Abstract: Invented are novel hetero-pyrrole compounds, the use of such compounds as inhibitors of protein kinase B activity and in the treatment of cancer and arthritis.

Abstract: Amine compounds represented by Formula (1) are efficacious against diseases such as a viral infectious disease with HIV, rheumatism, and cancer metastasis:

Abstract: A wet scrubber for absorbing a heavy metal from a gas stream, a liquor for said wet scrubber, and a power-plant comprising said wet scrubber are described. The wet scrubber has a liquor containing an oxidizer in ionic liquid. Optionally, the oxidizer has, in pure state, high vapor pressure, and in the ionic liquid, the oxidizer forms a complex that has a much lower vapor pressure. In a preferred embodiment, the liquor is substantially free of any ligand that binds to the metal to be absorbed by the liquor.

Abstract: Ionic liquids and processes and apparatus for their production. The ionic liquids can be low sulfur and low halide carboxylated ionic liquids. The ionic liquids can be produced via formation of at least one intermediate carboxylated ionic liquid, and thereafter subjecting the intermediate carboxylated ionic liquid to at least one anion exchange process.

Abstract: A compound having selective modulating activity at the alpha 2B and/or alpha 2C adrenergic receptor subtypes is represented by the general Formula 1: wherein n=1-4; X is C or N; R1-R6 can be the same or different and are independently selected from the group consisting of H, C1-6 alkyl, OCH3, OH, F, Cl, Br, CH2OH, CH2N(R7)2, C(O)R8, CH2CN, CF3; wherein R7 is H or C1-6 alkyl; and R8 is C1-6 alkyl or aryl. The compounds of Formula 1 can be incorporated in pharmaceutical compositions and used in methods of treatment of alpha 2 receptor mediated diseases and conditions.

Abstract: One aspect of the invention relates to 1,8-diarylnaphthalene compounds. In certain embodiments, a compound of the invention is an N-oxide of a 1,8-diarylnaphthalene. In certain embodiments, the aryl group is an optionally substituted acridyl group. In certain embodiments, a compound of the invention is a single steroisomer. In certain embodiments, a compound of the invention is a single enantiomer. Another aspect of the present invention relates to a method of detecting the presence of an analyte in a sample by monitoring the fluorescence of a compound of the invention in a sample. In certain embodiments, the analyte is a metal ion. Another aspect of the present invention relates to a method of determining the enantiomeric purity of an analyte by monitoring the fluorescence of a compound of the invention in the presence of the analyte. In certain embodiments, the analyte is a compound that is capable of hydrogen bonding.

Abstract: The present invention relates to oxonium salts having [(Ro)3O]+ cations and sulfonium salts having [(Ro)3S]+ cations, where Ro denotes straight-chain or branched alkyl groups having 1-8 C atoms or phenyl which is unsubstituted or substituted by Ro, ORo, N(Ro)2, CN or halogen, and anions selected from the group of [PFx(CyF2y+1?xHz)6?x]? anions, where 2?x?5, 1?y?8 and 0?z?2y+1, or anions selected from the group of [BFn(CN)4?n]? anions, where n=0, 1, 2 or 3, or anions selected from the group of [(Rf1SO2)2N]9? anions or anions selected from the group of [BFWRf24?w]? anions, to processes for the preparation thereof, and to the use thereof, in particular for the preparation of ionic liquids.

Abstract: The present invention provides a process for the preparation of imidazoles by reacting a cyano compound with a silylalkylisocyanide compound. Such imidazoles are useful pharmacologically-active compounds and/or intermediates for the preparation of pharmacologically-active compounds.

Abstract: The present invention relates a method for treating depression, anxiety disorders, bipolar disorder, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, stress-related disorders, psychotic disorders such as schizophrenia, neurological diseases such as Parkinson's disease, neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer's disease, epilepsy, migraine, hypertension, substance abuse and metabolic disorders such as eating disorders, diabetes, diabetic complications, obesity, dyslipidemia, disorders of energy consumption and assimilation, disorders and malfunction of body temperature homeostasis, disorders of sleep and circadian rhythm, and cardiovascular disorders which comprises administering to an individual a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of formula I wherein R, R1, R2, A and n are as defined in the specification and to their pharmaceutically active salts. The invention also relates to novel compounds of formula I, pharmaceutical compositions containing them, and methods for their preparation.

Abstract: The present invention is directed to 1,3,4-oxadiazalones, compounds of formula I and their pharmaceutically acceptable salts stereoisomers, tautomers, or solvates thereof. Novel compounds include those of formula I, in which radicals are as defined herein. The compounds of this invention are modulators of PPARdelta and therefore useful as pharmaceutical agents, especially for the treatment of demyelinating diseases and disorders of fatty acid metabolism and glucose utilization.

Abstract: An ionic liquid according to the invention is substantially halogen-free, has a low viscosity and is stable to hydrolytic degradation under test conditions. The ionic liquid is a compound of the formula (cation) (R?—O—SO3), (cation) (R?—SO3), or a mixture of the two compounds. It can be used in processes for the chemical conversion and separation of materials by employing the ionic liquid as a solvent, solvent additive, extraction agent or phase-transfer catalyst. It can also be used in a heat exchange device wherein the ionic liquid serves as a heat carrier or heat carrier additive.

Abstract: A method for producing a compound having a deuterated aromatic ring or heterocyclic ring according to the invention includes heating a compound having an aromatic ring or heterocyclic ring in the presence of heavy water, a transition metal and a metal which generates deuterium. As the metal which generates deuterium, at least one metal selected from the group consisting of aluminum, magnesium, zinc, iron, lead and tin is preferred. As the transition metal, at least one metal selected from the group consisting of platinum, palladium, ruthenium and rhodium is preferred. The heating is preferably carried out by microwave irradiation.

Abstract: Composition comprising as component A) a 1-imidazoly[mothyl-substituted 2-naphthol compound of the general formula (I) where R1, R2 and R3 each independently of one another are H; C1-17alkyl; C3-12cycloalkyl, optionally substituted by c1-4alkyl groups; C4-20cycloalkyl-alkyl, optionally substituted by C1-4alkyl groups; C6-10aryl, optionally substituted by 1-3 C1-4-alkyl groups; C7-15,phonylalkyl, optionally substituted by 1-3 C1-4alkyl groups; C3-17alkenyl; C3-12alkynyl; or aromatic or aliphatic C3-12acyf; R4, R5, R6, R7, R8, and R9 each independently of one another are H; C1-12alkyl; C3-12cycloalkyl, optionally substituted by C1-4alkyl groups; C4-20cycloalkyl-alkyl, optionally substituted by C1-4alkyf groups; C6-10aryl, optionally substituted by 1-3 C1-4alkyl groups; C7-15phenylalkyl, optionally substituted by 1-3 C1-4alkyl groups; C3-17alkenyl; C3-12alkynyl; C1-12alkoxy; or OH; and as component B) a phenol which is liquid at room temperature, the weight ratio of component A) to component B) being from 10:90

Abstract: Novel group 4 organometallic compounds, supported on anions by means of at least one covalent metal-oxygen bond, are obtained by reaction of at least one borate or aluminium comprising at least one hydroxy group with at least one group 4 transition metal compound. These compounds are used in a catalytic composition implemented in an olefin oligomerization or polymerization method.

Abstract: The invention relates to a process for the preparation of liquid, storage-stable isocyanate mixtures of low color number containing carbodiimide (CD) and/or uretonimine (UI) groups, the isocyanate mixtures obtainable by this process and the use thereof for the preparation of blends with further isocyanates and for the preparation of prepolymers containing isocyanate groups and of polyurethane plastics, preferably polyurethane foams.

Abstract: The reaction of N-alkylimidazol with alkyl sulfonates, at room temperature, favors the production of 1,3-dialkylimidazolium alkane-sulfonates as crystalline solids at high yields. The alkane-sulfonate anions may be easily substituted by a series of other anions [BF4, PF6, PF3(CF2CF3)3, CF3SO3 and (CF3SO2)2N] through simple anion, salt, or acid reactions in water at room temperature. The extraction with dichloromethane, filtration, and evaporation of the solvent, allows the production of the desired ionic liquids at a yield of 80-95%. The purity of these ionic liquids (in some cases >99.4%) is performed using the intensity of 13C satellite signals from the magnetic resonance spectrums of the N-methyl imidazolium group as an internal standard.

Abstract: The invention is amido-borate compounds containing one or more anionic amido-borate moieties comprising an organoborate anion wherein the boron atom is bonded to a nitrogen atom of ammonia or an organic compound containing one or more nitrogen atoms, such as a hydrocarbyl amine, a hydrocarbyl polyamine, or an aromatic heterocycle containing one or more nitrogen atoms, and a cationic counter ion.

Abstract: Process for preparing 1,3-disubstituted imidazolium salts of the formula I where R1 and R3 are each, independently of one another, an organic radical having from 1 to 20 carbon atoms, R2, R4 and R5 are each, independently of one another, an H atom or an organic radical having from 1 to 20 carbon atoms, X is the anion of a hydrogen acid having a pKa of at least 2 (measured at 25° C., 1 bar in water or dimethyl sulfoxide) and n is 1, 2 or 3, wherein a) an ?-dicarbonyl compound, an aldehyde, an amine and the hydrogen acid of the anion X? are reacted with one another and b) the reaction is carried out in water, a solvent which is miscible with water or a mixture thereof.

Abstract: The invention relates to a process for the preparation of onium alkylsulfates by reaction of an onium halide with a symmetrically substituted dialkyl sulfate, in which the alkyl group can have 1 to 14 C atoms, with an asymmetrically substituted dialkyl sulfate, in which one alkyl group can have 4 to 20 C atoms and the second alkyl group denotes methyl or ethyl, with an alkyl trialkylsilyl sulfate, with an alkyl acyl sulfate or with an alkyl sulfonyl sulfate, where the reaction with a dialkyl sulfate is carried out at room temperature.

Abstract: Compounds of Formula (I), wherein represents a single bond when G is —OH and double bond when G is —O; R1 and R2 are independently selected from hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aralkyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, heterocyclyl, heterocyclylalkyl or heteroarylalkyl; R3 is selected from the group selected from hydrogen, hydroxy, alkoxy, alkenyloxy or alkynyloxy; X is selected from oxygen, —NH, —NR (wherein R is alkyl, alkenyl, alkenyl, alkynyl or aryl), sulphur or no atom; Het is heterocyclyl or heteroaryl; n is an integer from 1 to 6; are muscarinic receptor antagonists, which are useful, among other uses, for the treatment of various diseases of the respiratory, urinary and 4 i gastrointestinal systems mediated through muscarinic receptors.

Abstract: Process for preparing salts of the formula I (B+)nxAy? where B is a cation comprising at least one nitrogen atom, A is an anion and n is an integer from 1 to 3, x and y are each an integer from 1 to 3 and the product of x and y is equal to n, by reacting salts of the formula II (B+)nxAy? where B and n, x and y are as defined above and C is a compound which has one or more carboxylate groups (referred to as carboxylate for short) and is different from A, with the ammonium salt of the anion A or with the protic acid of the anion A in the presence of ammonia.

Abstract: Disclosed herein is a pharmacophore model for inhibiting anthrax lethal factor protease activity which comprises a first aromatic center A, a second aromatic center B, a first polar center C, a second polar center D, a third polar center E, and a neutral linker F. Also disclosed are small molecules fitting the pharmacophore model and compositions and methods of using thereof.

Abstract: A uretonimine-modified isocyanate composition has reduced color. The uretonimine-modified isocyanate composition comprises a polyisocyanate composition having two or more isocyanate groups and comprising 4,4?-diphenylmethane diisocyanate (MDI) and a catalyst for catalyzing a reaction of the isocyanate groups to form carbodiimides available for forming uretonimines and uretonimine oligomers. A first quenching agent partially quenches the reaction of the isocyanate groups to inhibit formation of the carbodiimides thereby inhibiting additional formation of uretonimines and uretonimine oligomers and a second quenching agent different than the first quenching agent quenches the reaction of the isocyanate groups to further inhibit formation of the carbodiimides thereby further inhibiting additional formation of uretonimines and uretonimine oligomers. A method of forming the uretonimine-modified isocyanate composition is also disclosed.

Abstract: Novel prodrugs of MPV-2426, methods for preparing said prodrug forms, pharmaceutical compositions containing such prodrug forms, and methods for using the prodrug forms. A compound of general formula (I), or pharmaceutically acceptable salts or hydrates thereof, wherein R represents unsubstituted or substituted lower alkyl, unsubstituted or substituted aryl, unsubstituted or substituted cycloalkyl, unsubstituted or substituted heteroaryl, unsubstituted or substituted lower alkylamino or a saturated five or six membered heterocyclic group containing one or two nitrogen atoms.

Abstract: The invention relates to the implementation of enzyme-catalysed reactions in the presence of ionic liquids.

Abstract: It is an object of the present invention to provide a material for electrolytic solutions suited for use as material in electrolytic solutions serving as ionic conductors in electrochemical devices, such as large-capacity cells or batteries. The present invention is related to a material for electrolytic solutions which comprises, as an essential constituent, an anion represented by the general formula (1): wherein X represents at least one element selected from among B, N, O, Al, Si, P, S, As and Se; M1 and M2 are the same or different and each represents an organic linking group; a is an integer of not less than 1, and b, c and d each independently is an integer of not less than 0.

Abstract: The use of 1,3-substituted imidazolium salts of the formula I in which R1 and R3 independently of one another are an organic radical having 1 to 20 C atoms, R2, R4, and R5 independently of one another are an H atom or an organic radical having 1 to 20 C atoms, it also being possible for R4 and R5 together to form an aliphatic or aromatic ring, X is the anion of a phosphorus oxyacid, and n is 1, 2 or 3, as latent catalysts for curing compositions comprising epoxy compounds.

Abstract: One aspect of the present invention relates to ionic liquids comprising a pendant Bronsted-acidic group, e.g., a sulfonic acid group. Another aspect of the present invention relates to the use of an ionic liquid comprising a pendant Bronsted-acidic group to catalyze a Bronsted-acid-catalyzed chemical reaction. A third aspect of the present invention relates to ionic liquids comprising a pendant nucleophilic group, e.g., an amine. Still another aspect of the present invention relates to the use of an ionic liquid comprising a pendant nucleophilic group to catalyze a nucleophile-assisted chemical reaction. A fifth aspect of the present invention relates to the use of an ionic liquid comprising a pendant nucleophilic group to remove a gaseous impurity, e.g., carbon dioxide, from a gas, e.g., sour natural gas.

Abstract: Compounds of Formula (I) wherein: R1 is hydroxymethyl; R2 is selected from —C(O)NR4R5, SO2NR4R5, S(O)pR4 and HET-2; HET-1 is a 5- or 6-membered, optionally substituted C-linked heteroaryl ring; HET-2 is a 4-, 5- or 6-membered, C- or N-linked optionally substituted heterocyclyl ring; R3 is selected from halo, fluoromethyl, difluoromethyl, trifluoromethyl, methyl, methoxy and cyano; R4 is selected from for example hydrogen, optionally substituted (1-4C)alkyl and HET-2; R5 is hydrogen or (1-4C)alkyl; or R4 and R5 together with the nitrogen atom to which they are attached may form a heterocyclyl ring system as defined by HET-3; HET-3 is for example an optionally substituted N-linked, 4, 5 or 6 membered, saturated or partially unsaturated heterocyclyl ring; p is (independently at each occurrence) 0, 1 or 2; m is 0 or 1; n is 0, 1 or 2; provided that when m is 0, then n is 1 or 2; or a salt, pro drug or solvate thereof, are described.

Abstract: The present invention is a nanopore stochastic sensing system comprising modified protein pores for detection and sequencing of oligonucleotides. The system comprises a genetically modified protein pore with a variety of non-covalent bonding recognition sites to significantly slow down the translocation of ssDNA in the pores. The present invention also describes identification and application of DNA fingerprints, which are a sequence of small current modulation events for the determination of the sequence of ssDNA molecules. In separate embodiments the present invention describes a system and a method for the detection of monovalent cations, liquid explosives, water-insoluble compounds, biomolecules and oligonucleotides. The system comprising a wild-type or genetically modified protein pore with or without a molecular adaptor. Analyte samples and mixtures are added along with specially synthesized ionic liquids.

Abstract: The invention is a system for initiating free radical polymerization comprising: a) in one part, one or more amido-borate compounds containing one or more anionic amido-borate moieties comprising an organoborate wherein the boron atom is bonded to a nitrogen atom of ammonia or an organic compound containing one or more nitrogen atoms, such as a hydrocarbyl amine, a hydrocarbyl polyamine, or an aromatic heterocycle containing one or more nitrogen atoms and optionally containing one or more heteroatoms or heteroatom containing functional moieties, and one or more cationic counter ions and b) in a second part, a liberating compound which reacts with the nitrogen atom(s) bound to the boron atom(s) upon contact with the amido-borate to form an organoborane radical.

Abstract: This invention relates to overcharge protection and molecular redox shuttles in rechargeable lithium-ion cells. For this, specific nitroxyls or oxoammonium salts are used in the electrolyte. This invention also relates to a method of producing such lithium-ion cells and to a method of recharging such lithium-ion cells. This invention also pertains to some nitroxyls compounds and oxoammonium salts.

Abstract: Thiazole amides, imidazole amides and related analogues of the Formula: are provided, in which variables are as described herein. Such compounds may be used to modulate ligand binding to histamine H3 receptors in vivo or in vitro, and are particularly useful in the treatment of a variety of central nervous system (CNS) and other disorders in humans, domesticated companion animals and livestock animals. Compounds provided herein may be administered alone or in combination with one or more other CNS agents to potentiate the effects of the other CNS agent(s). Pharmaceutical compositions and methods for treating such disorders are provided, as are methods for using such ligands for detecting histamine H3 receptors (e.g., receptor localization studies).

Abstract: The application relates to the use of a salt associating an ammonium cation with an alkyl H-phosphonate anion of the following formula (I) in which R is a hydrocarbon radical, the pointed bond can be present or not, the radical R3 being then present or absent, as an ionic liquid. The ammonium cation is preferably an imidazolium cation. This ionic liquid is particularly useful in the field of green chemistry as a substitute for organic solvents. The application also relates to a method for preparing such a salt by the direct dealkylation of the corresponding dialkylphosphite by the appropriate nitrated base, in one step and without any solvent. The application also relates to a method for preparing mixed methylated phosphites.

Abstract: This invention describes novel tricyclic-bis-enone derivatives (TBEs), such as TBE-31, TBE-34, TBE-45 and water-soluble TBEs. The methods of preparing these compounds are also disclosed. The inventors demonstrate the ability of these new TBEs to inhibit proliferation of human myeloma cells, inhibit the induction of iNOS in cells stimulated with interferon-?, induce heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1), induce CD11b expression—a leukemia differentiation marker, inhibit proliferation of leukemia cells, induce apoptosis in human lung cancer, and induce apoptosis in other cancerous cells. The TBEs of this invention are expected to be useful agents for the treatment and prevention of many diseases, including cancer, neurological disorders, inflammation, and pathologies involving oxidative stress.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a process to create a carbon-nitrogen bond by the reaction of an aromatic compound carrying at least one electro attractive group with one nitrogenous heterocyclic type nucleophile compound. The invention aims, in particular, at a link reaction between an aromatic compound carrying at least one electro attractive group and an imidazole heterocycle type.

Abstract: Disclosed are compounds having the ability to inhibit cytochrome P450 2A6, 2A13, and/or 2B6 and tobacco products comprising them. Also disclosed are pharmaceutical compositions comprising them.

Abstract: Process for the preparation of oxazole, imidazole, and pyraxole boryl compounds. The compounds are intermediates to functionalized compounds, both natural and synthetic which are cytotoxic, anticancer and antiviral agents.

Abstract: Provided is a process for preparation of dialkyl carbonates, comprising the step of performing oxidative carbonylation of an alcohol in liquid phase in the presence of CO and O2, to form dialkyl carbonate in a catalyst system comprising a metal halide as catalyst and at least one nitrogen-containing compound selected from the group consisting of imidazole derivatives (excluding unsubstituted imidazole), benzoimidazole derivatives, pyridazine derivatives, carbazole, acridine and non-cyclic amines as auxiliary catalyst. The process of the invention, by using above catalyst system, can increase the conversion ratio of alcohol and the selectivity of the oxidative carbonylation reaction, thus increasing the total yield of dialkyl carbonate. In addition, the process of the invention has the advantages of reducing the required amount of the catalyst and causing less corrosion to the reactor.

Abstract: The invention relates to a process for the preparation of onium salts having a low chloride content by reaction of an onium chloride with an acid, where the hydrochloric acid forming is removed by azeotropic distillation by coordination to an organic solvent which forms an azeotropic mixture with water.

Abstract: There is provided novel amino acid ester compounds comprising at least one nitric oxide releasing group and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof, and novel compositions comprising at least one amino acid ester compound comprising at least one nitric oxide releasing group, and, optionally, at least one nitric oxide donor and/or at least one therapeutic agent. Also provided are compositions for increasing nitric oxide physiological levels in a subject, methods for increasing nitric oxide physiological levels in a subject, methods for improving a subject's muscle strength, athletic performances and/or lean body mass gain and or performance in a subject.

Abstract: A process for preparing N-alkenyl compounds by reacting the corresponding NH compounds with alkynes in the liquid phase in the presence of a catalyst, wherein the reaction is carried out in the presence of at least one stabilizer, and the use of stabilizers for increasing the selectivity in a process for preparing N-alkenyl compounds by reacting the corresponding NH compounds with alkynes in the liquid phase in the presence of a catalyst.

Abstract: Ionic liquids of the general formula C+A? where C+ represents an organic cation, specifically, but not limited to the imidazolium, pyridinium, isoquinolinium, ammonium types, which have aliphatic and aromatic substituents, while A? represents a carboxylate, aromatic and aliphatic anion. The ionic liquids are synthesized under conventional heating or microwave irradiation This invention is also related to the application of ionic liquids to remove sulfur compounds of naphthas through a liquid-liquid extraction and the recovery and reuse of ionic liquids by the application of heat, reduced pressure and washing with solvents.

Abstract: The present invention herein provides a compound which promotes drug-permeation into nails. A penetrating promoter comprises, for instance, the following formulas. R1, R2 and R3 are alkyl groups having a carbon number of 1 to 15 and have OH groups at their ends.

Abstract: The invention relates to compositions of transfection comprising an oligonucleotide and an amphiphilic cationic molecule of formula (I) wherein, —X is N—R1, S or O, R1 being a C1-C4 alkyl radical or an hydroxylated C3-C6 alkyl radical, R2 and R3, identical or different, represent H or a C1-C4 alkyl radical, or R2 and R3 are linked together to form a saturated or unsaturated cycle or a heterocycle having 5 or 6 elements, E is a C1-C5 alkyl spacer, R4 and R5, identical or different, represent saturated or unsaturated, linear or branched, C10-C36 hydrocarbon or fluorocarbon chains, optionally comprising C3-C6 cycloalkyl, A- is a biocompatible anion. The invention relates to compositions active for oligonucleotides delivery into eukaryotic cells in culture, ex vivo or in vivo. The invention relates to compositions of transfection comprising an oligonucleotide active for RNA interference. Such compositions can be used as tools for biological studies or as drugs for therapies.

Abstract: A method for treatment of multiple sclerosis and other neurodegenerative diseases, disorders or conditions. An alkyl ester of imidazole carboxylic acid, preferably methyl 4-imidazolecarboxylate, is administered in a therapeutic amount. It is hypothesized that the alkyl ester of imidazole carboxylic acid serves to restore and/or maintain the intracellular/extracellular osmolyte gradient in the central nervous system (CNS). The methyl 4-imidazolecarboxylate may be administered transdermally, using PLO gel or other suitable transdermal carrier. The compound may also be administered orally, inhaler or by injection. The treatment is advantageously performed on a three day cycle, with a period of two days intervening between each day on which the compound is administered. Dosage ranges may be from about 0.01 mcg to about 3.0 mcg, with dosages in the range from about 0.1 mcg to about 0.2 mcg in generally preferred when using transdermal administration.

Abstract: The invention relates to a process for the preparation of ionic liquids of general formula (cation)(R?—O—SO3). The process includes the step of treating the compound of formula (cation)(R—O—SO3) with an alcohol, or mixture of different alcohols, of the formula R?—OH optionally in the presence of a catalyst to form the desired ionic liquid and the by-product R—OH, which is optionally removed during the reaction or after completion of the reaction. The compound of formula (cation)(R—O—SO3) can be prepared by alkylating a tertiary or aromatic amine with a dialkylsulfate.

Abstract: The present invention provides a curing catalyst (clathrate compound) for which the curing reaction is suppressed at low temperatures, allowing an improvement in the one-pot stability, but which can effectively cure a resin upon heat treatment. The clathrate compound comprises at least an isophthalic acid compound represented by a formula (1) [wherein R1 represents a C1 to C6 alkyl group or the like] and an imidazole compound represented by a formula (II) [wherein R2 represents a hydrogen atom or a C1 to C10 alkyl group or the like, and R3 to R5 each independently represents a hydrogen atom or a nitro group or the like].

Abstract: The invention refers to salts of at least one imidazole of the general formula (I), in which R1, R2, R3 and R4 are the same or different and denote hydrogen, an alkyl residue having 1 to 20, preferably 1 to 10, more preferably 1 to 4 carbon atoms, or a substituted or unsubstituted aryl or arylalykl residue having 6 to 10 carbon atoms, and at least one aliphatic or aromatic mono- or dicarboxylic acid. The molar ratio of carboxylic acid to imidazole, based on the functionality of the acid, is 1:1.1 to 1:6. The invention also relates to a method for manufacturing the imidazole salts, to their use, and to epoxy resin compositions containing said salts.

Abstract: This invention is related to compounds of general formula (I) wherein X is oxygen or sulphur or a NR7 group; R1 is C3-C8 alkyl, or C1-C8 alkyl substituted by phenoxy or phenyl, both phenoxy or phenyl being optionally substituted by one or more fluoro, chloro, trifluoromethyl, C1-C6 alkyl, hydroxyl, C1-C6 alkoxy; R2, R3 are independently hydrogen, C1-C6 alkyl, halogen, trifluoromethyl, hydroxy or C1-C6 alkoxy; R4 is hydrogen, C1-C8 alkyl; R5, R6 are independently hydrogen, C1-C3 alkyl, optionally substituted by hydroxy or phenyl; R7 is hydrogen or straight or branched C1-C3 alkyl; Het is a five to seven membered, saturated or unsaturated heteromonocyclic or an eight to ten membered, saturated or unsaturated heterobicyclic group, containing one or more heteroatoms chosen independently from nitrogen, oxygen and sulphur, said mono- or bicyclic groups being optionally substituted by C1-C6alkyl, halogen, hydroxyl or C1-C6 alkoxy; and the pharmaceutically acceptable salts or prodrug thereof, that are active as sodiu