Abstract: An apparatus and method for measuring at least two patient parameters is provided. A first cuff includes a first inflatable bladder, a first light emitting device and a first sensor that senses light data for use in calculating at least two patient parameters. A second cuff includes a second inflatable bladder, a second light emitting device and a second sensor that senses light data for use in calculating the at least two patient parameters. A controller is coupled the first and second sensors and when the controller causes the bladder of one of the first and second cuffs to inflate, the sensor of the one of the first and second cuffs sensing first light data used in determining a first of the at least two patient parameters and the sensor of the other of the one of first and second cuffs simultaneously senses second light data used in determining of a second of the at least two patient parameters.

Abstract: Embodiments of the present invention relate to a patient monitoring help screen system and method. Specifically, embodiments of the present invention include a patient monitoring device with an integral help screen system including display of video. The help screen system may provide context-sensitive help, such that the help screen accessed by a help key may relate to a specific display context.

Abstract: A method and medical device for detecting signals that detects emitted light scattered by a volume of tissue delivered along a first pathway at a plurality of wavelengths to generate corresponding first detected light intensity output signals, detects emitted light scattered by the volume of tissue delivered along a second pathway different from the first pathway at a plurality of wavelengths to generate corresponding second detected light intensity output signals, determines whether a difference between the emitted light detected along the first pathway and the emitted light detected along the second pathway is greater than a predetermined threshold, and alters sensing by the device in response to the determining whether a difference is greater than the predetermined threshold.

Abstract: Methods and apparatus for accurately and painlessly measuring the impedance between defibrillation electrodes implanted in a patient utilize a high current test pulse delivered with a sufficiently high current to produce an accurate measurement of the defibrillation electrode impedance while limiting the duration of the test pulse such that the pain sensing cells in the patient do not perceive the test pulse. In one embodiment, the test pulse is generated from the high voltage transformer without storing energy in the high voltage capacitors and is delivered to the defibrillation electrodes in the patient utilizing the high voltage switching circuitry.

Abstract: Systems, methods and devices for reducing noise in cardiac monitoring including wearable monitoring devices having at least one electrode for cardiac monitoring; in some implementations, the wearable device using a composite adhesive having at least one conductive portion applied adjacent the electrode; and, in some implementations, including circuitry adaptations for the at least one electrode to act as a proxy driven right leg electrode.

Abstract: A method and system for continually monitoring oxygenation levels in real-time in compartments of an animal limb, such as in a human leg or a human thigh or a forearm, can be used to assist in the diagnosis of a compartment syndrome. The method and system can include one or more near infrared compartment sensors in which each sensor can be provided with a compartment alignment mechanism and a central scan depth marker so that each sensor may be precisely positioned over a compartment of a living organism. The method and system can include a device for displaying oxygenation levels corresponding to respective compartment sensors that are measuring oxygenation levels of a compartment of interest. The method and system can also monitor the relationship between blood pressure and oxygenation levels and activate alarms based on predetermined conditions relating to the oxygenation levels or blood pressure or both.

Abstract: The present invention relates to novel lip/cheek probes for detection of pulse-based differences in light absorbence across the vascularized tissue of a lip or cheek of a patient. These probes are fabricated to provide signals to estimate arterial oxygen saturation, and/or to obtain other photoplethysmographic data. The present invention also relates to a combined probe/cannula. The present invention also relates to other devices that combine a pulse oximeter probe with a device supplying oxygen or other oxygen-containing gas to a person in need thereof, and to sampling means for exhaled carbon dioxide in combination with the novel lip/cheek probes. In certain embodiments, an additional limitation of a control means to adjust the flow rate of such gas is provided, where such control is directed by the blood oxygen saturation data obtained from the pulse oximeter probe.

Abstract: A system, method and medical tool are presented for use in non-invasive in vivo determination of at least one desired parameter or condition of a subject having a scattering medium in a target region. The measurement system comprises an illuminating system, a detection system, and a control system. The illumination system comprises at least one light source configured for generating partially or entirely coherent light to be applied to the target region to cause a light response signal from the illuminated region. The detection system comprises at least one light detection unit configured for detecting time-dependent fluctuations of the intensity of the light response and generating data indicative of a dynamic light scattering (DLS) measurement. The control system is configured and operable to receive and analyze the data indicative of the DLS measurement to determine the at least one desired parameter or condition, and generate output data indicative thereof.

Abstract: According to the present invention, a method and apparatus for non-invasively determining the blood oxygen saturation level within a subject's tissue is provided. The method comprises the steps of: a) providing a spectrophotometric sensor operable to transmit light into the subject's tissue, and to sense the light; b) detecting light after passage through the subject's tissue using the sensor, and producing initial signal data from the light sensed; c) calibrating the sensor to that particular subject using the initial signal data, thereby accounting for the specific physical characteristics of the particular subject's tissue being sensed; and d) using the calibrated sensor to determine the blood oxygen parameter value within the subject's tissue.

Abstract: A patient interface for communicating fluids to and/or from a patient's nasal cavity and/or oral cavity is disclosed. In addition, a patient interface for fluid and physiological function monitoring proximate to the patient's nasal cavity and/or oral cavity is disclosed. An apnea monitor and a method for monitoring apnea are also disclosed.

Abstract: The invention provides a body-worn system that continuously measures pulse oximetry and blood pressure, along with motion, posture, and activity level, from an ambulatory patient. The system features an oximetry probe that comfortably clips to the base of the patient's thumb, thereby freeing up their fingers for conventional activities in a hospital, such as reading and eating. The probe secures to the thumb and measures time-dependent signals corresponding to LEDs operating near 660 and 905 nm. Analog versions of these signals pass through a low-profile cable to a wrist-worn transceiver that encloses a processing unit. Also within the wrist-worn transceiver is an accelerometer, a wireless system that sends information through a network to a remote receiver, e.g. a computer located in a central nursing station.

Abstract: A cardiovascular risk evaluation apparatus includes a hypoxic acquisition unit for acquiring a measurement result that includes a blood oxygen saturation level measured in a hypoxic period in which the blood oxygen saturation level of a subject is lower than a threshold value, and a blood pressure measured when the blood oxygen saturation level was measured; a non-hypoxic acquisition unit for acquiring a measurement result that includes a blood oxygen saturation level measured in a non-hypoxic period of the blood oxygen saturation level of the subject, and a blood pressure measured when the blood oxygen saturation level was measured; and an indicator acquisition unit for acquiring a cardiovascular risk evaluation indicator for the subject based on the relationship between blood oxygen saturation level and blood pressure, which is based on the measurement results acquired by the hypoxic acquisition unit and the non-hypoxic acquisition unit.

Abstract: Systems and method for monitoring patient physiological data are presented herein. In one embodiment, a physiological sensor and a mobile computing device can be connected via a cable or cables, and a processing board can be connected between the sensor and the mobile computing device to conduct advanced signal processing on the data received from the sensor before the data is transmitted for display on the mobile computing device.

Abstract: A blood pressure measurement apparatus for measuring blood pressure in a predetermined period includes a blood pressure measuring unit for measuring the blood pressure of a subject, an information acquiring unit for acquiring information that is related to variation in blood pressure and changes in a time-series in the predetermined period, a determining unit for determining whether or not the information acquired by the information acquiring unit satisfies a predetermined condition, and a trigger output unit for, in a case where the determining unit determines that the predetermined condition is satisfied, causing the blood pressure measuring unit to start and execute blood pressure measurement. The predetermined condition is expressed as a function of time that varies and is measured in the predetermined period.

Abstract: A sensor system is provided for determining a pulse transit time measurement of a patient. The sensor system includes a carotid sensor device configured to be positioned on a neck of the patient over a carotid artery of the patient. The carotid sensor device is configured to detect a plethysmograph waveform from the carotid artery. The sensor system includes a temporal sensor device that is operatively connected to the carotid sensor device. The temporal sensor device is configured to be positioned on the patient over a temporal artery of the patient. The temporal sensor device is configured to detect a plethysmograph waveform from the temporal artery.

Abstract: The invention features a vital sign monitor that includes: 1) a hardware control component featuring a microprocessor that operates an interactive, icon-driven GUI on an LCD; and, 2) a sensor component that connects to the control component through a shielded coaxial cable. The sensor features: 1) an optical component that generates a first signal; 2) a plurality electrical components (e.g. electrodes) that generate a second signal; and, 3) an acoustic component that generates a third signal. The microprocessor runs compiled computer code that operates: 1) the touch panel LCD; 2) a graphical user interface that includes multiple icons corresponding to different software operations; 3) a file-management system for storing and retrieving vital sign information; and 4) USB and short-range wireless systems for transferring data to and from the device to a PC.

Abstract: The present specification discloses systems and methods for patient monitoring using a multitude of display regions, at least two of which have the capability to simultaneously display real time patient waveforms and vital statistics as well as provide display for local and remote software applications. In one example, a primary display shows real time patient waveforms and vital statistics while a customizable secondary display shows trends, cumulative data, laboratory and radiology reports, protocols, and similar clinical information. Additionally, the secondary display can launch local and remote applications such as entertainment software, Internet and email programs, patient education software, and video conferencing applications. The dual display allows caregivers to simultaneously view real time patient vitals and aggregated data or therapy protocols, thereby increasing hospital personnel efficiency and improving treatment, while not compromising the display of critical alarms or other data.

Abstract: A system includes a controller that receives a blood pressure signal and an oxygen saturation signal. The blood pressure signal represents a non-invasive measure of blood pressure. The oxygen saturation signal represents a non-invasive measure of oxygen saturation. The controller generates an autoregulation status signal representing a status of cerebral autoregulation. The autoregulation status signal is based, at least in part, on a relationship between the measured blood pressure and the measured oxygen saturation. An exemplary method may include receiving the blood pressure signal and the oxygen saturation signal, defining a relationship between the measured blood pressure and the measured oxygen saturation, determining an autoregulation status based at least in part on the defined relationship, and generating an autoregulation status signal representing the determined autoregulation status.

Abstract: A system is provided including a respiratory detection module, a circulatory detection module, and an analysis module. The respiratory detection module is configured to detect respiratory information representative of respiration of a patient. The circulatory detection module configured to detect circulatory information representative of circulation of the patient. The analysis module is configured to obtain a respiratory waveform based at least in part on the respiratory information, obtain a circulatory waveform based at least in part on the circulatory information, combine the respiratory waveform and the circulatory waveform to provide a mixed waveform, and isolate a portion of the mixed waveform to identify a respiratory responsiveness waveform representative of an effect of the respiration of the patient on the mixed waveform.

Abstract: A system is provided including a ventilator detection module, a circulatory detection module, and an analysis module. The ventilator detection module is configured to detect ventilator information representative of a ventilation activity. The circulatory detection module is configured to detect circulatory information representative of the circulation of the patient. The analysis module is configured to obtain a ventilator waveform based at least in part on the ventilator information, obtain a circulatory waveform based at least in part on the circulatory information, combine the ventilator waveform and the circulatory waveform to provide a mixed waveform, and isolate a portion of the mixed waveform to identify a ventilator responsiveness waveform representative of an effect of the ventilator.

Abstract: A system is configured to determine cardiac output of a patient. The system may include a first sub-system configured to detect a first physiological signal, and a second sub-system configured to detect a second physiological signal that differs from the first physiological signal. The first and second sub-systems may be separate and distinct from one another. The system may also include a cardiac output determination module that is configured to determine the cardiac output based, at least in part, on the first and second physiological signals.

Abstract: As placement of a physiological monitoring sensor is typically at a sensor site located at an extremity of the body, the state of microcirculation, such as whether vessels are blocked or open, can have a significant effect on the readings at the sensor site. It is therefore desirable to provide a patient monitor and/or physiological monitoring sensor capable of distinguishing the microcirculation state of blood vessels. In some embodiments, the patient monitor and/or sensor provide a warning and/or compensates a measurement based on the microcirculation state. In some embodiments, a microcirculation determination process implementable by the patient monitor and/or sensor is used to determine the state of microcirculation of the patient.

Abstract: Sensors are attached to a living being so as to generate corresponding sensor signals. A monitor is in communications with the sensors so as to derive physiological parameters responsive to the sensor signals. Predetermined limits are applied to the physiological parameters. At least one indicator responsive to the physiological parameters and the predetermined limits signal the onset of a sepsis condition in the living being.

Abstract: According to embodiments, systems and methods are provided for detecting pulses in a PPG signal. Local minima and maxima points may be identified in the PPG signal. Each minimum may be paired with an adjacent maximum forming an upstroke segment. Noise may be removed by comparing adjacent segments and ignoring segments that are too long or too large. Notches in the pulse may be identified and ignored by analyzing adjacent segments. Adjacent upstroke segments may be combined as a single upstroke if the lengths of adjacent upstroke segments are about the same, have similar slopes, and the end point of one segment is close to the start point of an adjacent segment. Segments having small temporal or amplitude difference relative to adjacent segments may be disregarded. The remaining segments may represent the pulse upticks. A sliding time window may be used instead to detect pulses in the PPG signal.

Abstract: An ear sensor provides a sensor body having a base, legs extending from the base and an optical housing disposed at ends of the legs opposite the base. An optical assembly is disposed in the housing. The sensor body is flexed so as to position the housing over a concha site. The sensor body is unflexed so as to attach the housing to the concha site and position the optical assembly to illuminate the concha site. The optical assembly is configured to transmit optical radiation into concha site tissue and receive the optical radiation after attenuation by pulsatile blood flow within the tissue.

Abstract: Described herein are devices and systems that transmit data from a first device using an ultrasonic digital modem to a second device that receives the ultrasonic signal and can interpret the ultrasonic signal. The second device may be a telecommunications device such as a smartphone running an ultrasonic digital modem receiver application. In particular, devices, systems and methods for encoding and transmitting an ultrasonic signal that includes both digital (e.g., FSK) and analog signal components. Such hybrid ultrasonic signals may efficiently and reliably transmit information, and particularly biological information. Also described herein are devices, systems and methods for securely transmitting ultrasonic signals using encryption keys that may be read by the receiving device using a separate (e.g., non-ultrasound modality) from the transmitting device.

Abstract: An optical sensor biosignal measurement apparatus including an optical sensor having a luminous element to emit light towards the skin of a user and a photo detector to detect light from the skin of the user; a light quantity adjustment member to adjust an optical transmission area of the photo detector; and a light quantity controller to detect the quantity of light detected by the photo detector, and control the light quantity adjustment member to adjust the optical transmission area of the photo detector according to the quantity of light is provided.

Abstract: A method for processing data to monitor volaemic condition in a human or animal subject includes identifying one or more reference values for each of one or more haemodynamic variables; receiving haemodynamic data representing the one or more haemodynamic variables measured from the subject over time; for at least one of the one or more haemodynamic variables, comparing the haemodynamic data with the respective one or more reference values; and identifying the existence of abnormal volaemic condition in the subject when the comparison indicates a deviation from the one or more reference values for at least one of the haemodynamic variables. The method may be combined with a visual display of haemodynamic data in real time, ideally in conjunction with a visual indicator of ideal reference values.

Abstract: A non-invasive optical sensor which uses the motion signal to calculate the physiological characteristic being measured. For pulse oximetry, a least squares or a ratio-of-ratios technique can be applied to the motion signal itself. This is made possible by selecting a site on the patient where variations in motion produce signals of two wavelengths which are sufficiently correlated. In particular, it has been determined that a sensor placed on a nail, in particular a thumbnail, exhibits the characteristics of having the red and infrared signals correlated when used for pulse oximetry, and the resulting signals correlate to arterial oxygen saturation.

Abstract: An accurate measurement can be made of the light absorbance of deep layer tissue such as in a human body or a fruit. The thickness of fat is computed. A first specific distance and a second specific distance corresponding to the computed fat thickness are computed based a predetermined relationship between the fat thickness, the first specific distance, and measurement sensitivity of a surface layer and measurement sensitivity of a deep layer when light is received at a position the first specific distance away from a light emitting means. A third specific distance and a fourth specific distance are computed corresponding to the computed fat thickness based on a predetermined relationship between the fat thickness, the third specific distance and a measurement sensitivity of an intervening layer and a measurement sensitivity of the deep layer when light is received at a position the third specific distance away from the light emitting means.

Abstract: A method and system for the analysis of a patient's oximetry data to detect sleep-disordered breathing is provided. The system employs an algorithm to reliably detect patient arousals and correlate those with accelerated heart rate and oxygen saturation levels in a manner that detects sleep-disordered breathing via the respiratory mask. Initially a timing channel is formed based on a plethsmography signal using an optical finger sensor. Based on the pleth waveform, a respiratory wave form is prepared that represents respiration rate. An arousal mask is applied to the signal based on attenuations in the pleth signal. Once arousals are identified the time required for changes to propagate from the lungs to the blood gas is subtracted from the onset time of the arousal. As a result if the timing agrees with dropping oxygen saturation or falling arterial pH then the arousal is indicated as a chemoreflex related arousal.

Abstract: The present disclosure provides a method and an apparatus for identifying development of diabetic cardiovascular autonomic neuropathy (DCAN) in a biological subject. In one aspect, the method includes collecting data associated with heart rates of a biological subject, and processing the collected data to extract primary and secondary components of the collected data by performing a principal dynamic mode (PDM) analysis. A significant reduction of the primary or secondary component at a predetermined time period can be indicative of the DCAN development.

Abstract: A pulse oximeter system is presently disclosed. The pulse oximeter system includes a processor and circuitry. The processor and circuitry are configured to receive light waveforms from a sensor, determine at least one signal quality metric for the light waveforms, calculate at least one weight using a continuously variable weighting function based on the at least one signal quality metric, and ensemble average the light waveforms using the at least one calculated weight.

Abstract: A method and system for continually monitoring oxygenation levels in real-time in compartments of an animal limb, such as in a human leg or a human thigh or a forearm, can be used to assist in the diagnosis of a compartment syndrome. The method and system can include one or more near infrared compartment sensors in which each sensor can be provided with a compartment alignment mechanism and a central scan depth marker so that each sensor may be precisely positioned over a compartment of a living organism. The method and system may comprise hardware or software (or both) may adjust one or more algorithms based on whether tissue being monitored was traumatized or is healthy. The method and system can also monitor the relationship between blood pressure and oxygenation levels and activate alarms based on predetermined conditions relating to the oxygenation levels or blood pressure or both.

Abstract: A compression device includes at least one pressurizable bladder to substantially occlude blood flow into skin capillary beds adjacent to the at least one pressurizable bladder, and a plurality of perfusion sensors. In operation a first-angiosome sensor detects the perfusion parameter of a skin capillary bed in a first angiosome of the limb, and a second-angiosome sensor detects the perfusion parameter of a skin capillary bed in a second angiosome of the limb that is different from the first angiosome. A control circuit maps sensor signals from the first-angiosome sensor to the first angiosome or a first artery of the limb, and maps sensor signals from the second-angiosome sensor to the second angiosome or a second artery of the limb different from the first artery of the limb. For each perfusion sensor, the control circuit determines whether the received sensor signals are indicative of peripheral artery disease.

Abstract: Systems and methods of monitoring a subject's neurological condition are provided. In some embodiments, the method includes the steps of analyzing a physiological signal (such as an EEG) from a subject to determine if the subject is in a contra-ictal condition; and if the subject is in a contra-ictal condition, providing an indication (e.g., to the subject and/or to a caregiver) that the subject is in the contra-ictal condition. The systems and methods may utilize a minimally invasive, leadless device to monitor the subject's condition. In some embodiments, if the subject is in a pro-ictal condition, the method includes the step of providing an indication (such as a red light) that the subject is in the pro-ictal condition.

Abstract: Systems and methods for detecting the occurrence of events from a signal are provided. A signal processing system may analyze baseline changes and changes in signal characteristics to detect events from a signal. The system may also detect events by analyzing energy parameters and artifacts in a scalogram of the signal. Further, the system may detect events by analyzing both the signal and its corresponding scalogram.

Abstract: According to embodiments, techniques for selecting a consistent part of a signal, including a photoplethysmograph (PPG) signal, are disclosed. A pulse oximetry system including a sensor or probe may be used to obtain a PPG signal from a subject. Signal peaks may be identified in the PPG signal. Characteristics of the signal peaks, including the amplitude levels of the signal peaks and/or the time-distance between the signal peaks may be used to determine if the PPG signal is consistent. In an embodiment, signal peaks are processed based on a consistency metric, and the processed signal peaks are compared to the consistency metric to determine if the PPG signal is consistent. If the PPG signal is determined to be consistent, the PPG signal may be further analyzed to determine an underlying signal parameter, including, for example, a patient respiration rate.

Abstract: According to various embodiments, methods and systems are provided herein for training a user in alarm behaviors of a medical device. The alarm behaviors may be accessed via a simulator system that obtains input regarding alarm settings, accesses stored plethysmographic waveform data representative of data obtained through the simulated medical device and that applies the alarm setting inputs to the stored plethysmographic waveform data to provide simulated alarm outputs representative of alarm outputs of the medical device.

Abstract: Methods and apparatus are used to assess the viability of tissue such as flap tissue. According to one aspect of the present invention, a method for assessing the viability of flap tissue includes obtaining an oxygen saturation level associated with a first location on the flap tissue, determining whether the oxygen saturation level is less than a first level, and identifying the first location as having a poor blood supply if the oxygen saturation level is less than the first level.

Abstract: Embodiments of the present disclosure include a handheld multi-parameter patient monitor capable of determining multiple physiological parameters from the output of a light sensitive detector capable of detecting light attenuated by body tissue. For example, in an embodiment, the monitor is capable of advantageously and accurately displaying one or more of pulse rate, plethysmograph data, perfusion quality, signal confidence, and values of blood constituents in body tissue, including for example, arterial carbon monoxide saturation (“HbCO”), methemoglobin saturation (“HbMet”), total hemoglobin (“Hbt”), arterial oxygen saturation (“SpO2”), fractional arterial oxygen saturation (“SpaO2”), or the like. In an embodiment, the monitor advantageously includes a plurality of display modes enabling more parameter data to be displayed than the available physical display real estate.

Abstract: A defibrillator or monitoring system may comprise a defibrillator, at least one video camera configured to acquire a video of a subject being treated by the defibrillator, a data collection unit configured to collect data associated with the subject, a communications unit configured to establish a communication channel between the defibrillator system and an emergency response center; and a processing unit configured to cause transmission to the emergency response center of at least one of the video of the subject and the data associated with the subject.

Abstract: The present invention involves a method and an apparatus for analyzing measured signals, including the determination of a measurement of oxygen saturation and respiration rate in the measured signals during a calculation of a physiological parameter of a monitored patient. Use of this invention is described in particular detail with respect to oximetry-based measurements but extends to other types of measurements.

Abstract: This disclosure describes systems and methods for managing the ventilation of a patient being ventilated by a medical ventilator. The disclosure describes a novel approach of displaying ventilator information integrated with oximeter information. The disclosure further describes a novel approach of alarming based on the integration of ventilator information with oximeter information.

Abstract: A physiological monitor for determining blood oxygen saturation of a medical patient includes a sensor, a signal processor and a display. The sensor includes at least three light emitting diodes. Each light emitting diode is adapted to emit light of a different wavelength. The sensor also includes a detector, where the detector is adapted to receive light from the three light emitting diodes after being attenuated by tissue. The detector generates an output signal based at least in part upon the received light. The signal processor determines blood oxygen saturation based at least upon the output signal, and the display provides an indication of the blood oxygen saturation.

Abstract: A physiological monitor for measuring a pulsatile motion signal (MoCG) that is delayed from, but at the same rate as, the heartbeat of a user. In one embodiment, the system includes a housing configured to be worn on the body of a user; at least one MoCG sensor, within the housing, that measures a pulsatile motion signal (MoCG) that is delayed from, but at the same rate as, the heartbeat of the user; and at least one data processor that calculates, solely based on an output of the at least one MoCG sensor, at least one of (i) heart rate (HR) and activity level for the user, and (ii) respiratory rate (RR), stroke volume (SV), and cardiac output (CO) for the user. In another embodiment, the at least one data processor is within the housing.

Abstract: Some embodiments relate to a method of collecting light reflected from a subject and analyzing the light to monitor time-varying physiological parameters of the subject. Other embodiments relate to a system including collection optics to receive light reflected from a subject, filters to filter the light around a number of wavelengths, image capture zones to receive filtered light from the filters and to generate data to represent the filtered light and an image and signal processing system to monitor time-varying physiological parameters of the subject indicated by the data.

Abstract: A congenital heart disease monitor utilizes a sensor capable of emitting multiple wavelengths of optical radiation into a tissue site and detecting the optical radiation after attenuation by pulsatile blood flowing within the tissue site. A patient monitor is capable of receiving a sensor signal corresponding to the detected optical radiation and calculating at least one physiological parameter in response. The physiological parameter is measured at a baseline site and a comparison site and a difference in these measurements is calculated. A potential congenital heart disease condition in indicated according to the measured physiological parameter at each of the sites or the calculated difference in the measured physiological parameter between the sites or both.

Abstract: The invention relates to a method to estimate sytemic vascular resistance (SVR) and cardiac output (CO) from a pulse oximeter (photoplethysmography, PTG), comprising the steps of generating arterial blood pulse wave forms having first and second peaks, generating a Fast Fourier Transform and calculating the ratio of the height of the second peak (B) to the first peak (A) across the entire measurement using the equation FFTRI to estimate SVR, and the equation CO=(SR/FFTRI)×80 to estimate CO, where SR=S2/S1 and wherein SI and S2 are the areas under the whole PTG wave and the part in diastolic phase, respectively. ? n = 2 N ? FFT 2 ? ( f n ) / ? n = 1 N ? FFT 2 ? ( f n ) .

Abstract: Provided herein are methods and apparatuses for certifying computers for use in conjunction with medical devices. These methods may be used in conjunction with a computer that includes software for operating the medical device. To certify a particular computer, one or more testing algorithms or routines for processing data, e.g., data representative of a typical output generated by use of the medical device on a patient, may be executed and the results may be compared to an expected result. In particular embodiments, the certification process may use data stored on the device itself to determine certification or may use data stored with or bundled with the software for operating the device.