Abstract: A system including a respiration detection device configured to detect respiration of an individual within a defined environment regardless of a position of the individual within the defined environment wherein detection is performed at a location unobstructed by a physical barrier within the defined environment, a processor with non-transitory computer readable medium configured to evaluate respiration data from the respiration detection device to determine the individual based on a location of the individual within the defined environment and a notification device to provide notification when the individual is detected in the defined environment after at least one of a defined time period and a reduction in respiration. A method is also disclosed.

Abstract: An illustrative method includes accessing, by a computing device, a model simulating light scattered by a simulated target, the model comprising a plurality of parameters. The method further includes generating, by the computing device, a set of possible histogram data using the model with a plurality of values for the parameters. The method further includes determining, by the computing device, a set of components that represent the set of possible histogram data, the set of components having a reduced dimensionality from the set of possible histogram data.

Abstract: Systems and methods for receiving data characterizing a plurality of images of a surgical region that includes a first target tissue. The plurality of images include a plurality images associated with visible light images, a plurality of images associated with a first wavelength and a plurality of images associated with the second wavelength that is different from the first wavelength. The method also includes generating a first scene by at least overlaying a first set of images of the plurality of images. The first set of images are temporally contiguous and include a first image associated with the first wavelength, a second image associated with visible light, and a third image associated with the second wavelength. The image further includes generating a second scene by at least overlaying a second set of images of the plurality of images. The second set of images are temporally contiguous.

Abstract: Provided is a method for locating a human target using superficial vein characteristics, which includes acquiring a model displaying both of the human target and superficial veins; projecting the model on a body surface where the superficial veins are located, so that a ratio of a projection on the body surface to actual dimensions of a human body is (0.9-1.1):1; and adjusting a position of the projection of the model, observing the superficial veins, and making at least two of the superficial veins coincide with veins in the projection of the model, and determining that a position of the human target in the projection of the model is a projection of the human target on the actual body surface.

Abstract: Various embodiments include methods and vehicles, such as a semi-autonomous vehicle, for safely operating a vehicle based on vehicle-control gestures made by an occupant. Exemplary implementations may include determining a first vehicle action by applying a first passenger profile to a detected first vehicle-control gesture performed by a first passenger, determining whether the first vehicle action is safe to perform, and operating the vehicle to implement the first vehicle action in response to determining that the first vehicle action is safe for the vehicle and occupants. The first passenger profile may be selected from a plurality of passenger profiles to normalize vehicle-control gestures received from the first passenger. The vehicle control gesture may be ignored or a vehicle action differing from but similar to the first vehicle action may be implemented in response to determining that the first vehicle action is unsafe for the vehicle or occupants.

Abstract: A face mask for delivering oxygen to, and sampling carbon dioxide exhaled from, a subject includes a partition wall that divides the mask into a subject respiratory space that primarily contains carbon dioxide exhaled by the subject, and an oxygen reservoir space that primarily contain oxygen. The partition wall includes one or two holes to which naris conduits are respectively connected. The naris conduit are positioned in proximity to the subject's nares to closely obtain carbon dioxide samples. The naris conduits enable oxygen to flow from the oxygen reservoir space to the subject respiratory space during inhalation, while quickly expelling traces of CO2, and they configured such that exhaled CO2 quickly fills them up, during exhalation, and while expelling oxygen traces back to the oxygen reservoir space. During exhalation.

Abstract: Vehicular in-cabin sensing is performed using machine learning. In-cabin sensor data of a vehicle interior is collected. The in-cabin sensor data includes images of the vehicle interior. An occupant is detected within the vehicle interior. The detecting is based on identifying an upper torso of the occupant, using the in-cabin sensor data. The imaging is accomplished using a plurality of imaging devices within a vehicle interior. The occupant is located within the vehicle interior, based on the in-cabin sensor data. An additional occupant within the vehicle interior is detected. A human perception metric for the occupant is analyzed, based on the in-cabin sensor data. The detecting, the locating, and/or the analyzing are performed using machine learning. The human perception metric is promoted to a using application. The human perception metric includes a mood for the occupant and a mood for the vehicle. The promoting includes input to an autonomous vehicle.

Abstract: The present invention relates to the intravenous injection aid for indicating vein, comprising: a compression strap; a binding means disposed at the opposite ends of the compression strap; a near-infrared lamp disposed at the compression strap; and a controller disposed on the compression strap for controlling the near-infrared lamp. The present invention as mentioned above may not only indicates vein with high visibility but also keep the vein from swaying or moving even during intravenous injection, so the intravenous injection can be carried out safely and efficiently.

Abstract: A system for use in monitoring application is described. The system comprises a light detection unit and an illumination arrangement. The detection unit is configured for collecting light returning from a selected inspection region for determining variations in collected light intensity. The illumination arrangement comprises one or more light sources configured for providing illumination of a selected wavelength range directed toward said inspection region. Wherein the illumination arrangement is arranged around the detection unit to provide symmetrical illumination conditions with respect to an axis connecting said detection unit and said inspection region.

Abstract: A retractor system includes a retractor with an oximeter sensor at its tip and a force sensor coupled to the retractor. The retractor system also includes a system unit which can send signals to and receive signals from the oximeter sensor via optical fibers. The oximeter sensor measures oxygen saturation of a tissue being retracted by the retractor, and the force sensor measures an amount of force that is applied to the retracted tissue by the tip of the retractor. Another retractor system has a closed loop control arrangement with a positioning mechanism which moves the retractor based on measurements of the sensors.

Abstract: Techniques disclosed herein relate to monitoring changes in conditions of multiple individuals in areas. In some embodiments, a patient monitoring queue may be established (504) that includes a plurality of patients in an area (104, 304) such as a waiting room. The area may be capturable by vital sign acquisition camera(s) (276. 376, 476) mounted in or near the area. Updated vital sign(s) may be unobtrusively acquired (510) by the vital sign acquisition camera(s) from a given patient selected (506) from the patient monitoring queue. Based on the updated vital sign(s) and prior vital signs acquired previously from the given patient, deterioration of the given patient may be detected (512). Output may be provided (514) alerting medical personnel of the deterioration of the given patient.

Abstract: A computerized method for controlling the operation of a laser therapy device is disclosed. A laser therapy device comprising laser diodes has a microprocessor for storing and executing instructions pertaining to the operation of the laser diodes within certain parameters. The computerized method detects the movement of the laser therapy device and alters the output of the laser diodes when a movement signal exceeds predetermined threshold parameters. The computerized method detects difference in temperature in certain areas, and patterns in temperature differences, for assistance in diagnosing ailments. The computerized method also detects differences in skin color to determine treatment areas. The computerized method also measures the distance of the laser therapy device to a treatment area. The microprocessor executes instructions then which can alter the output of the laser diodes or generate an alarm signal based on measurements received.

Abstract: An ultrasonic device may include an electromechanical ultrasonic system that includes an ultrasonic transducer coupled to an ultrasonic blade. A method of delivering energy to the ultrasonic device may include sensing a vessel type in contact with the blade, determining that the vessel type is either a vein or an artery, and delivering power to the transducer based on the vessel type. Power may be applied to the transducer at a power level P that differs from a nominal power level Pn for a period T that differs from a nominal period Tn based on the vessel. The power level P may be lower than Pn for a period T that is longer than Tn when the vessel is a vein. Alternatively, the power level P my be greater than Pn for a period T that is shorter than Tn when the vessel is an artery.

Abstract: Described herein are systems and methods of training models to segment images. A device may identify a training dataset. The training dataset may include images each having a region of interest. The training dataset may include first annotations. The device may train, using the training dataset, an image segmentation model having parameters to generate a corresponding first segmented images. The device may provide the first segmented images for presentation on a user interface to obtain feedback. The device may receive, via the user interface, a feedback dataset including second annotations for at least a subset of the first segmented images. Each of the second annotations may label at least a second portion of the region of interest in a corresponding image of the subset. The device may retrain, using the feedback dataset received via the user interface, the image segmentation model.

Abstract: A device for providing reference information in laser speckle medical imaging of tissue of a subject can include a support that includes a marker for image recognition and a speckle target region that is nontransparent to light in a first illumination wavelength range and that generates a speckle pattern when illuminated with light in the first wavelength range. The support can be configured to be attachable to tissue of the subject.

Abstract: A computer-implemented method for controlling a vehicle. The method monitors one or more characteristics of one or more users within the vehicle, and compares the one or more characteristics of the one or more users with one or more corresponding baseline characteristics of the one or more users. The method further determines, based on the comparison, that a difference between the one or more characteristics and the one or more corresponding baseline characteristics of the one or more users exceeds a threshold value, and performs a controlling action associated with the vehicle, wherein the controlling action may be taking a higher level of autonomous control over the vehicle; varying speed and handling of the vehicle; and overriding the one or more characteristics of the one or more users in order to avoid an accident.

Abstract: A method and a device for determining a degree of thermal hair damage are provided. A method for determining a degree of thermal hair damage includes, during exposure of a hair sample of hair to UV or UV/VIS light, recording a spectrum of at least a portion of the UV or UV/VIS light that has interacted with the hair sample. Further, the method includes comparing at least a portion of the spectrum with a spectroscopic calibration model obtained using UV or UV/VIS spectra and degrees of thermal damage of a plurality of calibration hair samples. Also, the method includes determining the degree of thermal hair damage by using the comparison.

Abstract: A system determines the location of a tip of a hypodermic needle by moving a needle along a path, shining light from two sources onto respective portions of the path, and analysing signals received from the respective light sources that have been reflected by the needle.

Abstract: A method and a device for performing enhanced thermal digital subtraction angiography comprising infrared video camera, computer cable of subtracting all images produced by tissues having a temperature below a setup point, reconstructing and displaying 2D or 3D images of the received data, performing measurement of the vessels being displayed, conducting data analysis and mathematical calculation of hemodynamic parameters, storing and displaying the images produced. Said device is coupled to embodiments to warm the intravascular injectate, to warm the J-tip guide wire and to warm the intravascular catheter during angiography and during endovascular procedures. Furthermore, the device can be used to perform non-enhanced thermal digital subtraction imaging of part of interest and enhanced thermal digital subtraction imaging for joint, epidural and intrathecal space producing thermal arthrography, epidurography and myelography.

Abstract: An artificial-intelligence decision-making core system with neural network implements asymmetric hidden layers which is constructed by neural network with a dynamic neuron adjusting mechanism via making use of a device with computing unit and storage media, coupled to an independent feedback sub-system which operates a residual-compensation mechanism, thereby the core system can receive various trained data and performs a non-linear analysis process according to the output data derived from the asymmetric hidden layers of an unsupervised neural network, so as to derive individual and applicable decision-making data.

Abstract: A biological information detection apparatus includes: a light source which projects a pattern of near-infrared light onto an object including a living body; an imaging system which includes first photodetector cells detecting light in a near-infrared wavelength range and second photodetector cells detecting light in a visible wavelength range, and generates a first image signal representing a first image, which is an image taken in the near-infrared wavelength range, of the object on which the pattern is projected, and a second image signal representing a second image of the object taken in the visible wavelength range; and a calculator which calculates biological information concerning the living body using at least one selected from the group consisting of the first and second image signals.

Abstract: A diffuse-optical-spectroscopy system and method for scanning human tissue. The system includes: (a) a handheld probe operable to emit electromagnetic radiation at one or more wavelengths corresponding to absorption associated with one or more human-tissue constituents, respectively, the handheld probe being operable to detect received electromagnetic radiation at each of the wavelengths; and (b) a processor operable to produce, in response to the received electromagnetic radiation, one or more cross-sectional images of the human tissue respectively associated with the wavelengths. The handheld probe includes first and second sources for emitting the electromagnetic radiation and one or more sensors for detecting the received electromagnetic radiation. The sensors are aligned along a first axis and face in an outward direction. The first and second sources are aligned along the first axis, face in the outward direction, and are disposed on either side of the sensors.

Abstract: A monitoring system that includes an infrared detector comprising a field of view that detects temperature data from the field of view and provides a signal indicative of at least a detected temperature of a subject. The system includes a tab comprising a tab temperature that is positioned within the field of view such that the infrared detector detects the tab and emits a signal indicative of a detected temperature of the tab. The system includes a temperature sensor secured to the tab that detects the tab temperature and provides a signal indicative of a reference temperature. A control unit is communicatively coupled to the infrared detector and the temperature sensor and computes a net value between the detected temperature of the subject and the detected temperature of the tab. The control unit calculates a core temperature of the subject by combining the net value with the reference temperature.

Abstract: A facial recognition system, comprising: an automatically adjustable camera rig comprising a plurality of movable cameras, wherein the plurality of movable cameras are moved by a camera control platform according to take enrollment images; a first input for receiving images from the automatically adjustable camera rig; a second input for receiving a plurality of images from an comparative input; a first computing memory for storing a machine learning model that includes a three dimensional and a two dimensional comparison between the received first input and the received second input, wherein the comparison uses key facial points to compute a distance between the first input and the second input; and a match output in a case of a distance within a predetermined threshold.

Abstract: Optical coherence tomography (herein “OCT”) based analyte monitoring systems are disclosed. In one aspect, techniques are disclosed that can identify fluid flow in vivo (e.g., blood flow), which can act as a metric for gauging the extent of blood perfusion in tissue. For instance, if OCT is to be used to estimate the level of an analyte (e.g., glucose) in tissue, a measure of the extent of blood flow can potentially indicate the presence of an analyte correlating region, which would be suitable for analyte level estimation with OCT. Another aspect is related to systems and methods for scanning multiple regions. An optical beam is moved across the surface of the tissue in two distinct manners. The first can be a coarse scan, moving the beam to provide distinct scanning positions on the skin. The second can be a fine scan where the beam is applied for more detailed analysis.

Abstract: An optical measurement system comprising an optical source configured for delivering sample light in an anatomical structure, such that the sample light is scattered by the anatomical structure, resulting in physiological-encoded signal light that exits the anatomical structure, an optical detector configured for detecting the physiological-encoded signal light, and a processor configured for acquiring a TOF profile derived from the physiological-encoded signal light, the initial TOF profile having an initial contrast-to-noise ratio (CNR) between a plurality of states of a physiological activity in the anatomical structure. The processor is further configured for applying one or more weighting functions to the initial TOF profile to generate a weighted TOF profile having a subsequent CNR greater than the initial CNR between the plurality of states of the physiological activity.

Abstract: A cartilage-tissue analysis device includes: an illuminating fiber that emits, from a light-emission surface thereof, laser light coming from a laser light source; two light-collecting fibers that receives scattered light at respective light-receiving surfaces the distances from which to the light-emission surface differ from each other; and detector that detects Raman spectra from the scattered light received by the light-collecting fibers. The cartilage-tissue analysis device is configure to: calculate an intensity ratio between two Raman bands originating from cartilage tissue and subchondral bone tissue, respectively, from each of the two Raman spectra; and evaluate a state of the cartilage tissue by selecting, from among the two Raman spectra, a Raman spectrum the intensity ratio of which is within a prescribed range and that analyzes the selected Raman spectrum, to analyze the selected Raman spectrum.

Abstract: A biological state detecting apparatus which generates biological information of a person, light sources which emit light having a first wavelength and light having a second wavelength, respectively, an imaging device which receives reflected light of the emitted light, a controller which controls the light sources, an arithmetic operator which reads out a first image and a second image from the imaging device and performs an arithmetic operation thereon, and a state estimator which generates the biological information of the person. The arithmetic operator generates a distance image based on the first image and the second image.

Abstract: The present disclosure relates to method for predicting location and depth of abnormal tissue in breast tissue by prediction system. The prediction system predicts location based on 2D thermal image generated based on temperature values and intermediate temperature values. The intermediate temperature values are estimated using triangular and rectangular patterns formed on pre-defined model of breast, thermal conductivity of breast tissue, 2D coordinates on one of triangular and rectangular patterns and temperature values at steady state of breast tissue. The depth is predicted based on 3D thermal image of breast tissue generated using temperature values and intermediate temperature values and error parameter.

Abstract: Embolism treatment devices, systems, and methods are provided. In one embodiment, an embolism treatment system includes a flexible elongate member configured to be positioned within a blood vessel of a patient, the flexible elongate member comprising a distal portion and a proximal portion; an ultrasound imaging component positioned at the distal portion and configured to emit ultrasound energy towards a blood clot within the blood vessel and collect an image signal representative of the blood clot; a treatment component positioned at the distal portion and configured to treat the blood clot; and a flow sensing component positioned at the distal portion and configured to determine a blood flow measurement within the blood vessel associated with the blood clot.

Abstract: An electrosurgical instrument capable of supporting resonance of microwave energy at multiple frequencies. The instrument comprises a coaxial cable and a radiating distal tip portion arranged to receive microwave energy from the coaxial cable. The radiating tip portion consists of a dielectric material having an electrical length selected in conjunction with its dielectric properties at three or more frequencies of microwave energy to support resonance at each frequency. By providing a single device that can effectively couple microwave energy into biological tissue at three or more frequencies, tissue ablation can be performed rapidly with accuracy. The instrument may be used in an apparatus that includes a generator arranged to supply microwave energy at three or more different frequencies.

Abstract: A piecewise progressive continuous calibration method with context coherence is utilized to improve display of virtual content. When a set of frames are rendered to depict a virtual image, the VAR system may identify a location of the virtual content in the frames. The system may convolve a test pattern at the location of the virtual content to generate a calibration frame. The calibration frame is inserted within the set of frames in a manner that is imperceptible to the user.

Abstract: A device for securing and monitoring movement of a catheter includes a film having an adhesive disposed on a body-facing surface for securing the film to a body. The device also includes a base mounted on the film, the base comprising a first portion of a guide channel for receiving the catheter. A cover is coupled to the base via a hinge, the cover comprising a second portion of the guide channel, the cover further comprising a rounded portion extending from a distal end of the cover, wherein in the closed configuration, the catheter is completely enclosed by the rounded portion and the first and second portions of the guide channel. The device also includes a positional shift indicator fixedly attached to the catheter and configured to indicate positional shifts by the catheter within the guide channel.

Abstract: The invention relates to a medical inspection apparatus (1), such as a microscope or endoscope, and to a medical inspection method such as microscopy or endoscopy. Visible image data (11) representing a visible-light image (49) and fluorescence image data (12) representing a fluorescent-light image (51) and a pseudocolor (70, 71) are merged to give an improved visual rendition of an object (2) which comprises at least one fluorophore (6) to mark special features of the object (2). This is accomplished in that an image processing unit (18) of the microscope (1) or endoscope is configured to compute a color (ro, go, bo) of an output pixel (54) in the pseudocolor image (53) from at least one pseudocolor (rp, gp, bp), a color (ri, gi, bi) of a first input pixel (50) in the visible-light image (49) and an intensity (f) of a second input pixel (52) in the fluorescent-light image (51).

Abstract: Methods and systems for acquiring and/or projecting images from and/or to a target area are provided. Such a method or system can include an optical fiber assembly which may be driven to scan the target area in a scan pattern. The optical fiber assembly may provide multiple effective light sources (e.g., via a plurality of optical fibers) that are axially staggered with respect to an optical system located between the optical fiber and the target area. The optical system may be operable to focus and/or redirect the light from the multiple light sources onto separate focal planes. A composite image may be generated based on light reflected from and/or projected onto the separate focal planes. The composite image may have an extended depth of focus or field spanning over a distance between the separate focal planes while maintaining or improving image resolution.

Abstract: The system may include a setup app that is configured to locate, track and/or analyze activities of living beings in an environment. The system may be configured for determining a temperature of an object in a space, based on infrared (IR) energy data of IR energy from the object, determining location coordinates of the object in the space, comparing the location coordinates of the object to location coordinates of a fixture and determining that the object is a human being, in response to the temperature of the object being within a range, and in response to the location coordinates of the object being distinct from the location coordinates of the fixture.

Abstract: An optical sensor, an optical sensor array, and an apparatus and method for measuring a bio-signal are provided. The optical sensor includes a photodetector, and a light source disposed on the photodetector. The optical sensor is configured to operate the light source in a light source mode, and operate the photodetector in a photodetector mode, based on a control signal.

Abstract: A light sensing method, applied to a light sensing system comprising a light sensor and at least one light source. The light sensor comprises a plurality of light sensing units. The light sensing method comprises: controlling the light sensor to capture images according to the light source; generating an exposure condition according brightness that each of the light sensing units senses, to control all the light sensing units to generate a target brightness distribution according to the exposure condition; and controlling the light sensing units to sense light from the light source according to the exposure condition. The light sensing system can have a better SNR via adjusting the exposure condition for each one of the light sensing units. Such light sensing method can be applied to compute physiological parameters.

Abstract: Some embodiments of the present inventive concept provide a multispectral imaging system including a first light source, the first light source having a first wavelength configured to produce a non-coherent illumination to image a sample; a second coherent light source, different from the first light source, having a second wavelength, different from the first wavelength, configured to image the sample simultaneously with the first light source; a camera configured to simultaneously receive information related to the first and second light sources from the sample, wherein light at the first wavelength is configured to image a surface of the sample into the camera and light at the second wavelength is configured to penetrate the sample and provide information related to the penetrated sample to the camera; and a processor configured to combine the received information related to the first and second light sources and generate a synthesized image of the anatomical structure and the physiology of blood flow and

Abstract: Disclosed herein is a two-piece sensor assembly that includes an attachment collar configured to attach to a body surface of a patient and comprising at least one opening, and a skin sensor configured to seat into the at least one opening in the attachment collar. The skin sensor includes at least one radiation source configured to irradiate the body surface with at least one interrogation light, and at least one detector configured to detect at least one response light incident from the direction of the body surface.

Abstract: A Raman spectroscopy based system and method for examination and interrogation provides a method for rapid and cost effective screening of various protein-based compounds such as bacteria, virus, drugs, and tissue abnormalities. A hand-held spectroscope includes a laser and optical train for generating a Raman-shifting sample signal, signal processing and identification algorithms for signal conditioning and target detection with combinations of ultra-high resolution micro-filters and an imaging detector array to provide specific analysis of target spectral peaks within discrete spectral bands associated with a target pathogen.

Abstract: Provided is an imaging system including a light source which emits light in at least a portion of a wavelength band of an excitation wavelength with respect to each of a first fluorescent material emitting fluorescence belonging to a near-infrared wavelength band and a second fluorescent material emitting fluorescence belonging to a visible wavelength band, a first image sensor that detects a first fluorescent image of the target in the near-infrared wavelength band, a second image sensor that detects the second fluorescent image of the target in the visible wavelength band, and optics to direct the first fluorescent image to the first image sensor and the second fluorescent image to the second image sensor. The optics include a dichroic film that directs light of the near-infrared wavelength band into a first optical branch and at least a portion of light of the visible wavelength band into a second optical branch, separate from the first optical branch.

Abstract: An user interaction system for performing interaction with a user based on recognition of a sitting posture of the user includes a posture recognition seat including a posture recognition sensor for recognition the sitting posture of the user, and at least one communication module for communication with an external device, a posture mimicking animated device including a communication module for performing communication with the communication module of the posture recognition seat, wherein the posture mimicking animated device visually mimics the sitting posture of the user or visually or audibly guide the sitting posture of the user, in accordance with state information about the sitting posture of the user determined based on a sensing result obtained by the posture recognition sensor, and a mobile application installed in a communication device possessed by the user, wherein the mobile application receives synchronized information related to the sitting posture of the user via communication with the posture

Abstract: A medical instrument is provided and includes a housing and a shaft coupled to the housing. The shaft has a proximal end and a distal end. An end-effector assembly is disposed at the distal end of the shaft. The end-effector assembly includes first and second jaw members. At least one of the first and second jaw members is movable from a first position wherein the first and second jaw members are disposed in spaced relation relative to one another to at least a second position closer to one another wherein the first and second jaw members cooperate to grasp tissue therebetween. The medical instrument also includes one or more light-emitting elements and one or more light-detecting elements configured to generate one or more signals indicative of tissue florescence. The one or more light-emitting elements are adapted to deliver light energy to tissue grasped between the first and second jaw members.

Abstract: An imaging apparatus includes: an imaging sensor including a plurality of pixels; a color filter including a plurality of filters arranged to correspond to the pixels; a first light source configured to irradiate a subject with visible light; a second light source configured to irradiate the subject with near-infrared light; a first processor including hardware, the first processor being configured to control an irradiation timing of each of the first light source and the second light source; and a second processor including hardware, the second processor being configured to generate a plurality of pieces of near-infrared image data on different near-infrared regions based on first image data and second image data, the first image data being generated by the imaging sensor by capturing an image of the subject, the second image data being generated by the imaging sensor by capturing an image of the subject.

Abstract: A method for increasing accuracy of measurement of body temperature includes a step of collecting an infrared signal to obtain an infrared signal value (step 1), a step of collecting a skin image to obtain a calibrating emissivity (step 2), a step of obtaining a calibrated infrared signal value according to the calibrating emissivity and the infrared signal value obtained in step 1 (step 3), and a step of making a conversion into an actual body temperature (step 4). Accordingly, an actual temperature value of the skin surface can be attained to increase the accuracy of measurement effectively, thereby allowing the measured result to be more close to the real body temperature of a tested target.

Abstract: Instruments, systems, and methods for measuring optical density of microbiological samples are provided. In particular, optical density instruments providing improved safety, efficiency, comfort, and convenience are provided. Such optical density instruments include a handheld portion and a base station. The optical density instruments may be used in systems and methods for measuring optical density of biological samples.

Abstract: Provided are an endoscope system and a method of operating the same capable of reliably performing focusing even in a case where an observation target is illuminated with light including long-wave light. A movable lens moves in an optical axis direction. A lens drive unit moves the movable lens from a first lens position of the movable lens where an observation target illuminated with short-wave light is focused to a second lens position of the movable lens where the observation target illuminated with long-wave light having a longer wavelength than the short-wave light is focused.

Abstract: The present application discloses a surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS)-active photonic crystal fiber (PCF) probe including a biopsy needle in the PCF probe for integrated sample collection and SERS sensing of one or more analytes comprised in the sample. The PCF comprises solid core and a cladding region surrounding the solid core, wherein the cladding region comprises air holes functionalised by metallic nanoparticles. The application also provides a method for detecting one or more analytes using the PCF probe as well as the use of the PCF probe for the detection of one or more analytes.

Abstract: An infrared detector and an infrared sensor including the infrared detector are provided. The infrared detector includes a plurality of quantum dots spaced apart from each other and including a first component, a first semiconductor layer covering the plurality of quantum dots, and a second semiconductor layer covering the first semiconductor layer.