least one catalytically active material and optionally a carrier, the catalyst having a specific surface area of more than 20 m.sup.2 /g and an average pore radius of at least 25 .ANG., while under the reaction conditions the catalyst exhibits no substantial activity towards the Claus reaction.

Abstract: An improved supported chromium oxide catalyst, a process for preparing the catalyst and a process for polymerizing olefin monomers utilizing the catalyst are provided. In accordance with the preparation process, chromium oxide and a support containing one or more of silica, titania, thoria, alumina, zirconia or aluminophosphates are combined, impregnated with a metal salt and activated. The metal salt is selected from the group consisting of alkali metal salts, alkaline earth metal salts and mixtures thereof.

Abstract: A catalyst for the production of ethylene and/or acetic acid by oxidation of ethane and/or ethylene with a molecular oxygen-containing gas in the presence of a catalyst composition comprising the elements A, X and Y in the combination with oxygen, the gram-atom ratios of the elements A:X:Y being a:b:c;wherein A=Mo.sub.d Re.sub.e W.sub.f ; X=Cr, Mn, Nb, Ta, Ti, V and/or W; Y=Bi, Ca, Co, Cu, Fe, K, Mg, Ni, P, Pb, Sb, Si, Sn, Tl and/or U; a=1; b=0 to 2; c=0 to 2; d+e+f+a; d is either zero or greater than zero; e is greater than zero; and f is either zero or greater than zero.

Abstract: A hydroprocessing catalyst and process of using such catalyst wherein such catalyst has at least one hydrogenation metal deposited on an inorganic oxide support and is further characterized by a surface area of greater than about 220 m.sup.2 /g, a pore volume of about 0.23-0.30 cc/g in pores greater than about 600 Angstroms radius, an average pore radius of about 30-70 Angstroms in pores less than 600 Angstroms, and an incremental pore volume curve with a maximum at about 25-50 Angstroms radius.

Abstract: A monolithic, structured catalyst for the preparation of aldehydes. Alcohol is converted to a corresponding aldehyde by partial oxidation of the alcohol using the catalyst which includes an active catalytic material and a monolithic, inert carrier for the same. The active material includes oxides of molybdenum and oxides of chromium, vanadium, aluminum, iron, tungsten, manganese and mixtures thereof.

Abstract: Disclosed herein is a method for the stabilizing treatment of a catalyst comprising washing the catalyst with hot washing water following the preparation of the catalyst, the catalyst being composed principally of chromium oxide and used in the production of chlorine by the oxidation of hydrogen chloride with an oxygen-containing gas, thereby improving its catalytic activity and prolonging its life.

Abstract: Spinels can be synthesized by uniformly dispersing predetermined quantities of ingredient compounds whose particles have sizes no greater than about 5 nanometers in a liquid medium, arresting the ingredient compounds in a solid matrix by spray drying said liquid medium and then calcining the resulting particles to form a solid solution of oxides of said compounds in a crystalline lattice which is substantially free of undesired complex compounds of the ingredient compounds.

Abstract: A method for activating supported chromium oxide catalysts in which a chromium-containing catalyst on a silica-containing base is first heated in an oxidizing atmosphere at temperatures up to about 850.degree. C. and then cooled down. During the cooling step of the catalyst, the oxidizing atmosphere is replaced by a non-oxidizing one, leading to an activated catalyst. A process for the polymerization of alpha-olefins, especially ethylene, in which at least one alpha-olefin is contacted, under polymerization conditions, with the catalyst activated by the method described above.

Abstract: A multi-component oxide catalyst comprising zinc and an alkali metal is described which is useful particularly for converting methane and/or natural gas to higher molecular weight hydrocarbon products such as ethane and ethylene. The catalyst is characterized by the formulaZn.sub.a A.sub.b M.sub.c M'.sub.d O.sub.xwhereinA is Li, Na, K, or mixtures thereof;M is Al, Ga, Cr, La, Y, Sc, V, Nb, Ta, Cu or mixtures thereof;M' is Cs, Rb, Mg, Ca, Sr, Ba, Sm, Pb, Mn, Sb, P, Sn, Bi, Ti, Zr, Hf, or mixtures thereof;a is from about 1 to about 20;b is from about 0.1 to about 20;c is from about 0 to about 5;d is from about 0 to about 20; andx is a number needed to fulfill the valence requirements of the other elements; provided that(i) at least one of c and d is at least 0.1; and(ii) when M' is Sn, c must be at least 0.1.

Abstract: Metal oxide catalysts having one or more metal oxides covalently or non-covalently bound to or entrapped on a solid phase support wherein the metal oxide catalyst is prepared by evaporation and cocondensation in a suitable organic solvent are disclosed. Metal oxide catalysts are prepared by evaporation and cocondensation in a suitable organic solvent and dispersed on a solid support as a highly dispersed thin surface film. A process for the preparation of metal oxide catalysts prepared by evaporation and cocondensation is also disclosed. A process for the preparation of metal oxide catalysts prepared by evaporation and cocondensation of metal oxides in a suitable organic solvent and dispersed on a solid support as a high dispersed thin surface film is also disclosed.

Abstract: Process for producing catalysts for use within hydrogenation, oxidation, dehydration or dehydrogenation processes comprising oxides, in pure or mixed form, or being applied as mixed crystal systems, made of nickel, cobalt and molybdenum, vanadium, tungsten, titanium and chromium, starting with their corresponding aqueous solutions of their respective chlorides, fluorides or nitrates, which afterwards are processed within a pyrohydrolysis plant to gain the oxide powders, of typical specific surfaces areas of 1 to 100 m.sup.2 /g, agglomerate sizes of 1 to 500 microns and mean particle sizes of 20 to 30 microns. The corresponding anions of these salt solutions are transformed during pyrohydrolysis into their respective acids, which can be regained by absorptive means and which thereafter can be returned to a chemical dissolving process to make the salts and solutions for the pyrohydrolysis, which means an economic advantage.

Abstract: An improved Cr.sub.2 O.sub.3 catalyst composition, prepared by pyrolysis of ammonium dichromate, which contains less than 100 ppm of alkali metal and is useful in HF hydrofluorination reactions.

Abstract: An olefin, particularly alpha-olefin, polymerization catalyst composition, supported on a refractory oxide support comprises two chromium specie: (1) CrO.sub.3 or any chromium compound calcinable to CrO.sub.3 ; and (2) at least one silylchromate compound. The composition is prepared by sequentially depositing specie (1) and (2) onto the same support.

Abstract: Metal oxide powders comprised of Cr(III) oxide, Ti(IV) oxide, V(V) oxide, or mixtures of these, or metal mixed oxides comprised of Cr(III) oxide and Ti(IV) oxide and V(V) oxide, or their mixtures. They have BET surfaces of 5-50 m.sup.2 /g and mean particle diameters of 25-350 nm and are useful to increase conversion and selectivity in the manufacture of mono-olefins by catalytic dehydrogenation of saturated hydrocarbons. The metal oxide powders are produced from mixtures of the vaporized metal compounds chromyl chloride, titanium tetrachloride, and vanadyl chloride, in the presence of certain gases by laser pyrolysis.

Abstract: Compositions of matter useful as catalysts in heterogeneous reactions and comprising metal atom clusters supported on inorganic supports such as silica, alumina or zeolites are prepared by vaporizing the metal at low temperatures and pressures into an environment of ethylene and a gaseous inert solvent. A metal-ethylene complex, protected by solvent molecules is formed. The complex is melted to liquid phase and used to impregnate the support. Then the material is warmed to ambient temperature to remove the solvent, decompose the complex and form monatomic or clusters of metal on the support.

Abstract: A novel oxidation catalyst or refractory and the method for its preparation. The material comprises substitutional solid solutions involving V.sub.2 O.sub.3, Al.sub.2 O.sub.3 and TiO.sub.2 and having compositions that fall within a specific polygon in a ternary composition diagram of V.sub.2 O.sub.3, Al.sub.2 O.sub.3 and TiO.sub.2. A typical material has the formula Al.sub.0.65 V.sub.1.77 Ti.sub.0.69 O.sub.5.

Abstract: Epoxy functionalized polyalpha-olefin lubricants compositions are prepared with superior properties by epoxidizing the olefinic bond of oligomers prepare by oligomerizing C.sub.6 -C.sub.20 alpha-olefins with reduced valence state chromium catalyst on silica support. The invention encompasses a product of reaction made by epoxidizing C.sub.30 + polyalpha-olefin oligomeric hydrocarbon lubricant having a branch ratio of less than 0.19 and pour point below -15.degree. C. in the presence of an epoxidizing amount of an epoxidizing agent wherein said product comprises a mixture of 2-dialkyl oxirane and 1,2-dialkyl oxirane having between an average of C.sub.30 and C.sub.1000 carbon atoms, said mixture having a branch ratio of less than 0.19 and pour point below -15.degree. C. The invention further encompasses blends and additive compositions of the novel epoxidizing polyalpha-olefins.

Abstract: This invention relates to a process for the manufacture of catalysts for the reduction of oxides of nitrogen from exhaust gases and in chemical air cleaning processes in which a catalytically active material containing iron ores, chromium ores and/or zeolite is placed in contact with a carrier means having a series of openings; e.g., wire mesh, expanded or perforated metal or any type of grid-like structure to form a catalytic member. The carrier means is etched with an acid etchant before forming the catalytic member or, instead, the catalytic member is etched with an acid etchant. The catalytic member is bonded by a thermal treatment; e.g., drying, tempering and/or fixing. This invention also relates to catalytic members or products produced by the process. This invention proposes the use of pressure bonding to obtain a catalytic member product which has significantly improved catalytic activity, greater mechanical strength and higher resistance to chipping.

Abstract: This invention is directed to the preparation of articles exhibiting catalytic activity and, in particular, to articles which are exceptionally suitable for catalytically converting gases from organically fueled power plants, internal combustion engines, and other fluid and gaseous catalysis. The inventive articles comprise a unitary composite structure consisting essentially of a catalytically active precious metal and/or a base metal which, the base metals in particular, become catalytically active upon oxidation. The catalysts are integrally combined with a supporting structural metal.

Abstract: A structure with encapsulated catalyst-agglomerate bodies which are integral to a porous structure is presented. The catalysts may be singly and/or multiply dispersed on and/or throughout a high surface area material and subsequently mixed with batch material prior to firing the structure. This results in a structure wherein encapsulated catalyst-agglomerate bodies in a porous structure exhibit the same catalytic activity as in a break in aged catalyst coated substrate.

Abstract: Chlorine can be efficiently produced at a low temperature and with a high hourly space velocity by oxidizing hydrogen chloride with an oxygen-containing gas in the presence of a catalyst obtained by calcining a compound, which has in turn been obtained by reacting chromium nitrate, chromium chloride, the chromium salt of an organic acid or the like with ammonia, or by calcining a mixture of the compound and a silicon compound, preferably, at a temperature lower than 800.degree. C.

Abstract: A process for oligomerizing alpha olefin to produce lubricant range hydrocarbon stock including the step of contacting said alpha olefin with a supported solid reduced Group VIB (e.g., chromium) catalyst under oligomerization conditions at a temperature of about 90.degree. to 250.degree. C. to produce liquid lubricant hydrocarbon. The product comprises the polymeric residue of linear C.sub.6 -C.sub.20 1-alkenes, said composition having a branch ratio of less than 0.19. The weight average molecular weight is between 420 and 45,000, number average molecular weight between 420 and 18,000, molecular weight distribution between 1 and 5 and pour point below -15.degree. C. The hydrogenated lubricant range hydrocarbon product has viscosity index of about 130 to 280 and viscosity up to about 750 cS.

Abstract: A catalyst is disclosed which comprises a molybdenum-tungsten-containing complex represented by the formulaMo.sub.a W.sub.b M.sub.c A.sub.d O.sub.

Abstract: A mass for removal through chemical sorption of oxygen and water vapor and their reactive hydrides consists of a heat-resistant oxidic carrier having a large surface area and is doped with a component that is activated with molecular oxygen at from 300.degree. C. to 600.degree. C. and afterwards is treated with a reducing gas at a temperature between 200.degree. C. and below the activation temperature. Before being used as a chemical sorption agent the mass is additionally treated with a reactable gaseous hydride.

Abstract: A process for the manufacture of catalyst moldings from granular catalyst material, preferably iron ore, chromium ore or a similar ore, with the use of a binder is disclosed. The granular catalyst material is thermally pre-treated in a temperature range of approximately 250.degree. to 1000.degree. C., before it is mixed with dilute and/or concentrated sulfuric acid functioning as the binder.

Abstract: Fines are reduced in refractory materials by mixing the refractory material with an acid composition in a liquid polar organic compound and thereafter working the mixture until a decrease in volume occurs. The resulting product can be shaped and subjected to conventional finishing treatments. The resulting product exhibits reduced fines and thus is an improved material for use as a catalyst support. The resulting catalyst is of particular utility in the production of film grade ethylene polymer.

Abstract: This invention relates to the preparation and use of catalysts useful for hydroprocessing processes, such as hydrotreating, wherein said catalysts are formed by heating, at elevated temperature, in the presence of sulfur and under oxygen-free conditions, a composite of support material and one or more catalyst precursor salts containing a thiometallate anion of Mo, W or mixture thereof and a cation comprising one or more divalent promoter metals at least one of which is iron, wherein said promoter metal or metals are chelated by at least one neutral, nitrogen-containing polydentate ligand, and wherein said additional divalent promoter metal, if any, is selected from the group consisting of Ni, Co, Mn, Zn, Cu and mixture thereof.

Abstract: Supported hydroprocessing catalysts comprising a sulfide of trivalent chromium and molybdenum or tungsten which optionally may contain one or more promotor metals such as Co, Fe, Ni and mixture thereof. These catalysts are obtained by comprising a preselected quantity of support material with a precursor salt containing a tetrathiometallate anion of Mo or W and a cation comprising trivalent chromium and, optionally, one or more promoter metals wherein both said trivalent chromium and promoter metal are chelated by at least one neutral, nitrogen-containing polydentate ligand and heating the composite in the presence of sulfur and hydrogen in an oxygen-free atmosphere. These catalysts have high selectivity for nitrogen removal. The chromium and promoter metal do not have to be in the same cation.

Abstract: Supported hydroprocessing catalysts comprising a sulfide of trivalent chromium and Mo, W or mixture thereof are obtained by compositing a preselected quantity of support material with a precursor comprising a mixture of (i) a hydrated oxide of trivalent chromium and (ii) a salt containing a thiometallate anion of Mo or W and a cation comprising the conjugate acid of at least one neutral, nitrogen-containing polydentate ligand and heating the composite in the presence of sulfur and hydrogen in an oxygen-free atmosphere. These compositions have been found to be useful hydrotreating catalysts having nitrogen removal activity superior to that of commercial catalysts derived from cobalt molybdate on alumina.

Abstract: Iron oxide-chromium oxide catalyst of increased mechanical strength (lateral crushing strength) for high-temperature water-gas shift reaction. The catalyst contains as an additional component magnesium oxide and/or magnesium spinels in the form of discrete particles.

Abstract: Supported, hydroprocessing catalysts comprising a sulfide of (i) trivalent chromium, (ii) Mo, W or mixture thereof and (iii) at least one metal selected from the group consisting of Ni, Co, Mn, Cu, Zn and mixture thereof and mixture thereof with Fe. These catalysts are made by compositing a preselected quantity of support material with a precursor comprising a mixture of (i) hydrated oxide of trivalent chromium and (ii) a salt containing a thiometallate anion of Mo or W and a cation comprising at least one divalent promoter metal chelated by at least one, neutral, nitrogen-containing polydentate ligand and heating the composite in the presence of sulfur and hydrogen in an oxygen-free atmosphere. These catalysts have been found to be useful hydrotreating catalysts having nitrogen removal activity superior to that of commercial catalysts such as sulfided cobalt-molybdate on alumina.

Abstract: A catalyst is prepared by heating the reaction product of CrO.sub.3 and tert-butyl alcohol as catalyst precursor in a hydrocarbon medium in the presence of hydrogen sulfide to convert the catalyst precursor to a solid chromium-containing catalyst. Hydroconversion processes utilizing the catalyst to convert oil, coal, and mixtures thereof are also provided.

Abstract: A catalyst is prepared by heating the reaction product of CrO.sub.3 and tert-butyl alcohol as catalyst precursor in a hydrocarbon medium in the presence of hydrogen sulfide to convert the catalyst precursor to a solid chromium-containing catalyst. Hydroconversion processes utilizing the catalyst to convert oil, coal, and mixtures thereof are also provided.

Abstract: A catalyst is prepared by adding a water soluble aliphatic polyhydroxy compound such as a polyhydroxy alcohol or a carbohydrate (e.g., sucrose) to an aqueous solution of chromic acid and subsequently introducing the resulting mixture into a hydrocarbon material. The hydrocarbon-containing mixture is heated in the presence of hydrogen sulfide to convert the chromium catalyst precursor to a solid chromimum-containing catalyst. Hydroconversion processes utilizing the catalyst to convert oil, coal, and mixtures thereof are also provided.

Abstract: Iron-bismuth-molybdate catalysts further containing specific promoter elements have been found to exhibit excellent redox stability even under high stress conditions in the catalytic oxidation of olefins to unsaturated aldehydes and acids.

Abstract: A catalyst comprising a metallic carrier having a catalytically active metal-containing surface layer, the catalytic metal being other than a noble metal, wherein the catalytically active metal-containing surface layer is formed directly on the carrier by an etching treatment with an oxidizing inorganic acid which at least partially removes one or more metals from the surface of the metallic carrier, followed by chemical reduction with hydrogen.