Abstract: The present invention relates to a method for simulating karstification phenomena in karst zones, especially in insular regions. This method defines a geological model of the karst zone and simulates the movement of a particle in the geological model, this movement being probabilistic. This method furthermore modifies the geological parameter depending on the movement of the particle and on the aggressiveness of the particle. The aggressiveness of the particle depends on the coordinates of the particle.

Abstract: Techniques are described for optimizing scalability of analytics that use time-series models. In one or more embodiments, a stored time-series model includes a plurality of data points representing seasonal behavior in a training set of time-series data for at least one season. A target time for evaluating the time-series model is then determined, and the target time or one or more times relative to the target time are mapped to a subset of the plurality of data points. Based on the mapping, a trimmed version of the time-series model is generated by loading the subset of the plurality of data points into a cache, the subset of data points representing seasonal behavior in the training set of time-series data for a portion of the at least one season. A target set of time-series data may be evaluated suing the trimmed version of the time-series in the cache.

Abstract: The present invention belongs to the technical field of health monitoring for civil structures, and an anomaly identification method considering spatial-temporal correlation is proposed for structural monitoring data. First, define current and past observation vectors for the monitoring data and pre-whiten them; second, establish a statistical correlation model for the pre-whitened current and past observation vectors to simultaneously consider the spatial-temporal correlation in the monitoring data; then, divide the model into two parts, i.e., the system-related and system-unrelated parts, and define two corresponding statistics; finally, determine the corresponding control limits of the statistics, and it can be decided that there is anomaly in the monitoring data when each of the statistics exceeds its corresponding control limit.

Abstract: A reconstruction method for a pore structure of a core with micro-CT (Computed Tomography) is provided. With utilizing a FIB-SEM (Focused Ion Beam-Scanning Electron Microscope) experiment, an actual porosity corresponding to a grey level in micro-CT results is obtained, so as to establish a relationship between the grey level of a micro-CT image and the porosity. Thereafter, according to the above relationship, a certain porosity is assigned to each pixel in the micro-CT image, so as to establish a soft segmentation method of the pore structure. The reconstruction method provided by the present invention discloses a soft segmentation method for digital reconstruction of the pore structure of the core combined with FIB-SEM data and micro-CT data, and establishes a fractional digital pore structure model of the core, which further improves a matching degree between the digital pore structure model of the core and an actual core.

Abstract: Described herein are various technologies pertaining to predicting an amount of electrical power that is to be generated by a power system at a future point in time, wherein the power system utilizes a renewable energy resource to generate electrical power. A camera is positioned to capture an image of sky over a geographic region of interest. The image is analyzed to predict an amount of solar radiation that is to be received by the power source at a future point in time. The predicted solar radiation is used to predict an amount of electrical power that will be output by the power system at the future point in time. A computational resource of a data center that is powered by way of the power source is managed as a function of the predicted amount of power.

Abstract: An image creation device includes: a storage unit in which target scene three-dimensional information related to a position, a shape and optical characteristics of a structural object present in a virtual target scene, eyeglass lens three-dimensional information related to a position, a shape and optical characteristics of an eyeglass lens and eyeball three-dimensional information related to a position, a shape and optical characteristics of an eye of a wearer viewing the target scene through the eyeglass lens used as a virtual lens; and a retina image creation unit that creates a retina image based upon the target scene three-dimensional information, the eyeglass lens three-dimensional information and the eyeball three-dimensional information, wherein: the retina image is a virtual image projected onto a retina of the eye of the wearer viewing the target scene through the eyeglass lens.

Abstract: Systems described herein may allow for the intelligent configuration of containers onto virtualized resources. Different configurations may be generated based on the simulation of alternate placements of containers onto nodes, where the placement of a particular container onto a particular node may serve as a root for several branches which may themselves simulate the placement of additional containers on the node (in addition to the container(s) indicated in the root). Once a set of configurations are generated, a particular configuration may be selected according to determined selection parameters and/or intelligent selection techniques.

Abstract: Provided is a method for providing a recommended operating condition with which an oil refinery device can be operated more efficiently. A server 20: acquires past operational data for a device, a scheduled operating condition which is an operation condition for the device scheduled by a user, and plant information including at least a usage expiry time of the device; creates a user-specific catalyst deterioration function from the past operational data; calculates, on the basis of the catalyst deterioration function, the plant information, and the schedule operating condition, a recommended operating condition that achieves a catalyst lifetime which is later than the usage expiry time of the device and is earlier than the catalyst lifetime when the device is operated under a scheduled operating condition calculated on the basis of the scheduled operating condition and the catalyst deterioration function; and transmits the recommended operating condition to a user terminal.

Abstract: A machine learning device acquires from a numerical controller information relating to machining when the machining is performed, and further acquires an actual delay time due to servo control and due to machine movement which are caused in the machining when the machining is performed. Then, the device performs supervised learning using the acquired machining-related information as input data, and using the acquired actual delay time due to servo control and due to machine movement as supervised data, and constructs a learning model, thereby predicting the machine delay time caused in a machine with high precision.

Abstract: A purpose-made predictive instrument for the administration of cardiac metabolic support for acute coronary syndromes (ACS, which include unstable angina and acute myocardial infarction) that particularly identifies those most likely to benefit from treatment. In some examples, such a predictive instrument is used for real-time decision support for the administration of treatments such as glucoseinsulin-potassium (GIK).

Abstract: A computing device, including a processor configured to execute a physics engine. The physics engine may, for a first body having a first position and a velocity vector, determine that a second position along the velocity vector is located outside a first non-collision region for the first body and a second body. The physics engine may determine a safe position along the velocity vector at which the first body would lie tangent to a first separation plane. The physics engine may determine an advanced position along the velocity vector between the safe position and the second position, and may determine an advanced separation plane. The advanced separation plane may have an advanced normal vector based on the advanced position. The physics engine may move the first body to a new position based on the velocity vector and the advanced separation plane.

Abstract: Systems and methods are disclosed for assessing organ and/or tissue transplantation by estimating blood flow through a virtual transplant model by receiving a patient-specific anatomical model of the intended transplant recipient; receiving a patient-specific anatomical model of the intended transplant donor, the model including the vasculature of the organ or tissue that is intended to be transplanted to the recipient; constructing a unified model of the connected system post transplantation, the connected system including the transplanted organ or tissue from the intended transplant donor and the vascular system of the intended transplant recipient; receiving one or more blood flow characteristics of the connected system; assessing the suitability for an actual organ or tissue transplantation using the received blood flow characteristics; and outputting the assessment into an electronic storage medium or display.

Abstract: A method for assessing vehicle damage, includes: acquiring a to-be-identified vehicle damage image; acquiring damage object detection information in the image; acquiring vehicle component information for the vehicle damage image, the vehicle component information including a detected first component; generating a first comprehensive feature for the first component; determining a plurality of candidate prediction results for the first component, each of the candidate prediction results comprising a candidate component category and a candidate damage category; obtain a first prediction result including, for each of the candidate prediction results, a probability that the candidate damage category thereof is correct; obtaining a second prediction result including, for each of the candidate prediction results, a probability that the candidate component category thereof is correct; and determining the component category of the first component and the corresponding damage category thereof at least based on the firs

Abstract: A method for ensuring that verification results about models apply to cyber-physical systems (CPS) implementations is presented. The invention provides correctness guarantees for CPS executions at runtime. Offline verification of CPS models are combined with runtime validation of system executions for compliance with the model. The invention ensures that the verification results obtained for the model apply to the actual system runs by monitoring the behavior of the world for compliance with the model, assuming the system dynamics deviation is bounded. If, at some point, the observed behavior no longer complies with the model, such that offline verification results no longer apply, provably safe fallback actions are initiated. The invention includes a systematic technique to synthesize provably correct monitors automatically from CPS proofs in differential dynamic logic.

Abstract: A streakline visualization apparatus sets a partial region including a discrete point at a first position on a first streakline in an analysis space as an analysis target region of the discrete point. Based on a velocity of fluid in the analysis target region indicated by fluid information, the apparatus calculates a second position indicating a destination of a particle on the discrete point at a second analysis time point. Next, based on information about a structure in the analysis target region indicated by structure information, the apparatus determines a region occupied by the structure in the analysis target region at the second analysis time point. Next, based on the first and second positions, the apparatus determines whether a second streakline has entered the occupied region. If the second streakline has not entered the occupied region, the apparatus displays the second streakline passing through the second position.

Abstract: A testing method including defining a plurality of test periods, and for each current test period collecting flight data from at least two separate avionics systems operating independently, analyzing consistency between the data collected during the previous test period, and/or between the data and flight data collected during an earlier test period, while verifying a plurality of predetermined consistency rules, and when at least one of these rules is not verified, generating an alert relative to a loss of integrity of the avionics.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for manipulation of a respiratory model via adjustment of parameters associated with model images is described. A subset of the images that are used with the model that is associated with the position and motion of a targeted region of the patient to receive radiation treatment may be identified. The subset of images may be sorted. A graphical user interface (GUI) that identifies two or more of the images of the sorted subset may be provided. A selection associated with one of the images of the sorted subset may be received by the GUI. Furthermore, a new model to identify the targeted region based on the selection that is associated with one of the two or more images may be generated.

Abstract: In a method for minimizing optical proximity correction errors in a semiconductor pattern. The method includes modifying a mask in a quantized unit to reduce an edge placement error between a simulation layout shape and a target layout shape; adjusting a critical dimension (CD) error between a CD of the simulation layout shape and a CD of the target layout shape to generate an adjusted CD error by further modifying at least one side of the mask in a predetermined unit; and reforming the simulation layout shape by modifying each side of the mask with arbitrary correction values.

Abstract: A soil condition analysis system, including: a support platform to support an elongate soil core extracted from the Earth; a plurality of soil sensing components configured to measure corresponding characteristics of a soil core supported on the support platform; one or more data acquisition components in communication with the soil sensing components and configured to generate measurement data representing the measured characteristics from the soil sensing components; wherein at least one of the support platform and the plurality of soil sensing components is mounted on a computer-controlled translation stage to enable the soil sensing components to automatically measure the corresponding characteristics of the soil core at mutually spaced locations along a longitudinal axis of the elongate soil core.

Abstract: The disclosure notably relates to a computer-implemented method for designing an outer surface of a composite part manufactured by molding a stack of material layers. The method includes defining constant offset surfaces, a constant offset surface being a respective part of the outer surface which is to have a constant offset value relative to the reference surface, the constant offset value of a respective constant offset surface corresponding to the sum of the thicknesses of the material layers below the respective constant offset surface, and determining a final surface that corresponds to a tangent continuous connection of the constant offset surfaces. This provides an improved solution for designing an outer surface of a composite part.

Abstract: A method for managing key performance indicators (KPIs) in an enterprise business having a plurality of business units can be provided. The method can include receiving a target for a general KPI and at least one constraint for a general attribute, wherein the general KPI is an aggregation of KPIs and wherein the general attribute is an aggregation of attributes. The method can further include reading a formula for each of the business units, wherein a formula defines how changes in a KPI are correlated with changes in the unit's attribute. The method can further include calculating for each business unit a separate target for the KPI of the business unit such that: a) the general attribute remains within the at least one constraint and b) the target for the general KPI is attained and sending to each business unit a separate target that was calculated.

Abstract: Determination of Wind Turbine Configuration The present invention relates to a method and computer system for determining a configuration of a wind turbine of a given wind turbine type, the method comprising the steps of: storing in a database a plurality of combinations of physical and control parameters of the wind turbine that can be varied; determining a plurality of wind flow characteristics at a target location; applying a function which defines a relationship between a performance parameter, a fatigue life estimation, the combination of physical and control parameters and the plurality of wind flow characteristics, to at least some of the plurality of combinations in the database to determine values of the performance parameter and the fatigue life estimation for those combinations; and selecting one of the combinations of physical and control parameters as the configuration of the wind turbine for the target location on the basis of the performance parameter and fatigue life estimation values.

Abstract: A streakline visualization apparatus sets a partial region including a discrete point at a first position on a first streakline in an analysis space as an analysis target region of the discrete point. Based on a velocity of fluid in the analysis target region indicated by fluid information, the apparatus calculates a second position indicating a destination of a particle on the discrete point at a second analysis time point. Next, based on information about a structure in the analysis target region indicated by structure information, the apparatus determines a region occupied by the structure in the analysis target region at the second analysis time point. Next, based on the first and second positions, the apparatus determines whether a second streakline has entered the occupied region. If the second streakline has not entered the occupied region, the apparatus displays the second streakline passing through the second position.

Abstract: Embodiments are directed to a computer-implemented method, computer system, and computer program product for forecasting power generation. The method includes receiving a first power generation forecast. A second power generation forecast is received, along with actual observed power generation. A model is created for the observed power generation based on the second power generation forecast. A third power generation forecast is created using the model for the observed power generation, the second power generation forecast, and the first power generation forecast.

Abstract: In a streakline visualization apparatus, a processing unit calculates, by using an expression including a correction value for correcting an error attributable to accelerated motion of a plurality of grid points represented by position information, time differential values of velocities of fluid on the plurality of grid points at each of the plurality of first time points. The processing unit calculates, based on the velocities and the time differential values of the velocities of the fluid on the plurality of grid points at each of the plurality of first time points, positions of a series of a plurality of particles sequentially outputted from a particle generation source as analysis time progresses at each of a plurality of second time points having a second time interval shorter than the first time interval. The processing unit generates display information about a streakline indicating the series of the plurality of particles.

Abstract: A method and system to generate an operating room layout plan for a surgical procedure involving a patient and a trajectory of access. A patient model is positioned in a virtual coordinate space representing the operating room, and is rendered, along with the trajectory of access relative to the patient, on a display. The trajectory of access defines a zone of operation in the virtual coordinate space. The planning system receives selection of a navigation camera location in the virtual coordinate space; renders a navigation camera model visually indicating an operative field of view; determines whether the navigation camera has a direct line-of-sight to the zone of operation and, if not, indicates an error; and outputs the operating room layout plan based on the location of the models in the virtual coordinate space.

Abstract: The invention pertains to a method for transferring properties from a reference dental model (20) to a primary dental model (10), wherein the method comprises a non-rigid alignment of the primary dental model and the reference dental model, comprising applying an algorithm to minimize a measure of shape deviation between the primary dental model and the reference dental model, and transferring properties of the reference dental model to the primary dental model.

Abstract: A computer implemented method for linking an underwriting action to a customer is presented. The method receives an inspection model corresponding to a geographic location associated with a structure and determines that a virtual inspection is necessary based on the inspection model. The method also retrieves a first aerial image corresponding to the geographic location and a second aerial image corresponding to the geographic location and a time threshold. The method further receives a comparison data value corresponding to the first and second aerial image, determines an underwriting action based on the comparison data and links the underwriting action to a customer account.

Abstract: The present invention provides a computer-implemented system and method for rapid capturing of the physical environment in a formal manner and connecting this formal representation to the data held in an organization's databases. The present invention includes a computer implemented system and method for accurate extraction of the “reality” into a formal model. In addition, the invention includes methods to divide the information by different aspects based on user defined and automatic tagging. The invention utilizes a modeling language to create a model, which includes a plurality of entities, to describe a physical environment and linking a plurality of external data associated with the physical environment with the plurality of entities.

Abstract: Methods for representing crystal structure of inorganic materials in matrix form, and for quantitative comparison of multiple inorganic materials, can be employed to identify candidate materials with high potential to possess a desired property. Such methods can include conversion of an atomic coordinate set to a coordinate set for an anion only lattice, anion substitution, and unit cell re-scaling. Such methods can further include simulation of x-ray diffraction data for modified anion-only lattices, and generation of n×2 matrices from the simulated diffraction data. Quantitative structural similarity values can be derived from the n×2 matrices. The quantitative structural similarity values can be useful for structural categorization, as well as prediction of functional properties.

Abstract: Methods, apparatus, systems, and articles of manufacture are disclosed to generate an aircraft system model using a standardized architecture. An example apparatus includes a model generator to generate an aircraft system model of an aircraft system based on a standardized architecture, a model integrator to integrate the aircraft system model into an integrated aircraft system model, a power sequencer to perform a power sequence test on the integrated aircraft system model, and a report generator to generate a report including a result of the power sequence test.

Abstract: A method for determining the tail performance of an integrated circuit is described. The method includes simulating the integrated circuit over samples to obtain values for circuit specifications and sorting the circuit specifications based on an expected number of samples. The method also includes arranging a sequence of samples from the universe according to a sequence in the group of circuit specifications, simulating the integrated circuit with one of the sequence of samples to obtain at least one circuit specification, removing the at least one circuit specification from the group when it satisfies the stop criterion, and modifying a model for a second circuit specification based on the at least one circuit specification. The computer-implemented method also includes reordering the group of circuit specifications based on the model and determining an integrated circuit performance based on a simulation result for the at least one circuit specification.

Abstract: Content interaction data associated with content is received and analyzed to determine a sentiment associated with the content. The content interaction data is associated with a first geographical location. Trending of the content to a predetermined level is predicted in at least one other geographical location based upon the sentiment. A recommendation is determined for delivery of the content in a second geographical location of the at least one other geographical location.

Abstract: A plant operation support device for simulating an operation of a plant based on information obtained from the plant, includes: an operation condition setting part that sets an operation condition of the plant and a timing for applying the operation condition; and a transient state prediction part that predicts a transient state of the plant from a specific time point to the future in a case in which the operation condition of the plant set by the operation condition setting part is applied at the timing.

Abstract: Methods and systems suitable for producing agricultural prescriptions and/or measuring or monitoring parameters that are used in the production of the prescriptions. According to one aspect, such a method includes obtaining and recording a series of aerial thermal images of a field over a period of time, and analyzing the series of aerial thermal images to determine nutrient mineralization rates for the field.

Abstract: Methods and systems for performing measurements based on a measurement model integrating a metrology-based target model with a process-based target model. Systems employing integrated measurement models may be used to measure structural and material characteristics of one or more targets and may also be used to measure process parameter values. A process-based target model may be integrated with a metrology-based target model in a number of different ways. In some examples, constraints on ranges of values of metrology model parameters are determined based on the process-based target model. In some other examples, the integrated measurement model includes the metrology-based target model constrained by the process-based target model. In some other examples, one or more metrology model parameters are expressed in terms of other metrology model parameters based on the process model. In some other examples, process parameters are substituted into the metrology model.

Abstract: Protecting a runtime Web service application. A web service application is instrumented to log its operation and allow recreation of its execution trace. Trace point vulnerabilities are identified using one or more data payloads. Candidate trace point operations associated with the trace point vulnerabilities are identified. Supplementary candidate operations are computed based on the existing trace point operations and the one or more data payloads. The Web service application is further instrumented with the one or more supplementary candidate operations.

Abstract: Measured marine survey data can be processed analogously to modeled marine survey data analogously and a misfit can be calculated between the processed measured marine survey data and the processed modeled marine survey data. A model parameter in the modeled marine survey data can be updated based on the misfit. The model parameter can be a parameter of a subsurface location.

Abstract: A virtual reality system maps primarily 2-D arena movements into 3-D virtual worlds. Movement into specific physical arena areas or directions triggers virtual world effects such as changing elevation, moving on a different elevation, walking on walls or walking on the outer surface of an object. The 3D-VR system supports multiple simultaneous people at different virtual elevations and provides a realistic, interesting and exciting simulation experience.

Abstract: A computer-implemented method and system uses a single command to modify a feature type of a feature in a computer-aided design model. The method and system construct a three-dimensional (3D) model comprised of at least one feature, where the feature type is an extrude, a revolve, and a sweep. A command is provided that upon execution creates an extrude feature, a revolve feature, or a sweep feature. The feature is modified such that the feature changes from one feature type to another feature type. And after modifying the feature, references to a set of faces of the feature are maintained such that other features dependent on the feature properly update.

Abstract: A method for simulating operation of a system. The method accesses information characterizes system behavior, identifies system components and characterizes component behavior and relationships. The components include composite or non-composite unit types. A user selects an instance root and the method induces an instance hierarchy from that root. The instance hierarchy is displayed on a GUI in the form of a navigable tree or breadcrumbs view. Operation of the system is simulated using the instance hierarchy. Embodiments further include the concepts of merging certain variable names, displaying producing and consuming downstream and upstream elements, positioning, rotating, or orienting diagram elements to avoid overlapping with other diagram elements, identifying statically constant variables and propagating constness to producer and consumer variables, storing simulation results in compressed form and decompressing as needed, and identifying differences between dataflow diagrams.

Abstract: A method for simulating a particle transport may include recording transport paths of inputted particles and determining an uncertainty of each of lattice cells based on the transport paths of each batch of the inputted particles, a lattice cell being a qualified lattice cell if an uncertainty of the lattice cell does not exceed a first threshold; determining a standard-reaching rate of lattice cells in a region of interest (ROI), the ROI including at least one lattice cell, the standard-reaching rate of lattice cells in the ROI being equal to a ratio of the number of qualified lattice cells to a total number of lattice cells in the ROI; and if the standard-reaching rate of lattice cells in the ROI exceeds a second threshold, stopping inputting particles, and outputting the transport paths of the inputted particles.

Abstract: A computer system and method for processing data to make rapid decisions regarding an insurance policy. Data is received from one or more informatic sensor devices and databases relating to an insured or insured property. A decision is identified that is to be rendered regarding an insurance policy in association with the insured. Predictive analytics is performed on the received data to determine the decision to be rendered regarding the insurance policy. Notification is provided of the determined decision regarding the insurance policy.

Abstract: In an approach to sending an alert based on a user's location, one or more computer processors identify a position of a target device as a first location based, at least in part, on data provided by one or more geolocation systems; identify a location category for the first location; determine that the identified location category is among a predetermined set of location categories; identify a time threshold for the identified location category; identify an alert that is associated with the identified location category within the database; determine an amount of time that the target device is present at the first location; and determine that the amount of time the target device is present at the first location exceeds the time threshold, and in response, sending the alert to the one or more recipient devices for the purpose of notifying users of the first location of the target device.

Abstract: Embodiment of the invention provide a method for correlating a health record for a user with property attributes of a property area. The method comprises acquiring property data associated with a property area from a data source, and extracting a first property attribute data from the property data acquired. The first property attribute data extracted is used to determine presence or movement of a first pollutant data within the property area. The method further comprises determining a first potential impact data the first pollutant data may have on individual health based in part on the first property attribute data extracted, collecting a health record of a user associated with the property area, and determining a correlation between the health record and the first potential impact data.

Abstract: In one embodiment of the present invention, an escape hole generator creates escapes holes designed to facilitate removal of support and/or unprinted material generated inside enclosed hollows of three-dimensional (3D) digital models during 3D printing. In operation, the escape hole generator identifies a hollow included in the three-dimensional model and then selects optimized locations for escape holes. Notably, the escape hole generator selects the locations to optimize placement heuristics, such as favoring locations closer to the bottom of the 3D model, while satisfying escape hole constraints (e.g., hole size and spacing requirements). The escape hole generator then perforates the hollow at the selected locations with geometries that provide channels from the outer surface of the hollow to the outer surface of the hollow.

Abstract: Provided is a system for optimizing geo-location of digital images captured in a stationary camera. The system includes a camera configured for capturing a digital image within a field of view of the camera, the image being representative of pixel coordinates and a beacon system including a (i) geo-positioning device for determining geo-coordinates of the device and (ii) a plurality of optical markers. The geo-coordinates are established for each of the markers relative to the geo-coordinates of the device. The beacon system is configured for positioning within the field of view. Also included is a matrix module for creating a transformation matrix for correlating one of more of the pixels with the geo-coordinates of each of the markers, the correlating producing geo-coordinates for the one of more pixels.

Abstract: An insurance system for home sharing may comprise a mobile device of a homeowner, one or more databases storing insurance factor data, a plurality of sensors configured to monitor one or more home features, and a server comprising one or more processors and memory. The server may be configured to receive, from the mobile device, data indicating that the homeowner is renting out a home, determine a value for frequency of rentals for the home based on the data indicating that the homeowner is renting out the home, and receive, from the plurality of sensors, monitored data for the one or more home features. The server may compute an insurance premium for the homeowner based on the value for frequency of rentals for the home, the monitored data for the one or more home features, and the insurance factor data and transmit the insurance premium to the mobile device.

Abstract: A method for process analysis includes acquiring first inspection data, using a first inspection modality, with respect to a substrate having multiple instances of a predefined pattern of features formed thereon using different, respective sets of process parameters. Characteristics of defects identified in the first inspection data are processed so as to select a first set of defect locations in which the first inspection data are indicative of an influence of the process parameters on the defects. Second inspection data are acquired, using a second inspection modality having a finer resolution than the first inspection modality, of the substrate at the locations in the first set. The defects appearing in the second inspection data are analyzed so as to select, from within the first set of the locations, a second set of the locations in which the second inspection data are indicative of an optimal range of the process parameters.

Abstract: Provided is a method of modeling a target object, the method including obtaining information about the target object including an arrangement of particles including target particles, generating coarse particles by down-sampling the target particles, modeling a movement of the target object based on the coarse particles, and redefining the target particles based on a result of the modeling.