Abstract: A detection method includes acquiring a first shot image of a long-side weld of a battery cell under detection by using a first structured light camera on a long side of the battery cell under detection, acquiring a second shot image of a short-side weld of the battery cell under detection by using a second structured light camera on the short side of the battery cell under detection, detecting a defect of the long-side weld of the battery cell under detection based on the first shot image, and detecting a defect of the short-side weld of the battery cell under detection based on the second shot image.

Abstract: In a battery monitoring system including a plurality of battery modules each including one or more cells, the battery modules are connected in series to each other. The battery monitoring system monitors the state of each cell based on the voltage value of the cell and the current value of the battery modules. A current detection unit detects the current value. Each voltage detection unit is associated with the corresponding one of the battery modules and detects the voltage value. Each slave unit is associated with the corresponding one of the battery modules, and wirelessly transmits information including synchronous current and voltage values detected by the current detection unit and the voltage detection unit. A master unit receives the information transmitted from the slave units. A central monitoring unit receives the information received by the master unit.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for determining safety of a battery are disclosed, where the method includes identifying a charge state or a discharge state of the battery, activating pulse probe currents at different depths of charge or discharge (charge/discharge) of the battery, in response to identifying the charge or discharge state of the battery, and detecting and differentiating between a state of short (SOS) and a state of health (SOH) of the battery based on variations of the pulse probe currents as a function of the depths of charge/discharge.

Abstract: A computing system according to at least one embodiment disclosed herein includes an autonomous driving controller that controls autonomous driving of a vehicle, and an energy management unit that provides a service related to energy management of the vehicle. The autonomous driving controller may set an output of a driving system included in the vehicle. The energy management unit may determine a change in an internal resistance of a battery based on driving data of the vehicle and battery data of the battery included in the vehicle, and sets an output current of the battery for the set output based of the driving system based on the determined change in the internal resistance.

Abstract: The invention relates to a method for estimating the state of an energy store comprising at least one electrochemical battery cell (12, 14, 16, 18, 20, 22, 24, 26, 28) using a battery management system (BMS) which comprises an impedance spectroscopy chip, having at least the following steps: a) determining the frequency-dependent impedance of the at least one electrochemical battery cell (12, 14, 16, 18, 20, 22, 24, 26, 28) using a data set recording taken in real-time, b) training an artificial neural network (60) with temperature-based training spectra as the input and a specification for temperature values belonging to each training spectrum as the output, c) taking into consideration a battery cell-to-battery cell variance (30) between the electrochemical battery cells (12, 14, 16, 18, 20, 22, 24, 26, 28) when testing the artificial neural network (60) using weighting functions ascertained during step b) and test spectra and estimating the temperature values belonging to the test spectra according to the

Abstract: A method for estimating a battery aging state is provided. The method includes receiving measurement values of a battery from a battery management system, calculating factors representing change characteristics of each of a discharge voltage and a discharge current in each of charge/discharge cycles by using the measurement values of the battery; and estimating, based on an n-dimensional vector including the calculated factors, the battery aging state by using a machine learning model that is pre-trained by using, as an input vector, an n-dimensional vector including factors representing change characteristics of each of a discharge voltage and a the discharge current in each of charge/discharge cycles of each battery for training using measurement values of the battery for training.

Abstract: A battery management system includes an electronic device including a battery and a management server connected to the electronic device via a network. The electronic device transmits battery information, including information indicating the battery status, to the management server. The management server accumulates the battery information received from the electronic device in a storage. The management server predicts the current status of the battery of the electronic device based on the battery information of the electronic device, and transmits control information for the battery control of the electronic device to the electronic device based on a prediction result.

Abstract: This disclosure relates to an electrified vehicle configured to identify a battery condition, such as a thermal event and/or an open circuit event, by classifying a data set, and a corresponding method. In some aspects, the techniques described herein relate to an electrified vehicle, including: a battery pack; a sensor configured to generate signals indicative of a property of the battery pack; and a computing system including a controller and a classification model, wherein the controller is configured to interpret the signals from the sensor to obtain a data set corresponding to the properties of the battery pack over a period of time, and wherein the controller is configured to use the classification model to classify the data set as a thermal event.

Abstract: A method for ascertaining an approximation and/or a prognosis for the true degradation state of a rechargeable battery. The method includes: providing a time sequence of values of the degradation state ascertained using measuring technology for past points in time; providing a trained HMM, which indicates, as a function of the true degradation state, at which probability during the ascertainment using measuring technology which particular value of the degradation state is monitored, and at which probability the true degradation state is maintained for what length of time, and/or at which probability this true degradation state transitions to which worse degradation state in the next time step; from the monitored time sequence and the HMM, the most probable characteristic of the true degradation state in the past that is in agreement with the monitored time sequence is ascertained; the desired approximation and/or prognosis is evaluated based on the most probable characteristic.

Abstract: A state value for a rechargeable battery, for example a lithium-ion battery, is determined on the basis of several aging characteristic variables. The aging characteristic variables comprise at least one current aging value and one future aging value.

Abstract: A battery management system may include a host microcontroller, operated in accordance with a first clock signal. The battery management system may also include a first sensor, which may be configured to measure a first value of a first group of one or more cells in a battery system. A first AFE circuit may include a first pulse-width modulation (PWM) controller, which may be configured to at least one of enable or power on the first sensor while a first PWM signal from the first PWM controller is in a first state, and may be configured to at least one of disable or power off the first sensor while the first PWM signal is in a second state. The first AFE circuit may also include a first storage register, which may be configured to receive a representation of the first value measured while the first sensor is on and enabled.

Abstract: The present disclosure provides a control device for a secondary battery, and the control device includes a controller configured to correct battery characteristics on an open circuit voltage to a remaining capacity of the secondary battery. In the control device for the secondary battery, the controller acquires data of a plurality of open circuit voltages in the battery characteristics during charging the secondary battery. When the secondary battery is fully charged, the controller corrects the open circuit voltages between respective pairs selected and combined from at least one part of the data of the plurality of open circuit voltages. The controller weighted-averages and corrects full charge capacities, which are calculated by the correction of the open circuit voltages between the respective data pairs, with differences each between respective remaining capacities each corresponding between the respective data pairs.

Abstract: Discussed is a battery diagnosing apparatus that can include a resistance measuring unit configured to measure an internal resistance of each of a plurality of battery modules including one or more battery cells, and a control unit configured to receive resistance information about the internal resistance of each of the plurality of battery modules from the resistance measuring unit, calculate a first criterion resistance and an absolute deviation between the first criterion resistance and the internal resistance, convert the calculated absolute deviation into a resistance deviation for the plurality of battery modules based on the resistance information, set a first resistance section based on the calculated first criterion resistance and the calculated resistance deviation, select a part of the plurality of battery modules as a target module based on the resistance information, and calculate a second criterion resistance for the target module based on the resistance information.

Abstract: Discussed is a battery diagnosis system for a battery pack including a battery group of a plurality of batteries connected in series, and a battery management system to transmit a notification signal indicating a battery parameter of each of the plurality of batteries. The battery diagnosis system includes a communication device to collect the notification signal via at least one of a wired network or a wireless network, a data preprocessing device to update big data indicating a change history of the battery parameter of each battery based on the notification signal, and a data analysis device to determine dispersion information of a data set including a plurality of characteristics values indicating the battery parameter of each of the plurality of batteries from the big data, and determine whether each battery is faulty based on the dispersion information and the plurality of characteristics values.

Abstract: A system for monitoring a battery of a vehicle includes a current measuring circuit to measure a current of the battery comprising a plurality of cell groups connected to each other. A voltage measuring circuit is to measure voltages of the cell groups. A controller is configured to define a plurality operating regions in a current profile of the battery during a drive cycle of the vehicle. The controller is configured to filter the current and the voltages measured in the operating regions and calculate internal resistances of the cell groups in the operating regions based on the filtered current and voltages. The controller is configured to generate statistical values based on the internal resistances of the cell groups and determine whether one or more of the cell groups is faulty based on differences between maximum and minimum values of one of the statistical values across the cell groups.

Abstract: Methods, apparatus, systems, and articles of manufacture are disclosed that implement an off-screen indication of battery charge in mobile platforms. In an example, the apparatus includes a keyboard, an interface circuitry, and a processor circuitry. The example processor circuitry to instantiate remaining state of charge (RSOC) controller circuitry to detect a battery charge level display event on a mobile device, the mobile device in a pre-boot state. The example processor circuitry additionally to instantiate fuel gauge circuitry to determine a charge level of a battery of the mobile device and keyboard display circuitry to, after the battery charge level display event, cause a display of the charge level of the battery in the pre-boot state with ones of backlights of a second ones keys on the keyboard.

Abstract: Systems and methods are disclosed for managing the processing and execution of models that may have been developed on a variety of platforms. A multi-model execution module specifying a sequence of models to be executed may be determined. A multi-platform model processing and execution management engine may execute the multi-model execution module internally, or outsource the execution to a distributed model execution orchestration engine. A model data monitoring and analysis engine may monitor the internal and/or distributed execution of the multi-model execution module, and may further transmit notifications to various computing systems.

Abstract: A method for estimating a battery state of an energy storage system of a vehicle using a dual estimator. The energy storage system comprises a battery unit, and the dual estimator comprises a first estimator configured to estimate said battery state, the first estimator having first tuning parameters, a second estimator configured to track changes around nominal values of a set of battery parameters, the second estimator having second tuning parameters. The method comprises obtaining operational data of the energy storage system, feeding the operational data to the estimators, using the first estimator, estimating the battery state, using the second estimator, estimating changes around the nominal values of the set of battery parameters, and at least one of adaptively adjusting the first and/or second tuning parameters and adaptively adjusting the nominal values of the set of battery parameters to account for slow timescale variations arising due to ageing.

Abstract: A method for detecting an abnormal battery cell includes periodically generating a voltage value and a current value for each of battery cells, updating, in real time by using an adaptive filter, a G parameter value and an H parameter value of each of battery cells, based on the voltage value and the current value, calculating a representative G parameter value and a representative H parameter value, and determining whether each of the battery cells is an abnormally deteriorated cell based on the G parameter value and the H parameter value of each of the battery cells, the representative G parameter value, and the representative H parameter value. The G parameter indicates sensitivity of voltage with respect to a change in current of the battery cell, and the H parameter indicates an effective potential determined by a local equilibrium potential distribution and a resistance distribution in the battery cell.

Abstract: A battery management apparatus for changing a control condition according to a degradation pattern in a charge situation of a battery cell. Since not only the degradation degree of the battery cell but also the degradation acceleration degree of the battery cell is estimated, the present degradation state of the battery cell may be more accurately estimated, and the future degradation state of the battery cell may also be predicted more accurately.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a method for quantifying and diagnosing the quality of manufacturing equipment, that is, to a quantitative diagnostic method for the quality of manufacturing equipment. It is possible to quantify the quality of manufacturing equipment having a plurality of production elements and diagnose same in a single attempt.

Abstract: A portable power bank including a rechargeable battery may detect loss of capacity in the power bank battery. The power bank determines a nominal capacity of the power bank, and an actual capacity of the power bank, the actual capacity being less than the nominal capacity. The power bank compares the actual capacity to the nominal capacity to determine a health value of the power bank battery. When the power bank battery health value is at or below a threshold value, the power bank transmits an indication of the health value to a mobile computing device.

Abstract: A battery control system includes an acquisition unit configured to acquire a state quantity of the battery, a first estimation unit configured to perform an estimation process of estimating a full charging capacity of the battery based on the state quantity of the battery acquired by the acquisition unit by controlling charging or discharging of the battery, a first transmission unit configured to transmit a transmission request for requesting transmission of an estimation result of the full charging capacity of the battery to a management device when the estimation process is not able to be performed by the first estimation unit, and a first reception unit configured to receive an estimation result of the full charging capacity of the battery from the management device when the estimation process is not able to be performed by the first estimation unit.

Abstract: An approach to forecasting battery health as a dynamic time-series problem as opposed to a static prediction problem is presented. Systems and methods disclosed herein forecast a trajectory to failure by predicting a path to failure as opposed to only predicting when the battery may fail. A machine-learning model is implemented that extracts unique features taken from time-series data, such as time snippets of charging data. The raw time-series data may include current voltage and temperature with complex transformations and without capturing a full cycle, which permits wider applicability to instances of varying depth of discharge (DoD).

Abstract: A method of determining, for each cell of a battery of series-coupled cells, an indicator QCi representative of the charge stored in the cell, this method comprising: a) at the end of a phase of partial discharge or charge of the battery, measuring the voltage Ui across each cell of the battery; b) calculating, for each cell, an interpolation coefficient Xi from a value C_rate representative of the discharge or charge rate of the battery during said partial discharge or charge phase, and from the voltages Ui measured at step a); and c) determining, for each cell, from the interpolation coefficient Xi calculated for the cell at step b) and from a quantity Qcm representative of the charge stored in the battery, said indicator QCi representative of the charge stored in cell.

Abstract: Disclosed is an apparatus and method for controlling an operation of a secondary battery using a relative deterioration degree of an electrode. The method includes determining a SOC of the secondary battery whenever a pulse current flows through the secondary battery; determining an electrochemical reaction resistance from a voltage change amount measured during a preset initial time in each pulse current section and determining a lithium ion diffusion resistance from a voltage change amount measured during a remaining time except for the initial time; determining a deterioration-biased electrode by comparing a deterioration diagnosing resistance ratio, which is a relative ratio of the lithium ion diffusion resistance to the electrochemical reaction resistance, with a preset reference deterioration diagnosing resistance ratio; and adaptively adjusting an operation condition of a next charging/discharging cycle according to the type of the deterioration-biased electrode.

Abstract: A battery abnormality diagnosis apparatus including a sensing unit measuring a voltage and a current of a battery cell, a differential data calculating unit calculating differential data for a capacity and a voltage of the battery cell, and an abnormality diagnosing unit diagnosing abnormality of the battery cell based on the differential data and classifying a type of the abnormality.

Abstract: A vehicle includes an electric motor and a battery operable to provide electrical power to the electric motor. The battery system includes a first battery pack and a second battery pack. The first battery pack has a relatively high power density, and the second battery pack has a relatively high energy density. An electronic controller determines a remaining driving range of the first battery pack, and a remaining driving range of the second battery pack. The vehicle has a human-machine interface (HMI) operatively connected to the electronic controller and configured to indicate the remaining driving range of the first battery pack and the remaining driving range of the second battery pack. The controller executes a method of monitoring the battery system.

Abstract: A management server is configured to perform a process including: setting a basic fee of a first monthly fee when a utilization manner is battery lease; setting discount rates based on the weight, capacity, manufacturer, degree of initial deterioration, amount of power consumption, number of times of performing quick electric charging, utilization region, and utilization period of the battery; determining the first monthly fee; setting a basic fee of a second monthly fee when the utilization manner is vehicle lease; setting discount rates based on the weight of the battery, a utilization region of the vehicle, and a utilization period; determining the second monthly fee; and determining a total monthly fee.

Abstract: A battery system for an electric vehicle includes a battery module having battery cells and a controller module connected to the battery cells, the controller module being configured to measure voltage values, current values, and temperature values of at least one of the battery cells, and a controller unit connected to the battery module and configured to communicate with the controller module via a data line, the controller unit being configured to determine an inherent physical property of the at least one of the battery cells based on the measured values of the controller module, to compare the determined inherent physical property with a reference value for the inherent physical property, and to perform an authentication of the at least one of the battery cells based on the comparison.

Abstract: A battery pack includes a plurality of cells, a first detection unit configured to detect a first electrical parameter of a cell, a second detection unit configured to detect a second electrical parameter of a cell group, a storage unit at least configured to store a third electrical parameter of the cell, and a control unit configured to acquire the first electrical parameter, the second electrical parameter, and the third electrical parameter, dynamically adjust a discharge capacity parameter of the battery pack based on the third electrical parameter, the first electrical parameter, and the second electrical parameter, and transmit the discharge capacity parameter to a load connected to the battery pack to enable the load to adjust the current operating state based on the discharge capacity parameter.

Abstract: A battery management device includes: a first switch state acquisition unit configured to acquire the state of an ignition switch; a determination unit configured to determine to perform correction control for correcting an error in the state of charge (SOC) of the battery when the ignition switch is operated from ON to OFF; a correction control unit configured to perform the correction control of the SOC of the battery when it is determined that the correction control is to be performed; and a second switch state acquisition unit configured to acquire the state of a cancel switch for canceling the execution of the correction control. When the ignition switch is operated from ON to OFF while the cancel switch is ON, the determination unit determines that the correction control is not to be performed.

Abstract: The invention relates to a method (100) of controlling a vehicle electrical energy storage system having a plurality of battery units connectable to form a battery unit assembly for providing traction power to a vehicle electric propulsion system. The method comprises the steps of selecting (105) a plurality of sub-sets of battery units from the plurality of battery units, determining (120) an alternative operational power (AOPn) of the electrical energy storage system for each sub-set of the plurality of selected sub-sets of battery units, and for the plurality of selected sub-sets of battery units, identify (140) the sub-set having the highest alternative operational power for providing power to the electric propulsion system among the plurality of sub-sets of battery units.

Abstract: The present disclosure relates to a battery management apparatus, a vehicle system including the same, and a battery management method. An exemplary embodiment of the present disclosure provides a battery management apparatus including: a processor configured to create a profile depending on a voltage of a battery cell when charging a battery, to determine uniformity of the battery cell based on the profile, and to perform battery management and control by using the uniformity; and a storage configured to store a profile for each battery cell, and an algorithm and data driven by the processor.

Abstract: An electric energy storage device, comprising N energy units with a same rated voltage and provided with a socket, wherein the N energy units are equally divided into M energy modules. Each energy module comprises K energy units, wherein M?2 and K?2, and can be switched between parallel and series connection states. The disclosure also provides an electric tool system, wherein the electric tools with different rated voltages have different plugs, and the electric energy storage device outputs different voltages after connecting with the socket. The electric energy storage device with multiple output voltages can be suitable for electric energy storage devices with different rated voltages, and reduces the cost.

Abstract: An energy storage device management system can include a management portion for charging/discharging an energy storage device and an ultrasound interrogation portion for passing ultrasound energy through the energy storage device during charge/discharge cycles. A memory stores a stream of capture data instances derived from ultrasound energy exiting the energy storage device and baseline ultrasound data instances corresponding with the energy storage device during normal charging/discharging thereof. A processor can compare each capture data instance with the baseline ultrasound data and detect abnormal operating states of the energy storage device. A warning system can issue a notification when abnormal operating states are detected.

Abstract: A computing system is implemented as part of a vehicle architecture. The computing system includes a computing component, a first computing node that includes a power distribution system, a second computing node that includes input/output (I/O) interfaces to connect to devices, actuators, or sensors, and a third computing node. The computing component further comprises one or more processors and instructions or logic that, when executed by the one or more processors, cause the computing component to perform, transmitting commands to the second computing node, the commands associated with initial processing of data received at the second computing node, receiving initially processed data from the second computing node, and performing further processing on the initially processed data.

Abstract: A method of charging a battery, including: in an mth charge and discharge cycle, constant-current charging a battery to a first cut-off voltage Um at a charging current, where m is any two or more integers of 1, 2, 3, . . . , x, and Um has different values in at least two charge and discharge cycles. The method shortens fully charged time of a battery and further ensure that phenomena of lithium precipitation and overcharge do not occur on the battery, thereby prolonging a service life of the battery.

Abstract: A BMS managing apparatus including a master BMS and a plurality of slave BMSs, and includes: a master BMS for sending an NV (non-volatile) value confirmation request to the plurality of slave BMSs, and sending a uniformization request to the plurality of slave BMSs based on whether a source ID is set, when a response to the NV value confirmation request is received from the plurality of slave BMSs; and a plurality of slave BMSs for sending each NV value to the master BMS when the NV value confirmation request is received from the master BMS, setting a representative BMS and a target BMS based on the plurality of NV values, setting the representative BMS or a slave BMS corresponding to the source ID as a source BMS according to the uniformization request received from the master BMS, and updating an NV value of the target BMS according to an NV value of the source BMS.

Abstract: A communication apparatus includes a data collecting unit for obtaining log information about a state of a battery from a battery management system that manages the battery, a first storing unit including reference log information for determining abnormality of the battery, and a diagnosing unit for diagnosing abnormality of the battery by comparing the log information about the state of the battery with the reference log information.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for estimating a state of a battery. The method includes obtaining a measured voltage of a battery from a sensor connected to the battery, obtaining an estimated voltage of the battery from an electrochemical model stored in a memory, estimating an aging variation of the battery based on the measured voltage and the estimated voltage, and updating an aging parameter of the electrochemical model using the aging variation.

Abstract: Various embodiments of the present technology may provide methods and apparatus for detecting battery cell imbalance. The apparatus may provide a fuel gauge circuit to detect imbalance in a battery pack with two series-connected battery cells and determine the amount of imbalance using only the positive and negative terminal of the battery pack.

Abstract: The battery control device includes: a charge/discharge controller configured to charge or discharge the secondary battery during diagnosis; an open circuit voltage curve acquisition device configured to acquire an open circuit voltage by charging or discharging the secondary battery; and an arithmetic processor configured to estimate a potential of the positive electrode and a potential of the negative electrode from an open circuit voltage curve. The battery control device controls the charge cut-off voltage and the discharge cut-off voltage such that an estimated positive potential does not exceed an upper limit and a lower limit of voltage that are preset.

Abstract: A power bank includes a shell, a PCB board, a fastening unit, a positive electrode connector, a negative electrode connector, an elastic component and a battery installation area enclosed by the elastic component and the bottom of the fastening unit. The elastic component is used to fasten a battery in the battery installation area so that a positive electrode terminal of the battery is electrically connected to the positive electrode connector, and a negative electrode terminal of the battery is electrically connected to the negative electrode connector, and the positive electrode terminal and the negative electrode terminal of the battery are located at the same side. The power bank is small size and light weight, of which the battery is fastened via squeezing by an elastic component so as to replace the battery freely.

Abstract: A battery heating system includes a voltage conversion unit configured to be electrically connected to a power source and to a battery to be heated, and a control unit. The voltage conversion unit receives a first voltage input by the power source or a second voltage input by the battery to be heated. The control unit acquires a charging and discharging frequency of the voltage conversion unit, determines a charge transfer impedance of the battery to be heated according to the charging and discharging frequency, calculates a safe amplitude current of the battery to be heated according to the charge transfer impedance, and sends a control signal to the voltage conversion unit according to the charging and discharging frequency and the safe amplitude current to cause the voltage conversion unit to perform boost or buck processing of the first voltage or the second voltage according to the control signal.

Abstract: A method of operating a hearing assistive device having a rechargeable battery, and comprises reading battery status data from a battery controller during use of the hearing assistive device, transferring the battery status data wirelessly from the hearing assistive device to a computing device and predicting, in the computing device, a remaining battery time for the rechargeable battery based upon the battery status data received. Once the remaining battery time is predicted, it is compared with a predefined use pattern for hearing assistive device and a user becomes notified if a conflict between the remaining battery time and the predefined use pattern is observed.

Abstract: An in-vehicle unit, which is installed in a vehicle, determines whether a remote process is to be performed on the basis of a remaining amount of an energy usable by this unit. When the remote process is determined not to be performed, the in-vehicle unit recognizes a target in an interior of a vehicle and determines a situation in the interior of the vehicle on the basis of a result of recognition. When the remote process is determined to be performed, the in-vehicle unit sends sensor information to a vehicle-interior monitoring support apparatus, which performs processes similar to the above in-vehicle recognition and the above in-vehicle determination, and receives a result of determination on the situation in the interior of the vehicle by the support apparatus. The in-vehicle unit performs a monitoring control related to the interior of the vehicle on the basis of the result of determination.

Abstract: In an inspection apparatus for an assembled battery having a plurality of energy storage devices connected in series, based on a voltage difference between a first energy storage device with the first-lowest voltage and a second energy storage device with the second-lowest voltage during charge or discharge among the plurality of energy storage devices, an abnormality of the first energy storage device is detected.

Abstract: Embodiments of the present invention manage a state of charge of a rechargeable battery for extended storage by determining a manual override for a storage protocol is not activate for a rechargeable battery associated with a battery charger and an electronic device. Receiving battery data, environment data, and historical data for the rechargeable battery associated with a battery charger. Embodiments of the present invention determine to activate the storage protocol for the rechargeable battery based on the battery data, the environment data, and the historical data and discharge the rechargeable battery to a preset state of charge level based on the storage protocol.

Abstract: A battery management system includes a displacement sensor configured to detect a displacement of a cell group including a plurality of battery cells connected in parallel, and a control unit. The control unit is configured to record the displacement of the cell group at a predetermined time interval for a first diagnosis period from a first time point to a second time point during charging of the cell group. The control unit is configured to determine a first displacement curve from a history of the displacement over the first diagnosis period. The control unit is configured to determine whether the plurality of battery cells is nonuniformly degraded based on the first displacement curve.