Abstract: An electronic circuit (2250) for a satellite receiver (100, 2200). The electronic circuit (2250) includes a correlator circuit (2310) operable to supply a data signal including ephemeris data and a subsequent satellite time datum, and a data processor (2370, 2380) operable to infer satellite time TS from as few as one of the ephemeris data prior to the satellite time datum. Other circuits, devices, receivers, systems, processes of operation and processes of manufacture are also disclosed.

Abstract: System and methods for storing data encoded with error information in a storage medium are provided. A binary data and an encoded binary error signals are received. The encoded binary error signal includes information that represents occurrence of errors in the binary data signal. The binary data and encoded binary error signals are encoded to generate a binary codeword signal. Bits of the binary codeword signal that represent coding information and the binary data signal are extracted. The extracted bits of the binary codeword signal are stored in a first storage medium. The binary packed data signal is retrieved from the first storage device and decoded to recover the binary data signal and a syndrome. Error information corresponding to the encoded binary error signal may be determined based on the syndrome.

Abstract: A method of performing HARQ performed by a user equipment (UE) is provided. The method includes receiving a bundling indicator which indicates the number of bundled downlink subframes, determining whether at least one bundled downlink subframe is missed by comparing the bundling indicator with the number of detected bundled downlink subframes, generating a representative ACK/NACK signal when no bundled downlink subframe is missed, and transmitting the representative ACK/NACK signal on an uplink channel. Recovery capability is maximized and the packet loss is reduced in such a situation that less number of ACK/NACK signals are fed back than that of downlink packets.

Abstract: An apparatus and method for transmitting and receiving data in a wireless communication is provided. The method includes Low Density Parity Check (LDPC)-encoding LDPC information bits to generate a codeword, determining a number (Npunc) of bits to be punctured in parity bits of the codeword, determining a number (Npunc—group) of parity bit groups in which all bits are punctured, and puncturing the all bits within 0th to (Npunc—group?1)th parity bit groups indicated by a puncturing pattern, wherein the puncturing pattern is defined as an order of the parity bit groups defined as 29, 45, 43, 27, 32, 35, 40, 38, 0, 19, 8, 16, 41, 4, 26, 36, 30, 2, 13, 42, 46, 24, 37, 1, 33, 11, 44, 28, 20, 9, 34, 3, 17, 6, 21, 14, 23, 7, 22, 47, 5, 10, 12, 15, 18, 25, 31 and 39.

Abstract: Systems and method relating generally to data processing, and more particularly to systems and methods for utilizing multiple data streams for data recovery from a storage device. In some cases the systems include a low density parity check data decoder circuit including at least a first data decoder engine and a second data decoder engine each electrically coupled to a common circuit. The common circuit is operable to: shift a combination of both a first sub-message from the first data decoder engine and the second sub-message from the second data decoder engine to yield an shifted output, and disaggregate the shifted output to yield a third sub-message to the first data decoder engine and a fourth sub-message to the second decoder engine.

Abstract: A method for receiving and storing a packet of symbols. The method decodes the packet of symbols using a first decoding algorithm, and if the first decoding algorithm fails to correctly decode the packet of symbols, then the method decodes the packet of symbols using a second decoding algorithm. If the second decoding algorithm fails to decode the packet of symbols, then a third decoding algorithm is used. The third decoding algorithm can be sub-packet decoding, where a first sub-packet is part of the packet of symbols. If the first sub-packet is decoded successfully, then the method generates a channel estimate using the properly decoded information, and then uses that channel estimate to decode a subsequent sub-packet using the channel estimate, where the second sub-packet is a set of symbols that are a portion of the packet of symbols.

Abstract: A variable data rate error protection transcoder includes an input mapper receiving an input transcodeable codeword and outputting an input intermediate codeword. The input transcodeable codeword includes at least one input transcodeable information bit and at least one input transcodeable parity bit. The variable data rate error protection transcoder also includes an intermediate codeword transcoder receiving the input intermediate codeword and outputting an output intermediate codeword. The variable data rate error protection codeword also includes an output mapper receiving the output intermediate codeword and outputting an output transcoded codeword. The output transcoded codeword includes at least one output transcoded information bit and at least one output transcoded parity bit.

Abstract: A network device or user equipment (UE) may manage the transmission and retransmission of radio link control (RLC) data protocol data units (PDUs). An indication is received that an RLC data PDU was not successfully received by a receiving device. The RLC data PDU, that was not successfully received, is retransmitted, and prioritized over non-retransmitted RLC data PDUs. A number of times that the RLC data PDU was retransmitted is determined.

Abstract: Reducing decision based filter error propagation by feedback from a physical coding sublayer (PCS) to a slicer. One method includes: receiving a frame comprising symbols of at least two different modulation orders that use subsets of a symbol superset; slicing the received symbols according to the highest modulation order by a slicer having slicing functions suitable for the different modulations; identifying frame boundaries and modulation information, which are modulated according to a predetermined modulation order; using the identified modulation information for determining the modulation of a nonempty set of dynamically modulated symbols in the received frame; and providing the slicer with an indication of which slicer function output to use for feeding a decision based filter.

Abstract: Disclosed are a graceful degradation-forward error correction method and an apparatus for performing same. A graceful degradation-forward error correction method determines an encoding unit data group constituted by a predetermined number of time intervals for a data stream input in a time-sequential manner, determines a reference data group to be used in generating a parity frame in each time interval of the encoding unit data group, generates a parity frame using the determined at least one reference data group, and assigns the generated parity frame to at least one time interval from among a plurality of time intervals including time intervals constituting the encoding unit data group based on a predetermined rule. Thus, a lost packet can be recovered even when the packet of a continuous long interval is lost, and consequentially, a seamless service may be provided.

Abstract: A system and method including a parity bit encoder for encoding each n bits of data to be transmitted with a parity check bit to produce blocks of n+1 bits (n information bits plus one parity bit associated with the n information bits). Each of the blocks of n+1 bits are Gray mapped to a plurality of associated QAM symbols that are modulated onto an optical wavelength and transmitted to a receiver. A maximum a posteriori (MAP) decoder is used at the receiver to correct for cycle slip. Phase errors of 180 degrees may be detected by independently encoding odd and even bits prior to Gray mapping, and identifying errors in decoding odd numbered bits at the receiver.

Abstract: Data bits are mapped to a lower number of slots than the number of slots available for a retransmission frame and control channels are transmitted in all available slots of the retransmission frame. The number of available slots in the retransmission frame is greater than the number of available slots in the original frame.

Abstract: Methods, apparatus, and systems for preventing false packet acceptance in high-speed links. Under one aspect, correctable symbol errors are detected, and determination is made to whether a symbol error rate or ratio (SER) exceeds an SER threshold. In response to detection of such a condition, the link is disconnected or temporarily paused. The value for the SER threshold is determined using a statistical analysis of various link parameters to meet desired performance levels, such as a mean time to false packet acceptance (MTTFPA) of >approximately 15 billion years while providing a mean time to disconnect of >100 years.

Abstract: In order to achieve the above-described technical object of the present invention, a method of transmitting broadcast data in a transmitter is disclosed. The method may comprise Forward Error Correction (FEC) encoding transmission unit data that carries broadcast service data, interleaving the FEC-encoded transmission unit data, demultiplexing the interleaved transmission unit data, symbol-mapping the demultiplexed transmission unit data onto constellations. MIMO-encoding the mapped transmission unit data, time-interleaving the MIMO-encoded transmission unit data. building a frame including the time-interleaved transmission unit data and physical signaling data, modulating the frame by an Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) method. Herein the physical signaling data includes information on a MIMO encoding process is applied to an associated transmission unit data.

Abstract: A circuit includes a linear quadratic estimator (LQE) configured to receive a plurality of measurements a signal. The LQE is configured to weight the measurements based on their respective uncertainties to produce weighted averages. The circuit further includes a controller coupled to the LQE and configured to selectively adjust at least one data link parameter associated with a communication channel in response to receiving the weighted averages.

Abstract: A method of obtaining nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) data from a subterranean formation may include operating a tool in a subterranean formation for generating both NMR data and NMR scaled data based upon NMR measurements of the subterranean formation. The method may also include operating the tool for encoding and transmitting both the NMR data and NMR scaled data, and receiving and decoding, above the subterranean formation, both the NMR data and NMR scaled data from the tool. The method may also include performing error-correction of the received and decoded NMR data based upon the received and decoded NMR scaled data.

Abstract: A method for processing a signal at a relay node in a wireless communication system is disclosed. More specifically, the relay node receives a codeword broadcast from a source node. Here, the codeword is partitioned into a plurality of sub-blocks by the source node. Then, the relay node generates two network encoded codewords by combining linearly the plurality of sub-blocks and transmits the two network encoded codewords to a destination node.

Abstract: A computing system includes: an inter-device interface configured to receive a receiver signal for representing a serving signal; a communication unit, coupled to the inter-device interface, configured to: calculate a decoding result based on decoding the receiver signal, generate a parity portion adjustment for adjusting the decoding result, generate a systematic portion adjustment for adjusting the decoding result, and apply the parity portion adjustment and the systematic portion adjustment to the decoding result for determining the serving signal from the receiver signal.

Abstract: A serial interface packet information detection and control method for a Mobile Industry Processor Interface is disclosed. The serial interface packet information detection and control method includes receiving and decoding a packet; generating a control signal according to packet information of a header of the packet; and disabling a function register according to the control signal.

Abstract: A method and system for setting a variable forward error correction overhead in an optical transport network frame for an optical link at a node are disclosed. In one embodiment, a method includes selecting a forward error correction overhead, signaling an optical node the selected forward error correction overhead, and setting the forward error correction overhead in the optical network transport frame for use in transmission of data over the optical link. In one embodiment, the forward error correction overhead is complementary to the data payload to maintain total transmission rate.

Abstract: A data processing device can perform error detection and correction in two stages: in the first stage, error detection is performed for the load data using the in-line error detection information. If a first type of error is detected in the data segment, the error is corrected using the in-line error detection information. If a second type of error is detected error correction is performed using the residual sum.

Abstract: Error correction coding for streaming communication is provided. A streaming problem is modeled as a non-multicast network problem with a nested receiver structure. Each packet in the streaming problem corresponds to a link, and each deadline in the streaming problem corresponds to a receiver in the non-multicast network problem. For the non-multicast network problem, content to be transmitted in multiple packets to multiple receivers is obtained. Each of the receivers is required to decode specific independent messages from the content, at given time steps, and has access to a subset of the content received by another receiver. The content is allocated into multiple packets to be transmitted on multiple links. No coding occurs across information demanded by different receivers. A capacity region defines a set of information rate vectors that can be communicated to the receivers successfully. A rate vector is successfully communicated if it complies with various inequalities.

Abstract: A low-density parity check (LDPC) encoder and input configured to receive an incoming signal stream. The encoder generates, from a block code H-matrix comprising a data portion and a parity check portion, a continuous H-matrix by concatenating the data portion into successive, recurring, data blocks that are separated by a specified symbol interval, and performs LDPC encoding of each data portion using the parity check portion associated with the data portion using its associated parity check portion. Additionally, a Trellis-based low-density parity check (LDPC) decoder configured to receive an encoded stream and decode the received signal to recover the signal stream.

Abstract: An error check apparatus including, a packet protocol error check processing circuit configure to detect a protocol error of a packet, a retry control circuit configured to receive the protocol error of the packet from the packet protocol error check processing circuit, and to perform request for retry for data of the packet if the received protocol error has not been detected from a packet retransmitted by retry request, and an error notification circuit configured to notify of the protocol error of the packet to a processing unit in a higher-level layer if the protocol error is not a first protocol error for the packet.

Abstract: In an example embodiment, there is described herein a methodology were the Forward Error Correction (FEC) data for a data stream is distributed into a plurality of FEC sub-streams. Subscribers to the data stream indicate which of the plurality of FEC sub-streams should be provided to them. The distribution of FEC sub-streams are limited to subscribed FEC sub-streams. FEC sub-streams with no subscribers are not forwarded beyond a distribution point such as an access point (AP).

Abstract: A packet processing apparatus includes a packet identifying unit and a packet modifying unit. The packet identifying unit is utilized for receiving a plurality of packets and checking identification information and data length information which are derived from the received packets to identify first packets from the received packets. The packet modifying unit is coupled to the packet identifying unit, and is utilized for checking payloads of the first packets to identify second packets from the first packets, where each of the second packets has specific data included in a payload thereof, and for modifying at least the payload of each of the second packets.

Abstract: A method and system for transmitting data are described including packetizing the data, performing forward error correction (FEC) encoding on the packetized data in order to generate at least one parity packet, appending FEC information as padding to the end of payload data of the packetized data and transmitting the packetized data and the at least one parity packet. Also described are a method and system for recovering from loss of a packet including receiving a data packet, receiving at least one parity packet, buffering the received data packet, detecting packet loss, forward error correction decoding the at least one parity packet to recover from packet loss using forward error correction information extracted from the data packet and from the at least one parity packet and forwarding the recovered packet via an internal socket. Also described is a method for staggercasting.

Abstract: A data encoding method for encoding a sequence of N input blocks of bits into an output block for transmission includes adding an L-bit control indicator, indicating whether the sequence contains any control blocks, and if so, producing an output block in which the order of data and control blocks is preserved by deleting a set of bits from the block-type field of at least one control block, adding to the sequence an N-bit position indicator indicating positions of data and control blocks in the sequence, and providing in bit positions of remaining bits of the block-type field of the at least one control block an indication of the type of that control block; wherein the position indicator bits are added at bit-positions such that, in a header-first transmission order of the output block, all data and control blocks succeed the position indicator bits indicating positions of those blocks.

Abstract: A method and device for decoding a plurality of packets of same data. Each packet is encoded using a product code. An encoded packet comprises data blocks is organized into rows and columns. Each of the rows and columns has a respective error detecting code. For a data packet, Erroneous row and column data are detected by their associated error detecting code. In the data packet, a potentially erroneous data block belonging to a row and a column of data blocks both having been detected as erroneous is detected. In another data packet of the same data, a non-erroneous data block corresponding to the identified potentially erroneous data block is determined. The data block is determined as non-erroneous if it belongs to at least one row or column of data having been detected as non-erroneous. The identified potentially erroneous block is replaced with the determined non-erroneous block.

Abstract: A video device having data lanes and a method of operating the video device includes obtaining a stream of debug data in response to a test operation, framing the stream of debug data independent of establishing a video blanking period, and transmitting the framed stream of debug data across one or more data lanes of the video link for operation between a video source device and a video sink device. The method also includes generating a stream of video data related to the test operation, framing the stream of video data to establish a video blanking period, and transmitting the framed stream of debug data concurrently with the framed stream of video data across the one or more data lanes of the video link.

Abstract: Techniques are disclosed for turbo decoding orthogonal frequency division multiplexing OFDM symbols. Techniques for combined turbo decoding and equalization are disclosed. The disclosed techniques can be implemented in receivers that receive wired or wireless OFDM signals and produce data and control bits by decoding the received signals.

Abstract: A method processes a data packet in a first sequence of disjoint original segments of the same length. The method includes modifying a first of the original segments of the first sequence by modifying one or more symbols therein. A start of the data packet is located in the first of the original segments and is positioned after a first digital data symbol therein. The method also includes modifying a last of the original segments of the first sequence by modifying one or more digital data symbols therein. An end of the data packet is located in the last of the original segments and is located before the last digital data symbol therein. The method also includes determining a remainder sequence by effectively performing a polynomial division on a second sequence of disjoint segments that are derived from the first sequence. Each segment of the second sequence corresponds to and is derived from one of the original segments of the first sequence.

Abstract: An encoder and decoder using LDPC-CC (Low Density Parity Check-Convolutional Codes) is disclosed. In the encoder (200), an encoding rate setting unit (250) sets an encoding rate (s?1)/s (s=z), and an information creating unit (210) sets information including from information Xs,i to information Xz?1,i to zero. A first information computing unit (220-1) receives information X1,i at time point i to compute the X1(D) term of formula (1). A second information computing unit (220-2) receives information X2,i at time point i to compute the X2(D) term of formula (1). A third information computing unit (220-3) receives information X3,i at time point i to compute the X3(D) term of formula (1). A parity computing unit (230) receives parity Pi?1 at time point i?1 to compute the P(D) of formula (1). The exclusive OR of the results of the computation is obtained as parity Pi at time i. Ax.

Abstract: A system and method for conveying data include the capability to determine whether a transaction request credit has been received at a computer module, the transaction request credit indicating that at least a portion of a transaction request message may be sent. The system and method also include the capability to determine, of a transaction request message is to be sent, whether at least a portion of the transaction request message may be sent and to send the at least a portion of the transaction request message if it may be sent.

Abstract: A first field of a preamble of a data unit is generated to include a first set of one or more information bits that indicate a duration of the data unit and is formatted to conform to a first communication protocol and such that the first field allows a receiver device that conforms to a second communication protocol to determine the duration of the data unit. A second field of a preamble of a data unit is generated to include a second set of one or more information bits that indicate to a receiver device that conforms to the first communication protocol that the data unit conforms to the first communication protocol. The second field is convolutionally coded using a tail biting technique, and the first field and the second field are modulated using a modulation scheme specified for a field corresponding to the first field and the second field, respectively, by the second communication protocol.

Abstract: An error correcting method for correcting an error of digital data is provided. The method includes a plurality of sub-frames including a plurality of block code words, including: extracting and aligning a block code word, which is included in a past sub-frame; and generating a redundant data block code word by use of a block code word, which is included in a latest sub-frame, and the aligned block code word, and adding the redundant data block code word to the latest sub-frame, wherein the redundant data block code word is used for generating a redundant data block code word, which is added to a next sub-frame.

Abstract: The present invention relates to an encoder for error correction code encoding input data words (D) into codewords (Z1, Z2), comprising: an encoder input (1451) for receiving input data words (D) each comprising a first number Kldpc of information symbols, an encoding means (1452) for encoding an input data word (D) into a codeword (Z1, Z2, Z3, Z4) such that a codeword comprises a basic codeword portion (B) including a data portion (D) and a basic parity portion (Pb) of a second number Nldpc?Kldpc of basic parity symbols, and an auxiliary codeword portion (A) including an auxiliary parity portion (Pa) of a third number MIR of auxiliary parity symbols, wherein said encoding means (14) is adapted i) for generating said basic codeword portion (B) from an input data word (D) according to a first code, wherein a basic parity symbol is generated by accumulating an information symbol at a parity symbol address determined according to a first address generation rule, and ii) for generating said auxiliary codeword por

Abstract: Provided are a method and apparatus for reproducing broadcast content in a digital television (DTV) in real time, and a method and apparatus for providing broadcast content to a DTV. In the reproducing method, reproduction of broadcast content is controlled to be temporarily stopped if an error is present in received packets constituting the content; packets received after the temporary stopping of the reproduction are stored; a errorless packet, which corresponds to a packet having the error, is obtained; and the content is reproduced using the obtained packet and the stored packets.

Abstract: Disclosed is a wireless communication apparatus in which reception precision characteristics are improved, by specially adapting the modulating processing in respect of the code words for each encoding system. A wireless communication apparatus (100) wherein an encoding processing section (120) includes a convolutional encoder that performs convolutional encoding of fixed information blocks made up of K bits. In code word partial sequences obtained on the basis of the head and tail in a fixed information block, a modulating section (130) maps bits, from bit groups constituting single symbols, to bits associated with groups having poor quality characteristics, prioritising systematic bits over parity bits. In this way, the reception quality characteristics in first code word partial sequences having good error characteristics is equalised.

Abstract: According to one embodiment, a method of processing broadcast data in a broadcast transmitter includes: encoding the broadcast data for broadcast service; encoding signaling information for signaling the broadcast data; assigning the encoded broadcast data and the encoded signaling information into a signal frame; and transmitting a broadcast signal including the signal frame. The broadcast signal further includes a signaling table having access information of the broadcast data. The signaling table includes service id information for identifying the broadcast service and component information for indicating a number of components in the broadcast service.

Abstract: Systems and methods for encoding and decoding for communications or storage systems utilizing coded modulation are provided. A first portion of data is encoded with a first at least one encoding scheme. A second portion of the data id encoded with a second encoding scheme. A coset is selected from a plurality of cosets based at least in part on the encoded first portion of the data, where the plurality of cosets corresponds to a partition of a signal constellation. A signal vector is selected within the selected coset based at least in part on the encoded second portion of the data.

Abstract: The present invention discloses a coding and decoding method, apparatus, and system for forward error correction, and pertains to the field of communications. The method includes: determining check matrix parameters of time-varying periodic LDPC convolutional code according to performance a transmission system, complexity of the transmission system, and a synchronization manner for code word alignment, constructing a QC-LDPC check matrix according to the determined check matrix parameters, and obtaining a check matrix (Hc) of the time-varying periodic LDPC convolutional code according to the QC-LDPC check matrix; de-blocking, according to requirements of the Hc, data to be coded, and coding data of each sub-block according to the Hc, so as to obtain multiple code words of the LDPC convolutional code; and adding the multiple code words of the LDPC convolutional code in a data frame and sending the data frame.

Abstract: A method and an apparatus for transmitting and receiving a packet in a broadcasting and communication system are provided. The method includes splitting a source packet block including source packets into a plurality of source packet subblocks, converting the source packet subblocks to source symbol subblocks, respectively, generating a plurality of first repair symbol blocks by encoding the source packet subblocks using a first error correction code, configuring an error correction source packet by adding a source error correction payload IDentifier (ID) to source symbols included in the source symbol subblocks and configuring an error correction repair packet by adding a repair error correction payload ID to repair symbols included in the first repair symbol subblocks, and transmitting the error correction source packet and the error correction repair packet.

Abstract: A transmitter apparatus wherein a simple structure is used to successfully suppress the degradation of error rate performance that otherwise would be caused by fading or the like. There are included encoding parts (11—1-11—4) that encode transport data; a mapping part (3304) that performs such a mapping that encoded data sequentially formed by the encoding parts (11—1-11—4) are not successively included in the same symbol, thereby forming data symbols; and a symbol interleaver (3301) that interleaves the data symbols. In this way, a low computational complexity can be used to perform an interleaving process equivalent to a bit interleaving process to effectively improve the reception quality at a receiving end.

Abstract: Wireless security is enforced at L1, in addition to or in lieu of other layers. AP's can switch dynamically from serving to scanning. Scanners listen for authorized frame headers. Scanners either receive, or allow authorized frames to be received, at their destination. Scanners kill unauthorized frames while they are still transmitting; scanners continue listening for and killing unauthorized frame headers until frame ending time demands their return to serving, multiplying their effectiveness. AP's include dual-mode multi-frequency omni-directional antennae, used to prevent third parties from snooping messages received at those AP's.

Abstract: In one embodiment, a method includes receiving a headerized SDS protected by unequal error protection; decoding a header from the headerized SDS and removing an impact of the header from C1 row parity to obtain a SDS; for a number of iterations: performing C2 column decoding, for no more than a number of interleaves in each row of the SDS: overwriting a number of columns with successfully decoded C2 codewords, erasing a number of C2 codewords, and maintaining remaining columns as uncorrected, performing C1 row decoding; for no more than a number of interleaves in each row of the SDS: overwriting a number of rows with successfully decoded C1 codewords, erasing a number of C1 codewords, and maintaining remaining rows as uncorrected; and outputting the SDS when all rows include only C1 codewords and all columns include only C2 codewords; otherwise, outputting indication that the SDS cannot be decoded properly.

Abstract: The present disclosure relates to a turbo decoder and decoding method thereof. The turbo decoder has a plurality of decoder cores. The decoding method includes: computing remaining decoding times for the multiple decoder cores; selecting a decoder core with the shortest remaining decoding time among the multiple decoder cores; and allocating a packet to the selected decoder core. The decoder cores of the turbo decoder are monitored in real time and resources are distributed through efficient decoder core selection enhancing decoding throughput.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for transmitting a Forward Error Correction (FEC) packet block including a plurality of FEC packets in a multimedia system are provided. The method includes generating a plurality of first FEC packet blocks by performing a first FEC encoding on a plurality of source symbols, each of the plurality of first FEC packet blocks including at least one source packet and at least one repair packet for repair of each of the at least one source packet, generating a second FEC packet block by performing a second FEC encoding on the plurality of first FEC packet blocks, the second FEC packet block including at least one repair packet for the plurality of first FEC packet blocks, and transmitting the second FEC packet block that includes, in header information of each of the at least one source packet and the at least one repair packet.

Abstract: A transmitting apparatus and method, and a receiving apparatus and method are provided. The transmitting apparatus includes: an encoder configured to perform encoding on data including information bits; and a bit interleaver configured to perform interleaving on the information bits and parity bits generated by the encoding, wherein the bit interleaver is configured to classify the generated parity bits into a plurality of groups and write the information bits and the generated parity bits in a plurality of columns in a column direction such that parity bits included in a predetermined group among the plurality of groups are arranged in predetermined positions in the plurality of columns, to perform the interleaving.

Abstract: A transmission process of control data is carried out simply and the reliability of transmission of the control data is improved. Data transmission among a plurality of communication stations is performed with a predetermined packet arrangement and transmission of the control data from a control station or a communication station is performed with the same predetermined packet arrangement.