Abstract: This invention describes a process for acetylating (esterifying) starches including dispersing the starch in an organic acid; contacting the starch with an organic acid anhydride; and reacting the components in the presence of a quaternary ammonium halide.

Abstract: A method for the modification of starch by silanes wherein the starch and silane are contacted in an organic solvent in the presence of a metallic acid ester of a metal of groups IVB or VB of the Periodic Table of the elements. The resulting suspension is stirred. The subsequently separated starch exhibits better working characteristics than the corresponding unmodified starch.

Abstract: The production rate and yield resulting from the dewatering of starch conversion products containing swollen starch granules resulting from treatments with cationic reagents is improved by the addition to the starch slurry of a water soluble anionic polymer.

Abstract: Novel C.sub.1 -C.sub.22 alkyl- and C.sub.3 -C.sub.22 alkenyl-sulfosuccinate starch half-esters are prepared by reacting a starch base or a modified starch base containing anionic, cationic, and/or nonionic substituent groups with about 0.1 to 100% by weight of the corresponding alkyl- or alkenyl-sulfosuccinic anhydride. The reaction is carried out at pH 5-9 and at 5.degree.-90.degree. C. for 0.5-20 hours or at pH 9-11 at 5.degree.-30.degree. C. for about 0.5-3 hours. This one-step method may also be used to prepare sulfosuccinate half-esters. The long chain derivatives (e.g. octyl-, octadecyl-, octenyl-, and dodecenyl-sulfosuccinate half-esters) are hydrophobic.

Abstract: Novel starch sulfomaleate half-esters are prepared by reacting a starch base or a modified starch containing anionic, cationic, and/or nonionic substituent groups with about 0.1 to 100% by weight of sulfomaleic anhydride or its salts. The reaction is carried out at pH 5-9 and at 5.degree.-90.degree. C. for 0.5-20 hours or at pH 9-11 and at 5.degree.-30.degree. C. for about 0.5-3 hours. The starch sulfomaleates may be reacted with sulfurous acid or its acid salts (e.g. sodium bisulfite) to form the novel starch disulfosuccinate.

Abstract: The invention relates to the carbonylation of cross linked substituted and unsubstituted polysaccharides, their copolymers with macroporous synthetic polymers, macroporous synthetic polymers and rigid supports with pendant hydroxyalkyl groups. The carbonylated product can be used to prepare an affinity chromatography matrix which remains an uncharged species at varying pH's. The carbonylated product is also useful for the preparation of other compounds: Typical polysaccharides are agarose, starch, dextran, cellulose and regenerated cellulose, typical macroporous synthetic polymers are acrylamides, acrylates and methacrylates, typical rigid supports are silica beads coated with hydroxy alkyl groups and typical cabonylating agents are N,N'-carbonyl diimidazole; N,N'carbonyl di-1,2,3-benzotriazole; and N,N'-carbonyl di-1,2,4-triazole.

Abstract: Carbonylation of a polysaccharide and the product of that carbonylation. The carbonylated product can be used to prepare an affinity chromatography matrix which is an uncharged species of varying pH's. The carbonylated product is also useful for the preparation of other compounds. Typical polysaccharides are agarose, starch, dextran, cellulose and regenerated cellulose and typical carbonylating agents are N,N'-carbonyl diimidazole; N,N' carbonyl di-1,2,3-benzotriazole; and N,N'-carbonyl di-1,2,4-triazole.

Abstract: A novel polymer consisting of a macromolecular polysaccharide matrix which is esterified in whole or in part by activated polyunsaturated acids containing twenty carbon atoms. Typical of these acids are, for example, 8, 11, 14-eicosatrienoic acid, 5, 8, 11, 14-eicosatetraenoic acid and 5, 8, 11, 14, 17-eicosapentenoic acid. These polymers are therapeutically useful products which have utility in the same fields of application as the prostaglandins but absent their adverse side effects.

Abstract: Starch is phosphorylated by an improved pollution-free process which involves forming a reagent solution of an alkali metal tripolyphosphate salt in water having 20- 36% by weight of the salt dissolved therein, forming a starch cake containing no more than 45% by weight moisture, adding 2 - 30% by weight of the tripolyphosphate salt reagent solution to the starch cake, and drying and heat-reacting the thus-impregnated starch. In this process more efficient impregnation of the starch is achieved. The impregnation is preferably effected in a centrifuge.

Abstract: A dry granular alkali metal metasilicate is chemically reacted with a concentrated acid or an acid hydrogen containing salt to produce white granular silicic acid compounds which will react chemically with a polyhydroxy alcohol by using an alkaline compound as a catalyst and by heating the mixture.

Abstract: A polysaccharide or polyvinyl alcohol containing a mixture of nitrite ester groups with sulfate or nitrate ester groups with the mixture of ester groups being substantially uniformly distributed among the polymer units of the polysaccharide or polyvinyl alcohol.A nitrite ester of a polysaccharide alcohol having a degree of substitution of less than about 2.0. A nitrite ester of polyvinyl alcohol having a degree of substitution of 1.0 or less.

Abstract: Aqueous slurries or dispersions of starch are reacted with selected N-alkylimidazole-N'-sulfonates under specific reaction conditions to yield starch sulfate esters. The organic by-products produced in the reaction are readily removed by washing or dialysis.

Abstract: Aqueous slurries or dispersions of starch are reacted with ammonium fluorosulfate or an alkali metal fluorosulfate to yield starch sulfate esters. The inorganic by-products produced in the reaction are readily removed by washing or dialysis. These starch products may also be prepared in non-aqueous solvents or by a dry reaction process.

Abstract: Hydroxyalkyl ethers of hydroxyalkoxy polysaccharides are prepared by reacting the corresponding polysaccharide first with an epoxide in an aqueous alkaline medium, and then with an epoxide in the presence of a Lewis acid catalyst in a nonaqueous, nonalcoholic organic solvent. The resulting products are hydrophobic and strongly lipophilic, and are outstanding substrates for liquid-gel chromatography.

Abstract: This invention is directed to aqueous compositions and the process for preparing same and more specifically to aqueous coating compositions comprising polymeric resin binders and pigments dispersed in an aqueous system with starch ester dispersants. The dispersant consists of mixed esters of starch derived from (a) low molecular weight hydrolyzed starch having a plurality of anhydroglucose units or a derivative of said starch and (b) at least about 0.5 mole of acylating agent for each anhydroglucose unit of the hydrolyzed starch or its derivative. The acylating agent is a combination of anhydrides or acyl compounds consisting of (i) from about 0.1 to 2.9 moles of at least one anhydride of a polycarboxylic acid and (ii) from 0.1 to 2.9 moles of at least one compound selected from the class consisting of anhydrides of monocarboxylic acids and the acyl halides of monocarboxylic acids.

Abstract: An insoluble alkali metal-magnesium starch-xanthate composition is prepared which is capable of removing most heavy metal ions from aqueous solutions. Concentrations of heavy metal ions contained in several industrial effluents were reduced to below the most stringent aqueous discharge limits.

Abstract: Highly substituted granular starches are prepared by reacting the starch in an aqueous system with a reagent capable of producing an acetal cross-linkage; reacting the resultant acetal cross-linked starch with a mono-functional esterifying or etherifying reagent under aqueous alkaline conditions and removing the acetal cross-linkages by treating under acid conditions. The highly substituted starches are particularly useful in operations, such as papermaking, wherein the cross-linkages can be removed and the starch readily dispersed during a relatively low pH starch cooking process.

Abstract: Preparation of partially substituted nitrate and sulfate esters of polysaccharides or polyvinylalcohol, their esters containing a mixture of nitrite with sulfate or nitrate groups, aqueous media thickened with such esters, the simultaneous preparation of such esters and alkyl nitrites or such esters and inorganic nitrites or nitrates and resulting products, useful as thickeners, films, fibers and in many other applications.

Abstract: The use in the manufacture of paper of additives comprising derivatives of starches having particular levels of water fluidity and which contain controlled proportions of cationogenic or cationic substituent groups as well as sulfo-succinate groups. The resulting paper containing the latter additives is characterized by improved retention of pigments and increased strength.

Abstract: Aqueous slurries or dispersions of starch are reacted with N,N'-disubstituted imidazolium salts under controlled conditions to yield starch esters. The starch ester derivatives can also be prepared by a reaction in non-aqueous solvents.

Abstract: A polysaccharide or polyvinyl alcohol containing a mixture of nitrite ester groups with sulfate or nitrate ester groups with the mixture of ester groups being substantially uniformly distributed among the polymer units of the polysaccharide or polyvinyl alcohol.A nitrite ester of a polysaccharide alcohol having a degree of substitution of less than about 2.0. A nitrite ester of polyvinyl alcohol having a degree of substitution of 1.0 or less.