Abstract: The invention concerns a calibration target (30) of an optical system, formed of a plate (32) comprising through holes (38).

Abstract: A moveable support frame for a radiotherapy device, wherein the moveable support frame comprises at least one mass compensation mechanism, wherein the mass compensation mechanism comprises at least one resilient element.

Abstract: According to one embodiment, an X-ray diagnostic apparatus includes a holding device and processing circuitry. The holding device movably holds an X-ray generator and an X-ray detector. The processing circuitry generates an X-ray image of the subject, based on an output of the X-ray detector. The processing circuitry sets an interference judgment region between the holding device and an interference object, based on a landmark in the X-ray image. The processing circuitry controls movement of the holding device, based on the set interference judgment region.

Abstract: In the field of radiotherapy, methods for dose or treatment planning for a radiotherapy system are disclosed, wherein a spatial dose delivered can be adjusted and delivered radiation is determined using an optimization problem that steers the delivered radiation according to a frame description reflecting criteria for regions of interest that include at least one of targets to be treated during treatment of the patient, organs at risk and/or healthy tissue. The method includes estimating a voxel set receiving a higher dose than a predetermined threshold dose level, which voxel set includes voxels from at least one target volume. Further, a low dose voxel set is determined and a frame description for the voxels in the low dose voxel set is provided where voxels receiving a dose exceeding a predetermined threshold value is penalized such that the dose delivered to the low dose voxel set is suppressed. The frame description is then used in the optimization problem that steers the delivered radiation.

Abstract: A radiation source that simultaneously produces two radiation frequencies of combined radiation, in order to break apart a mutated DNA base pair. The radiation source produces combined radiation, the combined radiation being for a thymine base and a cytosine base in a thymine and cytosine base pair. The radiation source produces combined radiation, the combined radiation being for a guanine base and a thymine base in a guanine and thymine base pair. The radiation source produces combined radiation, the combined radiation being for an adonine base and a guanine base in an adonine and guanine base pair. The radiation source produces combined radiation, the combined radiation being for an adonine base and a cytosine base in an adonine and cytosine base pair.

Abstract: A treatment system for evaluating boron sources for boron neutron cancer therapy (BNCT) has a substantially square secondary moderator having a central treatment chamber for a subject; and four substantially identical neutron generators positioned around the substantially square secondary moderator with the axis of each acceleration chamber passing through the center of the treatment chamber.

Abstract: A method for automation and integration inside a same setting of the characterization of a beam accelerator and the verification of a radiotherapy treatment based on the use of a detection medium and its control in a remote way. The reading of the detector subsystem placed on the flat mannequin is calibrated and dosimetric response of the detector subsystem is obtained in automated matter. 3D reconstruction of the radiotherapy treatment is applied on the detector subsystem based on measurements taken with the detector subsystem in the axial plane. Verification and automated visualization of a dose map reconstructed from the measurements taken with the detector subsystem with the dose map is obtained with a planning system.

Abstract: The present disclosure relates to a particle therapy apparatus for irradiating a target with a charged particle beam. In one implementation, the apparatus includes an isocentric gantry rotatable about an axis and configured to direct a particle beam towards an isocenter of gantry and according to a final beam direction, a magnetic resonance imaging system configured to generate a main magnetic field parallel to the final beam direction, and a passive magnetic shield surrounding the magnetic resonance imaging system, the passive magnetic shield and the magnetic resonance imaging system being synchronously rotatable with the gantry about the axis.

Abstract: Apparatus and methods for controlling a radiotherapy electron beam. Exemplary embodiments provide for focusing the electron beam at different depths by altering parameters of a plurality of magnets. Exemplary embodiments can also provide for focusing the electron beam at different depths while maintaining the energy level of the electron beam at a consistent level.

Abstract: The present invention teaches a method and system for computing an alternative electron density map of an examination volume. The processing system is configured to compute a first electron density map using a plurality of imaging data, compute a second electron density map, wherein the second electron density map is a simplified version of the first electron density map, and compute the alternative electron density map, using the first electron density map and the second electron density map.

Abstract: A Boron neutron cancer treatment system has a secondary moderator having a central treatment chamber for a subject, and eight substantially identical neutron generators, each comprising a pre-moderator block. The eight neutron generators are positioned around the secondary moderator with the axis of each acceleration chamber passing through the center of the treatment chamber, and with the angled sides of the neutron generators fully adjacent.

Abstract: A system and method are provided for generating and delivering a volumetric modulated arc therapy (“VMAT”) plan to a patient. In some aspects, the method includes receiving a representation of a patient comprising information related to target and non-target volumes of interest and generating an objective function based on the representation of the patient. The method also includes performing an iterative optimization process using the objective function to generate a VMAT plan and generating a report according to the VMAT plan.

Abstract: The invention relates to a device (40) for standard uptake value, SUV, determination during an emission tomography imaging procedure of a patient. The device receives SUV-related data required for SUV determination, and event data relating to one or more events that may affect the SUV determination. The SUV-related data includes a time of administration of the radiotracer dose to the patient. The event data includes at least one of: a time at which an emission tomography imaging procedure of the patient is performed, patient motion data, patient position data, and patient vital signs data. An anomalous event determination unit (42) determines, based on the event data, anomalous event information indicative of one or more anomalous events that affect the SUV determination. An SUV determination unit (43) determines the SUV based on said SUV-related data taking into account the anomalous event information.

Abstract: Provided in the present disclosure is a treatment planning method comprising, acquiring a preset dose distribution scheme; generating a plurality of radiation dose distribution schemes according to a preset algorithm and equipment parameters of a radiotherapy system, wherein the equipment parameters of a radiotherapy system comprises one or more of the radiation energy, parameters of radiation field, radiation angle, dose distribution at different radiation angles, and radiation time; comparing the plurality of radiation dose distribution schemes to the preset dose distribution scheme, to determine at least one radiation dose distribution scheme that is closest to the preset dose distribution scheme; and making a treatment plan according to the determined radiation dose distribution scheme.

Abstract: A Boron neutron cancer treatment system has a moderator chamber filled with liquid or granular moderator material except for a central treatment chamber, the moderator chamber having parallel upper and lower surfaces, and a plurality of modular neutron generators fully immersed in the liquid or granular moderator material of the moderator chamber.

Abstract: An optimization technique for use with radiation therapy planning that combines stochastic optimization techniques such as Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) with deterministic techniques to solve for optimal and reliable locations for delivery of radiation doses to a targeted tumor while minimizing the radiation dose experienced by the surrounding critical structures such as normal tissues and organs.

Abstract: A Boron neutron cancer treatment system has a central treatment chamber for a subject, with six substantially identical neutron generators each having an acceleration chamber, the generators positioned around a secondary moderator with the axis of each acceleration chamber passing through center of the treatment chamber, and with angled sides of the neutron generators fully adjacent.

Abstract: A method of treating a skin tissue relief feature (3) in mammalian, in particular human, skin tissue (1) is provided. The method comprises the steps of: determining a perimeter (4) of the relief feature and inducing contraction of skin tissue areas (5) present on opposite sides of the relief feature in positions adjacent to respective portions of the perimeter in a direction of contraction substantially parallel to a skin surface and substantially normal to the respective portions of the perimeter. A system is also provided comprising a radio-frequency source (9) and an applicator with a roller.

Abstract: A radiation suite includes a room having a floor, a ceiling, and one or more walls, a radiation system including a gantry enclosing a radiation source and a couch, and an image projection system operable to project an image on a projection surface on at least a portion of the gantry and/or the couch, providing a calming environment for a patient to relax. The image projection system comprises a computer and one or more projectors operably controlled by the computer. The computer comprises a mapping software operable to map an image file to the projection surface. The one or more projectors are operable to project the mapped image file on the projection surface.

Abstract: The present disclosure relates to a system, a method, a computer program and a computer readable medium for determining the thickness of a range shifter to attain target dose coverage in ion beam treatment, wherein the range shifter is for use in a machine for radiation treatment of a target volume, by: receiving, in a processor, input parameters comprising a radiation energy parameter, a range shifter material parameter, object geometry information, and beam characteristic parameters; and further calculating, for each of at least one delivery direction, a range shifter thickness, based on the input parameters, which will deliver the optimum dose conformity.

Abstract: A medical apparatus according to an embodiment includes an acquirer, an identifier, and a controller. The acquirer acquires a fluoroscopic image of an object from an imager which performs imaging by irradiating the object with an electromagnetic wave to generate the fluoroscopic image. The identifier identifies a target position of the object in the fluoroscopic image. The controller outputs an irradiation permission signal to a therapeutic device which irradiates the object with a therapeutic beam in a case where the target position identified by the identifier is settled within an irradiation permission range.

Abstract: Methods, apparatus and systems for detecting collision are provided. In one aspect, a method includes: obtaining a first model by performing modelling based on an exterior shape of a first component in the target system, the first component being a movable component, obtaining a second model by performing modelling based on an exterior shape of a second component in the target system, the second component being different from the first component, determining a spatial position of the first model and a spatial position of the second model according to a movement process of the first component at each of detection timings, and for each of the detection timings, determining whether the first component collides with the second component according to the spatial position of the first model, the spatial position of the second model, and a collision condition.

Abstract: A Boron neutron cancer treatment system has a secondary moderator having a central treatment chamber, and several generators, each comprising a pre-moderator block, an acceleration chamber, a vacuum pump engaging the acceleration chamber at a right angle, a plasma ion chamber opening into the acceleration chamber, a gas source providing deuterium gas to the plasma ion chamber, a microwave energy source ionizing the gas in the plasma ion chamber, a cylindrical primary isolation well extending into the pre-moderator block, a secondary isolation well surrounding the primary isolation well, and a water-cooled titanium target disk at a lower extremity of the isolation well. The neutron generators are positioned around the secondary moderator with the axis of each acceleration chamber passing through the center of the treatment chamber, and with the angled sides of the neutron generators fully adjacent.

Abstract: A tumor tracking control device (41) performs windowing process on a captured image A (61) and a captured image B (62), measures a position of a marker (29) using the captured image A (61) and the captured image B (62) after performing the windowing process, and generates a signal capable of controlling irradiation with radiation based on the position of the marker (29). Accordingly, it is possible to provide a tumor tracking apparatus and an irradiation system which are capable of tracking an object to be tracked without erroneous detection, even in a case where a structure similar to the object to be tracked is in the vicinity of the object to be tracked, in tumor tracking.

Abstract: In a method and apparatus for adjusting a table position in a medical data acquisition scanner, image data relating to a body region are generated by operation of the medical data acquisition scanner by running a scanning protocol. The scanning protocol is intended to be used independently of the body region that is mapped. An iso-mode, in which a relative position of the body region relative to the isocenter of the medical data acquisition scanner can be set via the table position in accordance with an optimization criterion, and on a ref-mode, in which the table position is set at a predetermined reference position, are provided.

Abstract: The invention relates to system and a method for adapting a radiotherapy treatment plan for treating a target structure within a target region of a patient body, where a planning unit (7) adapts the treatment plan on the basis of a set of influence parameters quantifying an influence of the radiation on the target region per unity intensity emission in accordance with an anatomical configuration of the target region. In a storage (8), a plurality of sets of influence parameters is stored, each set being associated with an image of the body region representing a particular anatomical configuration of the target region and the planning unit (7) is configured to select the set of influence parameters from the stored sets on the basis of a comparison between a captured image of the body region and at least one of the images associated with the sets of influence parameters.

Abstract: A medical apparatus according to an embodiment includes an acquirer, an identifier, an output controller, a display controller, and an input operation acquirer. The acquirer acquires a fluoroscopic image of a object from an imager which performs imaging by irradiating the object with an electromagnetic wave to generate the fluoroscopic image. The identifier identifies a target position of the object in the fluoroscopic image. The output controller outputs an irradiation permission signal to a therapeutic device which irradiates the object with a therapeutic beam when the target position identified by the identifier is settled within an irradiation permission range. The display controller causes a display to display an interface image for receiving an instruction to start each of a preparation stage of a therapy and an irradiation stage of the therapeutic beam. The input operation acquirer acquires details of an input operation performed by a user in the interface image.

Abstract: A neutron generator has a pre-moderator block of moderating material, an acceleration chamber, a vacuum pump evacuating the acceleration chamber to a moderately high vacuum, a plasma ion chamber opening into the acceleration chamber through an ion extraction iris, a gas source providing deuterium gas to the plasma ion chamber, a microwave energy source ionizing the gas in the plasma ion chamber, a primary and a secondary isolation well extending into the pre-moderator block, a water-cooled titanium target disk positioned at a lower extremity of the primary isolation well, the target disk biased to a substantial negative DC voltage, and electrically grounded metal cladding covering surfaces of the pre-moderator block. Ions extracted through the ion extraction iris are accelerated to bombard the titanium target producing energetic neutrons that pass through and are moderated by the pre-moderator block.

Abstract: A wearable hand robot of the present invention is a wearable hand robot which is mounted on a user's fingers and can bend the user's fingers by means of an external force transmitted through a wire, and comprises: at least one first wire which is disposed to extend toward the tip of a finger and then change the extension direction toward the base of the finger; a finger cap which is configured to be fit on the tip of the finger and includes a first wire tube which is disposed at the end of the finger so that the first wire passes therethrough and is U-shaped; a finger member comprising two second wire tubes, at least one finger strap and at least one bending unit; and a support member which is mounted on the hand adjacent to the user's wrist and through which the first wire extending from the finger member passes. The two second wire tubes are configured to extend in the extension direction of the finger segment and are disposed on the respective sides of the finger, and the first wire passes therethrough.

Abstract: The radiation detection device includes a plurality of radiation detectors arranged in a row and is inserted into the body of patient subjected to the X-ray therapy. An X-ray detection signal (photon) is output from each of the radiation detectors that detects the X-ray applied to the patient. The dose rate measurement device separately connected to each of the radiation detectors obtains the dos rate at the position of each radiation detector based on the signals. The irradiation direction determination device determines whether the row of radiation detectors matches the irradiation direction of the X-ray using the dos rate obtained by each of the dose rate measurement devices. When the row of radiation detectors matches the irradiation direction, the energy distribution analysis device obtains an energy distribution using the dose rate at the positions of the radiation detectors by applying, for example, an inverse problem analysis called an unfolding method.

Abstract: An example method of treating a subject having a tumor is described herein. The method can include determining a radiosensitivity index of the tumor, deriving a subject-specific variable based on the radiosensitivity index, and obtaining a genomic adjusted radiation dose effect value for the tumor. The radiosensitivity index can be assigned from expression levels of signature genes of a cell of the tumor. Additionally, the genomic adjusted radiation dose effect value can be predictive of tumor recurrence in the subject after treatment. The method can also include determining a radiation dose based on the subject-specific variable and the genomic adjusted radiation dose effect value.

Abstract: In one aspect, radioactive nanoparticles are described herein. In some embodiments, a radioactive nanoparticle described herein comprises a metal nanoparticle core, an outer metal shell disposed over the metal nanoparticle core, and a metallic radioisotope disposed within the metal nanoparticle core or within the outer metal shell. In some cases, the radioactive nanoparticle has a size of about 30-500 nm in three dimensions. In addition, in some embodiments, the radioactive nanoparticle further comprises an inner metal shell disposed between the metal nanoparticle core and the outer metal shell. The metal nanoparticle core, outer metal shell, and inner metal shell of the radioactive nanoparticle can have various metallic compositions.

Abstract: An apparatus for generating plasma, including a quadrupole antenna having a center region and an outer region and configured to be disposed over a dielectric window of a plasma chamber. The quadrupole antenna including a first coil defining a first SDA and a second coil defining a second SDA, the first coil being in a nested arrangement within the second coil. The nested arrangement places a turn of the first coil to be adjacent to a corresponding turn of the second coil as the first and second coils spiral from the center region to the outer region of the quadrupole antenna. Adjacent turns of each of the first and second coils are horizontally separated from one another by a distance when disposed over the dielectric window.

Abstract: A boron neutron capture therapy system has a neutron beam irradiation device, a patient restraint/placement portion, a three-dimensional diagnostic device, an irradiation table, a position adjustment mechanism, and a control unit. The boron neutron capture therapy system performs position determination with a sufficient degree of accuracy at the time of the boron neutron capture therapy. Further, the control unit, using the movement of the irradiation table, performs collision avoidance processing that changes the movement of the irradiation table before the patient restrained on the patient restraint/placement portion receives injury by colliding with the irradiation port, and thus, collision between the patient and the irradiation port can be avoided.

Abstract: This multifrequency device (10) is configured to be connected via at least two conductors (121, 122) to an electricity supply grid (11). This device comprises: at least one radiofrequency module (13) comprising at least one first and one second input/output port (131, 132), which ports are able to emit and/or receive radiofrequency signals at two different frequencies; and at least two matching circuits (14, 15) that are configured to block the propagation of radiofrequency signals propagating over the conductors, each matching circuit comprising a plurality of terminals. One terminal (141, 151) of each matching circuit is connected to the first conductor or to the second conductor. One terminal (142, 151) of each matching circuit is connected to the first input/output port or to the second input/output port of the radiofrequency module.

Abstract: Computer-implemented methods and systems can be used to facilitate generation of VMAT treatment plans for providing radiation therapy to patients. Starting from a seed plan, a library of alternative plans, each with an associated outcome for a set of treatment objectives, can be generated via a set of parallel optimization operations performed on the seed plan. A graphical user interface is provided, via which the user can navigate within a treatment space defined by the alternative plans to identify a satisfactory outcome. Based on the satisfactory outcome and a candidate plan selected from the alternative plans, a deliverable VMAT treatment plan can be generated using another optimization operation.

Abstract: Embodiments disclose methods and apparatus for managing the provision of radiotherapy treatment. The method includes storing a database of calibration settings for a plurality of components of a first radiotherapy system. The calibration settings may be used by the first radiotherapy system to translate treatment plans into instructions for the plurality of components to carry out. The method further includes deriving from the database allowable ranges of values for the calibration settings. The method also includes receiving from a second radiotherapy system calibration settings for the second radiotherapy system prior to implementation of a treatment plan, comparing the calibration settings for the second radiotherapy system with the derived allowable ranges of values, and generating an alert signal when a subset of the calibration settings for the second radiotherapy system falls outside the allowable range of values.

Abstract: Pharmaceutical compositions comprising two or more therapeutically active agents, such as two or more anticancer agents, conjugated to one or more biocompatible polymers, wherein the molar ratio of the agents and/or schedules of delivery provide a synergistic therapeutic effect, are described. Methods of making and using the pharmaceutical compositions are further described. In one embodiment, the pharmaceutical compositions contain topoisomerase I and topoisomerase II inhibitors conjugated to the same or different biocompatible polymers. The two or more anticancer agents are covalently coupled to the polymer(s), and thereby can be delivered to a tumor at a molar ratio which provides a synergistic effect. Optionally, the agents are coupled indirectly to the polymer(s) via a linker.

Abstract: An example device for trimming a particle beam includes: structures made of material that blocks passage of the particle beam, with the structures being configurable to define an edge that is movable into a path of the particle beam; and linear motors that are controllable to configure the structures to define the edge.

Abstract: A method of evaluating the robustness of a radiotherapy treatment plan for ion based radiotherapy, comprises the steps of: obtaining information related to the incident energy of ions that will stop in each voxel of the treatment volume; calculating a quantity value representative of the incident energy of these ions; and using the quantity values calculated for the first and second portion as a measure of the quality of the radiotherapy treatment plan, in particular its robustness. The information may include the mean incident energy for all ions, and/or an indication of the distribution of the energy values for all the ions.

Abstract: A process for treating highly localized carcinoma cells that provides precise positioning of a therapeutic source of highly ionizing but weakly penetrating radiation, which can be shaped so that it irradiates essentially only the volume of the tumor. The intensity and duration of the radiation produced by the source can be activated and deactivated by controlling the neutron flux generated by an array of electrically controlled neutron generators positioned outside the body being treated. The energy of the neutrons that interact with the source element can be adjusted to optimize the reaction rate of the ionized radiation production by utilizing neutron moderating material between the neutron generator array and the body. The source device may be left in place and reactivated as needed to ensure the tumor is eradicated without exposing the patient to any additional radiation between treatments. The source device may be removed once treatment is completed.

Abstract: Various embodiments are described herein for a system and a method for treatment planning for providing ablative therapy to a patient. The treatment planning may involve segmenting images of the patient to define areas to receive treatment, defining trial parameters, simulating treatment of ablative therapy to the patient according to the trial parameters; analyzing a thermal dose distribution resulting from the simulated treatment to determine treatment effectiveness; determining when the treatment effectiveness meets a treatment effectiveness criteria; and providing an indication of the trial parameters when the treatment effectiveness meets the treatment effectiveness criteria.

Abstract: A method for neutron-capture therapy has steps for emitting fast neutrons from a plurality of target structures by ion bombardment from ion sources DC biased to the target structures, the target structures positioned around a moderator structure composed primarily of moderator material, the moderator structure having a length, an outer periphery, an outer surface, an inside volume, and an inner surface, the inside volume defining a treatment zone, reflecting fast neutrons that are emitted from the target structures in a direction away from the moderator structure, into the moderator structure, by a reflector structure surrounding the moderator structure, the target structures, and the ion sources, moderating fast neutrons passing inward through the moderator structure toward the treatment zone to epithermal energy level, and creating a density of epithermal neutrons in the treatment zone, from neutrons entering the treatment zone across the inner surface of the moderator structure.

Abstract: The present disclosure relates to a new scan technique for particle radiation therapy that may be used for cancer treatment. One embodiment relates to a method of mitigating interplay effect in particle radiation therapy in a moving target including a period of movement, where the particle radiation therapy defines a planned dose in each spot of each layer of the moving target. The method comprising dividing the planned dose in each spot into a number of spot repaintings; and generating a scan pattern for each layer by defining a beam-on time at each spot for each spot repainting, and calculating a wait time between consecutive beam-on times to distribute the spot repaintings for each spot of a respective layer are distributed over a duration of an integer number of periods of movement.

Abstract: In a method and magnetic resonance (MR) apparatus for monitoring a radiation therapy of a patient, first MR image data are acquired with a quantitative magnetic resonance method before an irradiation of a target area of the patient, and second MR image data are acquired with the quantitative magnetic resonance method after the irradiation of the target area of the patient. The first MR image data and the second MR image data are compared, and output information is generated on the basis of a result of the comparison.

Abstract: The present disclosure provides a system and method for method for quantifying radioactivity production during a proton treatment of a patient. In some aspects, a method includes administering, using a proton delivery system, a proton treatment using at least one therapeutic proton beam generating positron emitting radionuclides within a region of interest (ROI) of a patient, and acquiring, using an emission tomography system, emission tomography data indicative of an activity of the positron emitting radionuclides in the ROI. The method also includes quantifying, based on a kinetic model, a radioactivity production rate of at least one positron emitting radionuclide using the emission tomography data. The method further includes generating at least one map indicative of the radioactivity production rate of the at least one positron emitting radionuclide.

Abstract: An exoskeleton includes a first link that pivots in a transverse plane about a first vertical axis and a second link that pivots in a transverse plane about a second vertical axis. The second link is coupled to the first link. An arm support assembly is coupled to the second link and pivots about a horizontal axis. The arm support assembly includes a spring that generates an assistive torque that counteracts gravity. The arm support assembly provides the assistive torque to an arm of a wearer to support the arm of the wearer. The arm support assembly further includes a cam profile and a cam follower. Contact between the spring, cam follower and cam profile determines an amount of the assistive force provided by the arm support assembly. A cuff is coupled to the arm support assembly and the arm of the wearer.

Abstract: In various embodiments, methods and devices are provided for generating a radiotherapy treatment plan for a subject to be implemented on a radiotherapy device. In certain embodiments the methods involve determining all feasible radiotherapy beam orientations free of collision for said radiotherapy device and said subject to provide a set of radiotherapy beam orientations; selecting from the set of all feasible radiotherapy beam orientations a subset of beams that meet treatment goals to be used in treatment of the subject to provide a selected beam set; calculating a navigation trajectory for the radiotherapy device to delivery said subset of beams to the subject where the trajectory is free of collision; and generating and writing instruction files to a tangible medium that can be executed by said radiotherapy device.

Abstract: An apparatus for assisting a selection of motion management technique for use with a treatment machine having an energy source, comprises: one or more input for obtaining motion trace of a target to be treated, and/or for obtaining motion data of a fiducial; and a motion management processor configured to determine motion management data based at least in part on at least a portion of the motion trace of the target and/or at least a portion of the motion data of the fiducial, wherein the motion management data indicates desirability and/or undesirability of one or more motion management option(s); wherein the motion management processor is also configured to output the motion management data for assisting the selection of the motion management technique for use with the treatment machine.

Abstract: Systems and methods can include training a deep convolutional neural network model to provide a beam model for a radiation machine, such as to deliver a radiation treatment dose to a subject. A method can include determining a range of parameter values for at least one parameter of a beam model corresponding to the radiation machine, generating a plurality of sets of beam model parameter values, wherein one or more individual sets of beam model parameter values can include a parameter value selected from the determined range of parameter values, providing a plurality of corresponding dose profiles respectively corresponding to respective individual sets beam model parameter values in the plurality of sets of beam model parameter values, and training the neural network model using the plurality of beam models and the corresponding dose profiles.