Abstract: A carbon body and method for making the body. The body is characterized by carbon particles bonded together with bentonite clay and a cured epoxy resin. The bentonite content is about 5% to about 30% by weight based on carbon. The epoxy resin and curing agent content as measured before curing is about 5% to about 40% by weight based on carbon. The curing agent as measured before curing makes up about 5 parts to about 40 parts per 100 weight parts based on the epoxy resin. The resin has an average functionality of at least 3. The body has higher strength after exposure to temperatures of up to about 250.degree. C. in air than bodies absent the bentonite and resin. Additionally, the body has the properties of surface area retention after exposure to high temperatures, and water resistance.

Abstract: A process is disclosed for preparing a synthesis gas comprising hydrogen and carbon monoxide by partial oxidation of hydrocarbyl compounds using a source of oxygen comprising molecular oxygen, carbon dioxide, or mixtures thereof in the presence of a catalyst comprising thermally stable mixtures formed by heat treating a hydrotalcite-like compound.

Abstract: A method of treating a water-swellable clay after the clay has been mined and dried to improve its properties when in contact with salt-contaminated water. After the common initial drying of the clay to a moisture content of 12% by weight or less, the clay is rewetted to a moisture content of more than 12% by weight, preferably at least about 15% or more, based on the dry weight of the clay, then redried to a moisture content of 12% by weight or less, based on the dry weight of the clay.

Abstract: A method of treating a water-swellable clay, initially having a Fe.sup.+3 /Fe.sup.+2 ratio of at least 1.0, preferably at least 3.0, and most preferably in the range of about 5.0 to about 15.0, after the clay has been mined and dried. After the common initial drying of the clay to a moisture content of 12% or less, the clay is re-wetted to a moisture content of more than 12% by weight, preferably at least about 15% or more, based on the dry weight of the clay, then re-dried to a moisture content of 12% by weight or less, based on the dry weight of the clay.

Abstract: This present invention includes a composition of matter made up of a kandite clay which has been treated with large molecules containing multi-atom metallic or semi-metallic species and heated to produce pillars within the clay which are located generally between the clay's layers. The pillared kandite composition is useful as a catalyst support, sorbent, or ion exchanger.The present invention also includes a process for producing the pillared kandite composition comprises mixing the finely divided clay in an aqueous solution with the pillaring medium and heating the resulting composition at a temperature high enough to decompose the added compound.

Abstract: A method for converting attapulgite clay which has never been heat treated sufficiently to destroy the natural colloidal properties of the clay to attrition resistant, low surface area, essentially catalytically inert particles adapted for use as a blending agent with particles of active zeolitic cracking catalyst. The clay, preferably mixed with an alkaline cementitious material (such as, for example, portland cement or sodium silicate) is sintered at a temperature above 1350.degree. F., preferably in the range of 1500.degree. F. to 1800.degree. F., to reduce surface area to a value below about 15 m.sup.2 /g, preferably below 5 m.sup.2 /g, and decrease apparent bulk density to a value below 1.1. The material is sized to form an essentially dustless, free flowing powder.

Abstract: A composition of matter comprising zeolite Beta and a layered magnesium silicate such as sepiolite is especially suited for use in combination with one or more hydrogenation components as a catalyst for hydrocracking various types of feedstocks.

Abstract: The invention describes a highly efficient catalytic pollution control process for removing N.sub.2 O from gaseous mixtures. The process utilizes catalysts derived from anionic clay minerals, which after appropriate heat activation, provide superior N.sub.2 O decomposition activity. The catalytic process comprises contacting an N.sub.2 O -containing gaseous mixture with the decomposition catalyst under conditions sufficient to convert the N.sub.2 O into gaseous nitrogen and gaseous oxygen. The process catalysts are derived from anionic clay materials such as the hydrotalcites, sjogrenites and pyroaurites.

Abstract: A method of treating a water-swellable clay after the clay has been mined and dried to improve its properties when in contact with contaminated water. After the common initial drying of the clay to a moisture content of 12% by weight or less, the clay is impregnated with an aqueous solution containing a dissolved, water-soluble polymer, in an amount of at least about 0.5% by weight based on the dry weight of the clay, and the clay is wetted to a moisture content of more than 12% by weight, preferably at least about 15% or more, based on the dry weight of the clay, and then redried to a moisture content of 12% by weight or less, based on the dry weight of the clay.

Abstract: A process for the production of sorbents based on smectite for uptake of liquids. This process is characterized in that:(a) a smectite with a water uptake capacity of less than 115% (in terms of the dried smectite with a residual water content of 6 wt.%) and a smectite content of around 40-65 wt.% and/or(b) a two-layer silicateis/are mixed with an alkaline smectite and the mixture homogenized in moist condition by intensive shearing, the mixture is gently dried, and the dried mixture is fragmented.

Abstract: A method and nickel-containing catalyst are disposed for preparing synthesis gas by the reforming of a hydrocarbyl compound using an oxygen-containing compound.

Abstract: This invention relates to an emission control device containing a catalytic material capable of reducing pollutants in the combustion gases generated from an internal combustion engine, as well as from other combusted solid and liquid fossil fuels such as coal, and is also useful for treating combustion gases generated from the incineration of landfill garbage and tire rubber, among others. The catalytic material of the present invention is highly resistant to deactivation or poisoning from contaminants in the combusted material such as leaded gasoline. The catalytic material predominantly comprises a plagioclase feldspar belonging mainly to the albite-anorthite series and contains small amounts of mica, kaolinite and serpentine, and optionally contains magnetite. A catalytic alloy material is also disclosed, comprising a mixture of the above-described catalytic material and a metal. The alloy material likewise exhibits unique catalytic properties.

Abstract: A highly microporous adsorbent material is formed as a composite of a natural or synthetic clay or clay-like mineral matrix intercalated with an active carbon. The mineral is prepared and selected to have a selected interlayer spacing between microcrystalline sheets. An organic polymeric precursor is contacted therewith to fill the matrix interstices. Then the precursor is polymerized and carbonized to yield the adsorbent material in which the carbon is intercalated into the mineral matrix. The mineral can be naturally occurring smectite or synthetic hydrotalcite.

Abstract: A body made of carbon particles bonded together with bentonite clay and cellulose fibers, wherein in weight percent based on carbon, the bentonite content is about 4% to 20%, and the cellulose fiber content is about 2% to 10%. A method of making the body which involves forming an aqueous mixture having a composition in weight percent based on carbon of about 5% to 8% organic binder which can be cellulose ethers, cellulose ether derivatives, and combinations of these, about 4% to 20% bentonite clay, about 2% to 10% cellulose fibers, and the balance being activated carbon particles, forming the mixture into a body, and drying the body.

Abstract: This invention relates to a method for manufacturing an inorganic porous layered member which can maintain a sufficient distance between layers to show a high degree of heat insulating properties. In the manufacturing method for the inorganic porous layered member according to the present invention, an inorganic layered compound 12 having swelling charecteristics is swelled, and an inorganic pillar and an organic pillar are intercalated to form inorganic compound 16 between layers 14 of the inorganic layered compound 12. Fine gaps are thus formed in a wide range by the intercalation of the inorganic compound 16 between the layers 14 to maintain a sufficient distance between the layers 14, and the inorganic porous layered member 10 having high heat insulating properties is thus produced.

Abstract: A solid mass for the recovery of mercury, comprising a solid mineral support or dispersant, essentially copper and sulphur at least partly in the form of copper sulfide is produced by the following stages:a) at least one copper compound other than a sulphide is incorporated into a solid mineral dispersant or carrier,b) the product obtained in stage (a) is calcined in order at least partly to convert the copper compound or compounds which it contains into copper oxide (CuO and/or Cu.sub.2 O),c) the product obtained in stage (b) or in stage (a) if there has not been a stage (b) is brought into contact with elementary sulphur,d) the product resulting from stage (c) referred to as the precursor, is subjected to a thermal treatment in a non-oxidizing atmosphere and accompanied by gas scavenging, to a temperature and for a sufficient time to allow the formation of sulphide of the metal(s) present.

Abstract: A method of making a pillared hydrotalcite and an associated products. The pillared hydrotalcite is made by calcining a hydrotalcite having the formula A.sub.w B.sub.x (OH).sub.y [C].sub.z .multidot.nH.sub.2 O, wherein A represents a divalent metal cation, B represents a trivalent metal cation, C represents a mono- to tetravalent anion and w, x, y, z and n satisfy the following:0<z.ltoreq.x.ltoreq.4.ltoreq.w.ltoreq.1/2y and 12.gtoreq.n.gtoreq.1/2(w-x).The method further comprises combining the calcined compound with a salt solution of an anion to make the pillared derivative of the compound and then separating the pillared derivative from the salt solution. A method of intercalating inorganic anions and resulting product is also disclosed.

Abstract: Catalytic compositions and catalytic processes are provided. The catalytic compositions are produced by the process that comprises contacting an organonickel compound with a cyclicazacarbyl compound. Optionally, one or more catalytic promoters can be present in the catalytic compositions. Additionally, one or more olefins can be contacted with one or more of these catalytic compositions to form oligomerization products and/or polymerization products.

Abstract: Microporous materials of low acidity useful as sorbents and catalytic supports have been produced by pillaring tetrasilicic mica with silica polyoxocations generated by hydrolysis of organosilane precursors. Calcination at an intermediate temperature followed by washing of the solid with water is important in producing highly microporous material.

Abstract: A process for significantly improving the physical and catalytic properties of fluid cracking catalysts (FCC) is disclosed. The invention is a process for manufacturing a fluid cracking catalyst. The process includes adding an effective amount of an acid stable surfactant or an alkaline stable surfactant to a slurry of clay particles and sodium silicate particles. The process then includes forming a sol binder and spray drying the particles. Forming of the dried particles into a catalyst product then occurs.

Abstract: A composition of matter is provided comprising a catalytic mixture resulting from contacting at least one of each of the following compounds, an pyridine compound, a clay compound, and an organo-nickel compound. Additionally, a process is provided comprising contacting, under polymerization conditions, at least one alpha-olefin, with a catalytic mixture resulting from contacting at least one of each of the following compounds, an pyridine compound, a clay compound, and an organo-nickel compound.

Abstract: This invention includes compositions of matter made up of a kandite clay which has been treated with large molecules containing multi-atom metallic or semi-metallic species and heated to produce pillars within the clay which are located generally between the clay's layers. The pillared kandite composition is useful as a catalyst support, sorbent, or ion exchanger.The invention also includes a process for producing the pillared kandite composition comprises mixing the finely divided clay in an aqueous solution with the pillaring medium and heating the resulting composition at a temperature high enough to decompose the added compound.

Abstract: The present invention relates to non-resinous adsorbents and methods of manufacturing them. These agents have been found to neutralize or remove inhibitory and antimicrobial substances found in test samples and culture media.

Abstract: A method for incorporating diverse Varieties of intercalants or templates directly during hydrothermal synthesis of clays such as hectorite or montmorillonite-type layer-silicate clays. For a hectorite layer-silicate clay, refluxing a gel of silica sol, magnesium hydroxide sol and lithium fluoride for two days in the presence of an organic or organometallic intercalant or template results in crystalline products containing either (a) organic dye molecules such as ethyl violet and methyl green, (b) dye molecules such as alcian blue that are based on a Cu(II)-phthalocyannine complex, or (c) transition metal complexes such as Ru(II)phenanthroline and Co(III)sepulchrate or (d) water-soluble porphyrins and metalloporphyrins. Montmorillonite-type clays are made by the method taught by U.S. Pat. No. 3,887,454 issued to Hickson, Jun. 13, 1975; however, a variety of intercalants or templates may be introduced.

Abstract: Middle distillates can be produced efficiently in high yields by catalytically cracking petroleum hydrocarbons by contacting the petroleum hydrocarbons at cracking conditions with a catalyst composition comprising a cation-exchanged stevensite.

Abstract: This invention relates to a novel beidellite clay, a process for preparing the clay and processes using the clay. The clay has the empirical formulaA.sub.x (Al.sub.4)(Si.sub.8-x Al.sub.x)(O.sub.20)(OH.sub.4-u F.sub.u)where A is a cation, x is the moles of A and varies from about 0.1 to about 2, and u varies from about 0.1 to about 3.5. The clay is prepared from a reaction mixture containing reactive sources of aluminum and silicon, a cation salt, a fluoride source and water. The mixture is reacted at a pH of about 4 to about 9, a temperature of about 150.degree. to about 300.degree. C. for a time of about 1 to about 20 days. The clay composition may be used as is or after pillaring to catalyze hydrocarbon conversion processes such as alkylation.

Abstract: A novel method to prepare a solid acid catalyst through the reaction of a metal-alkyl halide species and the surface hydroxyl group of a solid support is disclosed. Lewis acidic metals, e.g., B, Al and Ga, etc., can then be anchored on the surface via the formation of an oxygen-metal bond. The solids containing these metals can be used as catalysts that will catalyze organic compound coversion reactions, e.g., Friedel-Crafts type reactions, olefin oligomerization, aromatic alkylation and acylation, alkane alkylation and isomerization reactions.

Abstract: Attrition-resistant binders can be prepared by a process wherein a slurry of delaminated and calcined clay particles is brought to either a low pH level (e.g., 1.0 to 3.0) or to a high pH level (e.g., 14.0 to 10.0) and mixed with a phosphate-containing compound in a concentration of from about 2.0 to about 20.0 weight percent. Preferably, the resulting slurry is spray dried and the particulate products of the spray drying are then calcined to produce attrition-resistant binder particles.

Abstract: This invention relates to an emission control device containing a catalytic material capable of reducing pollutants in the combustion gases generated from an internal combustion engine, as well as from other combusted solid and liquid fossil fuels such as coal, and is also useful for treating combustion gases generated from the incineration of landfill garbage and tire rubber, among others. The catalytic material of the present invention is highly resistant to deactivation or poisoning from contaminants in the combusted material such as leaded gasoline. The catalytic material predominantly comprises a plagioclase feldspar belonging mainly to the albite-anorthite series and contains small amounts of mica, kaolinite and serpentine, and optionally contains magnetite.

Abstract: A process for preparing aromatic compounds, wherein a gaseous feed containing C.sub.6 to C.sub.20 hydrocarbons is reacted in the presence of a catalyst, which catalyst comprises as its catalytically active component a hydrotalcite-type material having in its uncalcined state the general formulaMe'(II).sub.z Me(II).sub.x Me(III).sub.y (CO.sub.3)(OH).sub.2(x+z)+3y-2.aqwith an X-ray diffraction (d003) greater than about 7.4 Angstroms, and whereinMe'(II) is at least one divalent metal selected from the Group comprising platinum, palladium, silver, ruthenium and iridium;ME(II) is at least one divalent metal selected from the Group comprising copper, cobalt, magnesium, manganese, nickel and zinc;ME(III) is at least one trivalent metal selected from the Group comprising aluminum, chromium and iron; andx, y and z are positive numbers satisfying the following relationships:(x+z)/y.gtoreq.0.5;0<z/y.ltoreq. 3; andx.gtoreq.0.

Abstract: There is provided a crystalline oxide material with a characteristic X-ray diffraction pattern. This material may be a layered material, which is swollen or pillared. Upon calcination of the swollen material, the layers collapse and condense upon one another in a somewhat disordered fashion to form a non-swellable material. However, the swollen layered material may be intercalated with polymeric oxide pillars to maintain layer separation, even after calcination.

Abstract: A direct and simplified process is described for making anionic clays having the hydrotalcite structure which contain as the intercalating anion a pH-dependent, essentially carbonate-free, inorganic anion. Hydrotalcite-type clays made by the process from a number of divalent and trivalent metal ions and pH-dependent, boron-containing anions and transition element metalates are useful in the conversion of hydrocarbons.

Abstract: A process is disclosed for pillaring layered materials which do not swell appreciably in water. The process comprises first intercalating an amine or other neutral molecule such as an amide or dimethyl sulfoxide between the layers of the material to be pillared. This allows the subsequent incorporation of inorganic pillars which are more temperature stable than the intercalated amine. Also, disclosed are different pillared products produced by the process. The starting materials do not appreciably swell in water and the pillared composition final product is produced by swelling with an inorganic intercalate and then displacing the inorganic intercalate with an inorganic pillaring substance.

Abstract: The present invention makes it possible to fix as much gas adsorbent or catalyst particles as possible to a gas adsorbing element or to a catalyst carrier having a honeycomb structure and also to improve the form-maintaining property of a honeycomb laminate after heat-treatment or during wet conditions so that operation becomes easy when impregnating the honeycomb laminate with a dispersion of gas adsorbent or catalyst particles. A honeycomb laminate is formed with paper including mostly ceramic fiber or glass fiber and mountain leather or with paper including mostly carbon fiber and mountain leather. The paper is then heat-treated, is impregnated with a dispersion of gas adsorbent or catalyst particles, is impregnated with a dispersion of inorganic binder such as silica sol or alumina sol, and is dried.

Abstract: A porous granular ceramic material has a granule size of from 1 to 5 mm, a bulk density of from 200 to 700 g/l, preferably 350 to 550 g/l, a porosity of from 50 to 80% v/v, preferably from 65 to 80% v/v, and a liquid absorbency of from 20 to 200%, preferably from 40 to 150%, of water based on the weight of the granular material. The material may be made by calcining a mixture of a clay and a particulate combustible material. The material is suitable for use as animal litter or as an industrial absorbent for liquids.

Abstract: Mineral aluminosilicates enhanced as ion-exchange media for separating diverse ionic materials are provided by dry heating. A hydrated mineral alumino-silicate is irreversibly dehydrated in part, to improve the ratio of its affinity for preferred ions, relative to non-preferred ions, even though doing so reduces its affinity for both types of ions. Such dehydration is accomplished by heating the aluminosilicate until a temperature is reached at which its affinity for non-preferred cations is reduced enough that the ratio of its affinity for preferred ions to its affinity for non-preferred ions is greatly increased. Such aluminosilicates may be zeolites, such as clinoptilolite, or layered clays, such as vermiculite or smectite. 850.degree. C. is an example of such temperature.

Abstract: Mangesium/aluminum synthetic anionic clay catalysts are made by spray-drying a slurry of a Mg/Al synthetic clay, making a plasticized mixture of the spray-dried clay with diatomaceous earth, forming, drying and calcining the formed dried mixture. The catalyst is useful for making isophorone by the condensation of acetone.

Abstract: A method of preparing an inorganic porous member causes a layered inorganic compound in swelled state with a solvent contained therein to be dried in a super critical state, so as to have holes held between respective layers of the inorganic compound, whereby the layered compound can be excellently maintained with less agglomeration caused upon removal of the solvent and the hole volume in the entire inorganic porous member can be remarkably increased.

Abstract: This invention relates to a composition, a method of preparing the composition and a catalyst using the composition. The composition consists essentially of a layered clay homogeneously dispersed in an inorganic oxide matrix. The clay is dispersed in such a way that the clay layers are completely surrounded by the inorganic oxide matrix. The inorganic oxide is selected from the group consisting of alumina, titania, silica, zirconia, P.sub.2 O.sub.5 and mixtures thereof. The clay can be a natural clay such as montmorillonite, a metal exchanged clay (Fe.sup.+3 exchanged) or a pillared clay such as aluminum chlorohydrate (ACH) pillared clay. The composition can be used as a catalyst for alkylation or hydrocracking or metals can be dispersed on it to provide a catalyst which is also useful for hydrocracking or alkylation.

Abstract: A process for the preparation of a catalytically active material, which comprises calcining an anionic double hydroxide clay; rehydrating the resulting material by treatment with water substantially free from dissolved ions; and calcining the rehydrated material.

Abstract: A dense pack gas adsorbent means comprising at least one particulate gas adsorbent having a particulate size distribution in which the largest small particles are less than one-third (1/3) the size of the smallest large particle and sixty percent (60%) of the adsorbent particles having a size greater than sixty (60) mesh, said adsorbent particle oriented to provide a packing density grater than one hundred and thirty percent (130%) of the particle's apparent density.

Abstract: The invention relates to saponite-derivatives according to the general formulaA.sub.x/n.sup.n+ [(Mg.sub.3-y M.sub.y) (Si.sub.4-x Al.sub.x)0.sub.10 (OH.sub.2-z)F.sub.z ]wherein A represents an (alkyl-substituted) ammonium ion and/or any metal having basic or amphoteric properties, M represents a bivalent metal ion having an ionic radius between 0.050 and 0.085 nm, n represents the valence of A, x represents a number between 0.05 and 1.5, y represents a number between 0.05 and 2.95 and z represent a number from 0 to 1.8. The invention also relates to methods for preparing such saponite-derivatives, catalytically active system based on such saponite-derivatives and their use in various hydrocarbon conversion processes.

Abstract: A reversible adsorbent for carbon dioxide, which can be used as a decontaminant of closed environments, has been devised. It consists of a novel material formed by a surface modified silica gel with active sites for the chemisorption of CO.sub.2 at room temperature combined with a clay which acts as an agglomerant in a preferred weight ratio of 80/20. The carbon dioxide is liberated under heating at 110.degree. C. The surface area of the material ranges between about 120 and about 240 m.sup.2 /g with a total pore volume between about 0.4 and about 0.8 cc/g where about 80% of the total pore volume contains pores of a diameter between about 60 .ANG. and about 180 .ANG.. The material is capable of adsorbing between about 7.5 and 11.7 cc of dry CO.sub.2 per gram and can be regenerated between about 70.degree. and about 150.degree. C. without losing any adsorptive capacity. Dry carbon dioxide is chemisorbed as a surface ammonium carbamate which becomes a surface bicarbonate in the presence of water.

Abstract: Process for improving the characteristics of absorption and desorption of a gas by a reaction medium consisting of several salts in powder form and a porous solid product, characterized in that it consists in mixing 0 to 60% by mass of the porous product with the powdered salt(s). The porous product consists of a mixture of expanded graphite and a second expanded product of rigid structure and high permeability.

Abstract: The cation-exchange capacity of montmorillonite decreased in consequence of fixation of ion is restored by subjecting the montmorillonite to a hydrothermal treatment.

Abstract: Mineral aluminosilicates enhanced as ion-exchange media for separating diverse ionic materials are provided by dry heating. A hydrated mineral alumino-silicate is irreversibly dehydrated in part, to improve the ratio of its affinity for preferred ions, relative to non-preferred ions, even though doing so reduces its affinity for both types of ions. Such dehydration is accomplished by heating the aluminosilicate until a temperature is reached at which its affinity for non-preferred cations is reduced enough that the ratio of its affinity for preferred ions to its affinity for non-preferred ions is greatly increased. Such aluminosilicates may be zeolites, such as clinoptilolite, or layered clays, such as vermiculite or smectite. 850.degree. C. is an example of such temperature.

Abstract: A novel solid phosphoric acid catalyst composition is disclosed. The composite comprises solid phosphoric acid and a refractory oxide binder. The composite is characterized in that 25.0 volume percent or less of the total catalyst pore volume consists of pores having a diameter of 10,000 .ANG. or greater. An improvement in catalyst activity and stability is observed when such a catalyst is utilized in a hydrocarbon conversion process.

Abstract: This disclosure describes the synthesis of layered double hydroxide compositions interlayered by polyoxometalate anions with Keggin-type structures and having the formula [M.sub.1-x.sup.ll M.sub.x.sup.lll (OH).sub.2 ]A.sub.x/n.sup.n-.yH.sub.2 O, wherein, M.sup.ll is a divalent metal and M.sup.lll is a trivalent metal, A is an anionic polyoxometalate of negative charge n, x range between 0.12 to 0.8, and y is a positive number. The products exhibit well-defined XRD peaks corresponding to uniformly crystalline layered products with basal spacing values.gtoreq.14 .ANG..

Abstract: A method of making a pillared hydrotalcite and an associated products. The pillared hydrotalcite is made by calcining a hydrotalcite having the formula A.sub.w B.sub.x (OH).sub.y [C].sub.z .multidot.nH.sub.2 O, wherein A represents a divalent metal cation, B represents a trivalent metal cation, C represents a mono- to tetravalent anion and w, x, y, z and n satisfy the following:0<z.ltoreq.x.ltoreq.4.ltoreq.w.ltoreq.1/2y and 12.gtoreq.n.gtoreq.1/2(w-x)The method further comprises combining the calcined compound with a salt solution of an anion to make the pillared derivative of the compound and then separating the pillared derivative from the salt solution. A method of intercalating inorganic anions and resulting product is also disclosed.

Abstract: The present invention refers to a process for bleaching and increasing the ion-exchange capability of the sepiolite mineral, basically consisting of treating, at high pH and temperature, the sepiolite with a basic salt solution, which results in bleaching the starting material by dissolution of the organic material present in it, and in increasing the ion-exchange capability by a structural transformation of sepiolite. The bleaching can be optionally completed with a reduction treatment with sodium dithionite or with other reducing agents capable of reducing Fe.sup.3+ to Fe.sup.2+.