Abstract: A system and method are presented for use in monitoring one or more conditions of a subject's body. The system includes a control unit which includes an input port for receiving image data, a memory utility, and a processor utility. The image data is indicative of data measured by a pixel detector array and is in the form of a sequence of speckle patterns generated by a portion of the subject's body in response to illumination thereof by coherent light according to a certain sampling time pattern. The memory utility stores one or more predetermined models, the model comprising data indicative of a relation between one or more measurable parameters and one or more conditions of the subject's body. The processor utility is configured and operable for processing the image data to determine one or more corresponding body conditions; and generating output data indicative of the corresponding body conditions.

Abstract: Methods and systems for providing data communication in medical systems are disclosed.

Abstract: A non-invasive method of determining the concentration of an analyte uses Raman or fluorescence spectral information. A high-intensity band of light is applied to one side of skin tissue. The high-intensity light enters the skin tissue and generates a Raman or fluorescence signal. A Raman-generating material or fluorescence-generating material is placed in a location nearest the other side of skin tissue. The Raman-generating or fluorescence-generating material is located generally opposite of the entry of the applied high-intensity light. The Raman or fluorescence signal is collected and the analyte concentration is determined using the collected Raman signal.

Abstract: There is provided a glucose monitoring method and apparatus based on the principle of Wavelength-Modulated Differential Laser Photothermal Radiometry (WM-DPTR). Two intensity modulated laser beams operating in tandem at specific mid-infrared (IR) wavelengths and current-modulated synchronously by two electrical waveforms 180 degrees out-of-phase, are used to interrogate the tissue surface. The laser wavelengths are selected to absorb in the mid infrared range (8.5-10.5 ?m) where the glucose spectrum exhibits a discrete absorption band. The differential thermal-wave signal generated by the tissue sample through modulated absorption between two specific wavelengths within the band (for example, the peak at 9.6 and the nearest baseline at 10.5 ?m) lead to minute changes in sample temperature and to non-equilibrium blackbody radiation emission. This modulated emission is measured with a broadband infrared detector. The detector is coupled to a lock-in amplifier for signal demodulation.

Abstract: A system for determining the concentration of an analyte in at least one body fluid in body tissue comprises an infrared light source, a body tissue interface, a detector, and a central processing unit. The body tissue interface is adapted to contact body tissue and to deliver light from the infrared light source to the contacted body tissue. The detector is adapted to receive spectral information corresponding to infrared light transmitted through the portion of body tissue being analyzed and to convert the received spectral information into an electrical signal indicative of the received spectral information. The central processing unit is adapted to compare the electrical signal to an algorithm built upon correlation with the analyte in body fluid, the algorithm adapted to convert the received spectral information into the concentration of the analyte in at least one body fluid.

Abstract: An object of the present invention is to provide a noninvasive constituent concentration measuring apparatus and constituent concentration measuring apparatus controlling method, in which accurate measurement can be performed by superimposing two photoacoustic signals having the same frequency and reverse phases to nullify the effect from the other constituent occupying large part of the object to be measured. The constituent concentration measuring apparatus according to the invention includes light generating means for generating two light beams having different wavelengths, modulation means for electrically intensity-modulating each of the two light beams having different wavelengths using signals having the same frequency and reverse phases, light outgoing means for outputting the two intensity-modulated light beams having different wavelengths toward a test subject, and acoustic wave detection means for detecting an acoustic wave generated in the test subject by the outputted light.

Abstract: An object of the present invention is to provide a noninvasive constituent concentration measuring apparatus and constituent concentration measuring apparatus controlling method, in which accurate measurement can be performed by superimposing two photoacoustic signals having the same frequency and reverse phases to nullify the effect from the other constituent occupying large part of the object to be measured. The constituent concentration measuring apparatus according to the invention includes light generating means for generating two light beams having different wavelengths, modulation means for electrically intensity-modulating each of the two light beams having different wavelengths using signals having the same frequency and reverse phases, light outgoing means for outputting the two intensity-modulated light beams having different wavelengths toward a test subject, and acoustic wave detection means for detecting an acoustic wave generated in the test subject by the outputted light.

Abstract: A non-invasive body information measurement apparatus, in which a blood glucose level is corrected using a blood glucose level measured with an invasive blood glucose measurement apparatus, wherein in a calibration period, measurement of body information is performed at a plurality of luminous energy levels, a plurality of estimated blood glucose levels are calculated from a plurality of characteristic quantities calculated at the various luminous energy levels and from blood glucose levels measured with an invasive blood glucose measurement apparatus, and at the end of the calibration period, the blood glucose levels measured with the invasive blood glucose measurement apparatus are compared with a plurality of estimated blood glucose levels, and in a normal measurement period a light source is controlled so that measurement is performed at a luminous energy level corresponding to the estimated blood glucose level that satisfies the targeted accuracy.

Abstract: A noninvasive physiological sensor for measuring one or more physiological parameters of a medical patient can include a bump interposed between a light source and a photodetector. The bump can be placed in contact with body tissue of a patient and thereby reduce a thickness of the body tissue. As a result, an optical pathlength between the light source and the photodetector can be reduced. In addition, the sensor can include a heat sink that can direct heat away from the light source. Moreover, the sensor can include shielding in the optical path between the light source and the photodetector. The shielding can reduce noise received by the photodetector.

Abstract: Optical sensor devices, image processing devices, methods and computer readable code computer-readable storage media for detecting biophysical parameters, chemical concentrations, chemical saturations and blood count. In some embodiments, the image processing device receives a live still or video electronic image. Exemplary physiological parameters include but are not limited to a pulse rate, blood pressure, glucose, stroke volume of internal or external tissue (e.g. skin). A biophysical or physiological property is not limited to a cardiovascular or liver or the kidneys or to a cardiovascular disorder or to a pulmonary disorder. Exemplary chemical concentrations or saturation includes but not limited to a pH level, a glucose level, a urea nitrogen level, a CO2 concentration or saturation, or a oxygen concentration or saturation. In some embodiments the parameters are detected from a food or a beverage such as an alcohol, a dairy product, wine, a baked good, a fruit or a vegetable.

Abstract: A method to measure glucose within the blood of a tissue test area includes illuminating the tissue test area using a single mode light source at a point of incidence, with at least some of the light penetrating tissue at the point of incidence; calibrating the light source by adjusting a distance between the point of incidence and an axicon lens; collecting returning radiation from the tissue test area at a point offset from the point of incidence; removing tissue fluorescence using edge filters; removing additional tissue fluorescence by shifting the excitation wavelength of the single mode light source; heating the test area; and analyzing a returned Raman signal to determine the glucose within the blood.

Abstract: Provided herein are systems, methods, and apparatuses for an analyte sensor. In one aspect, an analyte sensing device comprises a sensor body member including at least one nanopore and an optical conduit in optical communication with the sensor body member. The optical conduit transmits optical energy to the sensor body member and receives reflected optical energy back from the sensor body member. A photodetector is optically coupled to the optical conduit to determine an optical parameter from the reflected optical energy.

Abstract: An implantable product such as an article, device, or system can include analyte and non-analyte containers in parts that can be operated as optical cavities. The product can also include fluidic components such as filter assemblies that control transfer of objects that affect or shift spectrum features or characteristics such as by shifting transmission mode peaks or reflection mode valleys, shifting phase, reducing maxima or contrast, or increasing intermediate intensity width such as full width half maximum (FWHM). Analyte, e.g. glucose molecules, can be predominantly included in a set of objects that transfer more rapidly into the analyte container than other objects, and can have a negligible or zero rate of transfer into the non-analyte container; objects that transfer more rapidly into the non-analyte container can include objects smaller than the analyte or molecules of a set of selected types, including, e.g., sodium chloride.

Abstract: Systems and methods for determining a physiological parameter in a patient are provided. In certain embodiments, a system can include an analyte detection system configured to measure first analyte data in a fluid sample received from a patient, a medical sensor configured to measure second analyte data in the patient, and a processor configured to receive the first analyte data and the second analyte data and to determine a physiological parameter based at least in part on the first analyte data and the second analyte data. In certain such embodiments, the medical sensor may be a pulse oximeter, and the physiological parameter may include a cardiovascular parameter including, for example, cardiac output.

Abstract: An optical sensor for a medical device includes a fixed lens spacing between emit and receive modules to achieve target sensor sensitivity, while varying other sensor parameters in order to increase signal amplitude without increasing power demand. The arrangement of an opto-electronic component within an optical sensor receive module is improved by masking the receive module lens with an opaque member to create a masked lens leading edge that is aligned with a leading edge of the opto-electronic component.

Abstract: A glucose sensor for intravascular measurement of glucose concentration wherein the sensor is arranged to measure glucose concentration by monitoring the lifetime of the fluorophore, the sensor comprising:—an indicator system comprising a receptor for selectively binding to glucose and a fluorophore associated with said receptor, wherein the fluorophore has a life-time of less than 100 ns;—a light source;—an optical fibre arranged to direct light from the light source onto the indicator system; —a detector arranged to receive fluorescent light emitted from the indicator system; and—a signal processor arranged to determine information related to a fluorescence lifetime of the fluorophore based on at least the output signal of the detector.

Abstract: A system includes one or more devices connected to or within one of a group of emergency services networks. The one or more devices may generate a text message that includes information identifying a user device, information identifying a geographic location of the user device, and information identifying a particular emergency services network of the group of emergency services networks; establish, based on the text message, a text-based communication session between the user device and a call taker device within the particular emergency services network; store session information regarding the text-based communication session; receive a subsequent text message; and transmit the subsequent text message to the call taker device based on the session information.

Abstract: Embodiments of the present system and methods measure a concentration of a substance, such as glucose, in a body. The present embodiments measure a first amount of infrared (IR) radiation absorbed or emitted from the body in a first wavelength band, and a second amount of IR radiation absorbed or emitted from the body in a second wavelength band. The present embodiments also measure a temperature at a surface of the body and an ambient temperature. A normalized ratio parameter is calculated from the four measurements, and the concentration of the substance in the body is calculated by correlating the normalized ratio parameter with the body surface temperature and the ambient temperature using an empirically derived lookup table. Also disclosed are methods for creating the empirically derived lookup table.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a method and system for estimating blood analyte levels using a noninvasive optical coherence tomography (OCT) based physiological monitor. An algorithm correlates OCT-based estimated blood analyte data with actual blood analyte data determined by other methods, such as invasively. OCT-based data is fit to the obtained blood analyte measurements to achieve the best correlation. Once the algorithm has generated sets of estimated blood analyte levels, it may refine the number of sets by applying one or more mathematical filters. The OCT-based physiological monitor can be calibrated using an Intensity Difference plot or the Pearson Product Moment Correlation method.

Abstract: A continuous glucose monitoring system may include a hand-held monitor, a transmitter, an insulin pump, and an orthogonally redundant glucose sensor, which may comprise an optical glucose sensor and a non-optical glucose sensor. The former may be a fiber optical sensor, including a competitive glucose binding affinity assay with a glucose analog and a fluorophore-labeled glucose receptor, which is interrogated by an optical interrogating system, e.g., a stacked planar integrated optical system. The non-optical sensor may be an electrochemical sensor having a plurality of electrodes distributed along the length thereof. Proximal portions of the optical and electrochemical sensors may be housed inside the transmitter and operationally coupled with instrumentation for, e.g., receiving signals from the sensors, converting to respective glucose values, and communicating the glucose values.

Abstract: An optical glucose sensor may include an optical fiber and a glucose-permeable membrane having a hollow interior and being coupled to the optical fiber's distal end. The membrane's hollow interior provides a compartment to house a competitive glucose binding affinity assay. The assay may include a glucose analog that may be labeled with a dye, and a glucose receptor that may be labeled with a fluorophore. The optical fiber may include a compound parabolic concentrator tip, and the compartment may additionally house a reflector disposed so as to face the optical fiber's tip. A fluorophore-labeled assay may be interrogated by an optical interrogating system including a light source and a filter substrate having one or more coatings to effect, e.g., an excitation filter and/or an emission filter. The interrogating system may be manufactured as a stacked planar integrated optical system and diced into smaller units.

Abstract: A glucose sensor for measurement of glucose in subcutaneous tissue, the sensor comprising: a probe for subcutaneous insertion, the probe containing an indicator system comprising a receptor for selectively binding to glucose and a fluorophore associated with said receptor, wherein the fluorophore has a fluorescence lifetime of less than 100 ns; a detector head which is optically connected to the probe and which is for location outside the body; a light source; and a detector arranged to receive fluorescent light emitted from the indicator system, wherein the light source and detector are optionally located within the detector head; wherein the sensor is arranged to measure glucose concentration in subcutaneous tissue by monitoring the fluorescence lifetime of the fluorophore.

Abstract: Method for the continuous measurement of the glucose concentration in blood undergoing pulsational flow, with the steps:—determination of a value for the glucose concentration for a first measurement cycle, and—repetition of the determination of this value in subsequent measurement cycles, where there is multiple detection, within each measurement cycle, of the transmittance and/or scattering power of the blood for at least two incident NIR wavelengths, calculation of an indicator value depending on the blood glucose concentration, and ascertaining the blood glucose concentration by comparing the indicator value with a previously determined calibration table, determination of the blood temperature during the detection of the transmittance and/or scattering power,—continuous measurement of the pulse duration of the pulsational blood flow, where the duration of the measurement cycle is arranged to keep in step as integral multiple of the pulse duration, where the first of the at least two NIR wavelengths is sel

Abstract: Described and illustrated herein are exemplary methods of operating an analyte measurement system having a meter and a test strip. Such methods may be exemplarily achieved by determining a first glucose concentration by measuring a first reflectance at about a first wavelength at a testing surface of the pad; measuring a second reflectance at about a second wavelength; formulating at least one equation to correct the first glucose concentration for temperature or hematocrit effects using the second reflectance at about the second wavelength; determining a second glucose concentration using the first glucose concentration, the second reflectance at about a second wavelength; and displaying the second glucose concentration that is corrected for temperature and hematocrit effects.

Abstract: The invention relates to an arrangement for providing a constant contact pressure for a probe to a finger of a patient, including a housing having a top position and a side portion to support said top portion, said top portion having a thickness defined by a top surface and a base of said top portion, said top portion having a bore extending through, the top portion, said bore dimensioned to slidably receive a probe, said probe having a probe tip, a channel extending substantially perpendicular and on a same plane to said bore, said channel sized to receive a finger of a patient, wherein the probe further includes a collar positioned along the probe such that at rest, the collar is in contact with the top surface of the top portion of the housing, and the probe tip extends a distance from the base of the top portion, and into the channel.

Abstract: A living body information measuring apparatus includes an optical system for irradiating light to a subject and detecting light from the subject, a signal processing portion for acquiring information with regard to a tissue condition of the subject based on a detecting signal of light, and a position determining portion for determining an acceptability of an irradiating position of light based on the detecting signal of light.

Abstract: A composition for sensing an analyte can include a photoluminescent nanostructure complexed to a sensing polymer, where the sensing polymer includes an organic polymer non-covalently bound to the photoluminescent nanostructure and an analyte-binding protein covalently bound to the organic polymer, and where the analyte-binding protein is capable of selectively binding the analyte, and the analyte-binding protein undergoes a substantial conformational change when binding the analyte. Separately, a composition for sensing an analyte, can include a complex, where the complex includes a photoluminescent nanostructure in an aqueous surfactant dispersion and a boronic acid capable of selectively reacting with an analyte. The compositions can be used in devices and methods for sensing an analyte.

Abstract: Methods and systems for providing data communication in medical systems are disclosed.

Abstract: There are many inventions described and illustrated herein. In one aspect, the present invention is a system, a device and a method for sensing the concentration of an analyte in a fluid (for example, a fluid sample) or matrix. The analyte may be glucose or other chemical of interest. The fluid or matrix may be, for example, the fluid or matrix in the body of an animal (for example, human), or any other suitable fluid or matrix in which it is desired to know the concentration of an analyte. In one embodiment, the invention is a system and/or device that includes one or more layers having a plurality of analyte-equivalents and mobile or fixed receptor molecules with specific binding sites for the analyte-equivalents and analytes under analysis (for example, glucose). The receptor molecules, when exposed to or in the presence of analyte (that resides, for example, in a fluid in an animal), bind with the analyte (or vice versa).

Abstract: The invention provides an enhanced method and system for non-invasive analysis of a target. The enhancement includes increased analytic power derived from creating a complete representation of a target using less than complete information. The invention provides a non-invasive analysis system and method that includes generating and exploiting a system model that includes a target model that accurately represents the interaction of radiant energy with a target. In a preferred embodiment according to the invention, a digital signal processor compares signals acquired from an actual non-invasive system with theoretical signals generated using the system model, identifies the target model that matches most closely, and outputs target characteristics, including target attribute of interest.

Abstract: The present invention relates to the use of Raman spectroscopy for quantitative, non-invasive transcutaneous measurement of blood analytes, such as glucose. Raman spectroscopy is used to measure glucose transcutaneously, in patients whose blood glucose levels were monitored. Raman spectra were collected transcutaneously along with glucose reference values provided by standard capillary blood analysis. A partial least squares calibration was created from the data from each subject and validated using leave-one-out cross validation.

Abstract: Systems and methods are disclosed for non-invasively measuring blood glucose levels in a biological sample based on spectral data. This includes at least one light source configured to strike a target area of a sample, at least one light detector positioned to receive light from the at least one light source and to generate an output signal, having a time dependent current, which is indicative of the power of light detected, and a processor configured to receive the output signal from the at least one light detector and based on the received output signal, calculate the attenuance attributable to blood in a sample present in the target area and eliminate effect of uncertainty caused by temperature dependent detector response of the at least one light detector, and based on the calculated attenuance, determine a blood glucose level associated with a sample present in the target area.

Abstract: Systems and methods are disclosed for non-invasively measuring blood glucose levels in a biological sample based on spectral data. This includes utilizing at least one light source configured to strike a target area of a sample, utilizing at least one light filter positioned to receive light transmitted through the target area of the sample from the at least one light source, utilizing at least one light detector positioned to receive light from the at least one light source and filtered by the at least one light filter, and to generate an output signal, having a time dependent current, which is indicative of the power of light detected, receiving the output signal from the at least one light detector with a processor, calculating the attenuance attributable to blood with a ratio factor based on the received output signal, and determining a blood glucose level based on the calculated attenuance.

Abstract: Apparatus is provided for detecting an analyte, configured to be implanted in a body of a subject. The apparatus includes an optical fiber having a distal portion and also a membrane permeable to the analyte. The membrane is coupled to the distal portion of the fiber and surrounding a sampling region at least in part, by being fitted over the distal portion of the fiber. Other embodiments are also described.

Abstract: Systems and methods are disclosed for non-invasively measuring blood glucose levels in a biological sample based on spectral data. This includes at least one light source configured to strike a target area of a sample, at least one light detector, which includes a preamplifier having a feedback resistor, positioned to receive light from the at least one light source and to generate an output signal, having a time dependent current, which is indicative of the power of light detected, and a processor configured to receive the output signal from the at least one light detector and based on the received output signal, calculate the attenuance attributable to blood in a sample present in the target area and eliminate effect of uncertainty caused by temperature dependent detector response of the at least one light detector, and based on the calculated attenuance, determine a blood glucose level associated with a sample.

Abstract: Systems and methods are disclosed for non-invasively measuring blood glucose levels in a biological sample based on spectral data. This includes utilizing at least one light source configured to strike a target area of a sample, utilizing at least one light filter positioned to receive light transmitted through the target area from the at least one light source, utilizing at least one light detector positioned to receive light from the at least one light source and filtered by the at least one light filter, and to generate an output signal, having a time dependent current, which is indicative of the power of light detected, receiving the output signal from the at least one light detector with a processor and based on the received output signal, calculating the attenuance attributable to blood in a sample with a signal-to-noise ratio of at least 20-to-1; and determining a blood glucose level.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for noninvasive measurement of a human body component, such as glucose, in vivo, include near infrared spectroscopy based laser sources driven at a carrier frequency lying within the characteristic absorption of the component. The apparatus also drives the laser diodes with a modulation frequency to generate a frequency difference between the measuring light and reference beam, and the interference of the two beams results in a beat frequency signal, which frequency is proportional to the optical path difference between the measuring light and the reference beam. The scattering lights from human tissue with different optical lengths are simultaneously detected and selected based on the beat frequency. The method is a convenient embodiment of the floating reference principle, which takes advantage of optical length selection.

Abstract: A first temperature sensor is formed in a first measurement area so that a measurement surface thereof is exposed to an inner surface of a liquid tank (a storage body). The first temperature sensor can detect a temperature of liquid injected into the liquid tank. Further, a first input part is formed in the first measurement area so that an output surface thereof is exposed to the inner surface of the liquid tank.

Abstract: This invention provides a monitor device capable of detecting possible abnormalities in body fluid withdrawal by a body fluid sampler and variations in the dilution when a withdrawn body fluid is diluted, and a living organism-measuring device with this monitor device. The former device includes a first optical sensor disposed on a diluent channel through which a diluent is introduced into a body fluid sampler for withdrawing a body fluid; a second optical sensor disposed on a diluted body fluid channel through which the diluted body fluid is transferred to a living organism-measuring sensor, and close to the first optical sensor; and a controlling unit for judging whether variations in a dilution to which the body fluid is diluted are within predetermined limits, from data outputted by the first optical sensor and data outputted by the second optical sensor. The latter device has the monitor device incorporated thereto.

Abstract: Systems and methods are disclosed for non-invasively measuring blood glucose levels in a biological sample based on spectral data. A variety of techniques are disclosed for improving signal-to-noise ratio in the acquisition of spectral data and calculating attenuance of light attributable to blood in a sample. Disclosed techniques include (1) using a standard deviation operation in conjunction with the logarithm function, (2) using a normalization factor, (3) using a ratio factor, (4) accounting for the effect of temperature on various system components such as resistors, and (5) accounting for dark current in a light detector by performing a calibration.

Abstract: An article of manufacture and method for controlling the application of a coupling agent, such as a silicone oil or mineral oil, on a surface of a tissue prior to contacting the tissue with an apparatus for non-invasive optical measurement of the concentration of an analyte. The article ensures that a specific quantity of the coupling agent is deposited in a uniform layer over the entire target area of the tissue, thereby enhancing both the optical signal and the repeatability of thermal and optical coupling with the components of the apparatus.

Abstract: Methods and apparatuses for monitoring the level of glucose or other constituents in live subjects are disclosed. Stem cells are obtained from the subject and processed into cells that change their optical characteristics in response to a level of the constituent. The responsive cells are formed into clusters and implanted into in the subject's body at locations that permit optical monitoring from outside the subject's body. The implanted cell clusters are illuminated and the reflected illumination from each of the cell clusters is detected. Changes in the optical characteristics of the cell clusters that correspond to the responses of the cell clusters are identified, and the identified changes are mapped to a constituent level based on calibration data for each cell cluster. An indication of the constituent level in the subject is then output.

Abstract: An object of the present invention is to provide a noninvasive constituent concentration measuring apparatus and constituent concentration measuring apparatus controlling method, in which accurate measurement can be performed by superimposing two photoacoustic signals having the same frequency and reverse phases to nullify the effect from the other constituent occupying large part of the object to be measured. The constituent concentration measuring apparatus according to the invention includes light generating means for generating two light beams having different wavelengths, modulation means for electrically intensity-modulating each of the two light beams having different wavelengths using signals having the same frequency and reverse phases, light outgoing means for outputting the two intensity-modulated light beams having different wavelengths toward a test subject, and acoustic wave detection means for detecting an acoustic wave generated in the test subject by the outputted light.

Abstract: The invention relates to a peritoneal dialysis sampling system to be used together with a peritoneal dialysis system which is programmed to deliver fluid to a peritoneal cavity of a patient and to drain the fluid from the cavity, said peritoneal dialysis system comprising a supplying line and supplying means for supplying dialysis fluid to the peritoneal cavity, a draining line and draining means for draining the fluid from the cavity, said peritoneal dialysis sampling system comprising an automatic sampling system which is able to automatically sample volumic fractions of the dialysate contained in the peritoneum of the patient at specific time intervals in order to evaluate the peritoneal membrane characteristics and/or improve the peritoneal dialysis for a given patient.

Abstract: A system for continuous in vivo biosensing of specific analyte molecule concentrations based on the dynamic optical properties of electronic polymers is disclosed. The biosensor system includes at least one implant member subcutaneously exposed to the interstitial fluid of the subject, and a reader member at least temporarily positioned over the implant member to probe it with light of specific wavelengths through the skin. The system has many potential applications, including the real-time monitoring of blood glucose levels in diabetics as a method to supplement or replace conventional capillary blood testing.

Abstract: A simple noninvasive technique that is capable of very accurate and fast blood analyte, e.g., glucose, level monitoring is provided. Fluctuation in the levels of glucose and other analytes affect the refractive index of blood and extra cellular fluid in biological tissue. Given that the propagation speed of light through a medium depends on its refractive index, continuous monitoring of analyte levels in tissue is achieved by measuring characteristics of the tissue that can be correlated to the refractive index of the tissue. For instance, the frequency or number of optical pulse circulations that are transmitted through an individual's tissue of known thickness within a certain time period can be correlated to an individual's blood glucose level.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for non-invasive measurement of living body information comprises a light source configured to generate light containing a specific wavelength component, an irradiation unit configured to irradiate a subject with the light, and at least one acoustic signal detection unit including piezoelectric devices formed of a piezoelectric single crystal containing lead titanate and configured to detect an acoustic signal which is generated due to the energy of the irradiation light absorbed by a specific substance present in or on a subject.

Abstract: An implantable product such as an article, device, or system can include analyte and non-analyte containers in parts that can be operated as optical cavities. The product can also include fluidic components such as filter assemblies that control transfer of objects that affect or shift spectrum features or characteristics such as by shifting transmission mode peaks or reflection mode valleys, shifting phase, reducing maxima or contrast, or increasing intermediate intensity width such as full width half maximum (FWHM). Analyte, e.g. glucose molecules, can be predominantly included in a set of objects that transfer more rapidly into the analyte container than other objects, and can have a negligible or zero rate of transfer into the non-analyte container; objects that transfer more rapidly into the non-analyte container can include objects smaller than the analyte or molecules of a set of selected types, including, e.g., sodium chloride.

Abstract: An optical sensor for a medical device includes a fixed lens spacing between emit and receive modules to achieve target sensor sensitivity, while varying other sensor parameters in order to increase signal amplitude without increasing power demand. The size of at least one of emit and receive module lenses of an optical sensor, and the offset between the opto-electronic component and the respective lens of at least one of emit and receive modules is decreased to increase amplitude of the signal received by the receive module from the emit module.

Abstract: A method for noninvasive measurement of glucose in a tissue of a subject, including the steps of bringing an adaptation device, which has a shape similar to a measurement probe, into contact with a skin part of a subject for stretching the skin part of the subject under a pressure that is higher than a pressure per unit area applied by the measurement probe during the noninvasive measurement, maintaining the contact for a predetermined period of time followed by relieving the contact, bringing the measurement probe into contact with the stretched skin part of the subject for the noninvasive measurement, collecting signals emitted from the subject, and estimating a glucose concentration based on the collected signals.