Abstract: The present invention provides a solid-state rotational rate sensor device formed by a thin-film for generating an electrical voltage output proportional to the rate of rotational motion. The precision thin-film piezoelectric elements are configured and arranged on a semi-rigid structure to detect rotation (such as pitch, roll, and yaw) while rejecting spurious noise created by vibration, thermal gradients, and electro-magnetic interference.

Abstract: A vehicle seat load measuring apparatus includes a base for bearing a load applied to the seat, an arm supported by the base for receiving the load, a load sensor supported by the arm for detecting the load, and a seat rail for guiding the seat in a longitudinal direction of the vehicle. The base is fixed to the seat rail so that an open face of the base faces in a downward direction. The arm is connected by a stopper pin inserted through holes in the base to a mounting bracket fixed to a vehicle body. The base bracket includes a load bearing portion and is attached to the base and fixed to the seat rail. The load bearing portion of the base bracket is configured to contact the stopper pin when a load exceeding a predetermined value is applied to the seat rail.

Abstract: A measurement device (10; 110; 210) and associated seating arrangement, in particular for measuring a weight acting on a vehicle seat, that includes: a force transmission element (12; 112; 212), which is connectable to a first unit, preferably a vehicle seat, and a measurement assembly (14; 50; 114; 214), which is rigidly connectable to a second unit (80), preferably a vehicle body part. The force transmission element (12; 112; 212) is pivotable about at least one axis around the measurement assembly (14; 50; 114; 214).

Abstract: An apparatus for determining the density of insulation in a cavity of a structure includes a sensor that is held in a substantially fixed position relative to the insulation for sensing the force of the insulation against the sensor. The force is used to determine the density of the insulation, which, in turn, is used to determine the thermal resistance or R-value of the insulation. The apparatus may include a fixture for supporting the sensor and holding the sensor in the substantially fixed position. A method for determining the density of loose-fill, blown-in-place insulation comprises the step of providing a structure with a cavity having a known depth. The cavity is covered with netting and filled with insulation. A sensor is held in a substantially fixed position relative to the insulation to measure force exerted on the sensor by the insulation. The measured force is used to determine the density of the insulation.

Abstract: In a pedal force detection device, a pedal arm unit is provided with a first arm at which a pedal is mounted, a second arm apart from the pedal and a connection portion for connecting the first and second arms. A load sensor having a matrix made of a ceramics is fixed between the first and second arms. When the pedal is depressed by a pedal force, the first arm approaches the second arm due to a resilient deformation so that the load sensor is compressed by a load. Thus, the pedal force can be determined based on the load detected by the load sensor.

Abstract: In a passenger weight measuring apparatus, each of bend parts of front and rear brackets for supporting a seat to a vehicle main body side becomes bent and deformed in response to the load applied by the weight of the passenger sit in the seat. A load sensor on each the bend part detects the load based on the bend deformation and outputs a voltage signal of magnitude responsive to the load to a signal processor. The processor generates a load detection signal clamped in the voltage range corresponding to a preset passenger weight load range from the voltage signal and outputs the load detection signal to an output terminal. When the detected load is a collision load set in a load region out of the load range, the processor outputs an abnormal load detection signal different from the load detection signal to the same output terminal.

Abstract: An apparatus and method for determining the actuation energy generated by a bimetallic actuator during transit between first and second states of stability. The apparatus and method further determining the threshold or set-point temperature of the bimetallic actuator during transit between bi-stable states. Accordingly, the apparatus and method directly measure both the snap force F and the set-point temperature of the bimetallic actuator during transit.

Abstract: An apparatus for testing a switch is provided that permits the performance of a switch to be reliably tested and to precisely determine a host of parameters that collectively define the performance of the switch. The apparatus includes a stage upon which the switch is mounted. The apparatus also includes an actuator for actuating the switch and a positioning device, such as a micrometer, for controllably positioning at least one of the actuator and the stage such that the actuator actuates the switch. The apparatus may also include a measurement device for monitoring the electrical condition of the switch as its state is altered. For example, the measurement device may monitor a measure representative of the electrical resistance such as voltage drop across at least two contacts of the switch. Additionally, the measurement device may monitor travel of at least one of the actuator and the stage.

Abstract: A sensor package having a force sensing element and a housing. The force sensing element has an element surface, a well, a first and second shelves within the well. The housing has a housing surface. The first and second shelves of the housing are arranged to support the force sensing element so that the element surface and the housing surface are substantially coplanar and so that the element surface of the force sensing element directly senses a force without need of an actuator.

Abstract: An apparatus and method for determining the actuation energy generated by a bimetallic actuator during transit between first and second states of stability. The apparatus and method further determining the threshold or set-point temperature of the bimetallic actuator during transit between bi-stable states. Accordingly, the apparatus and method directly measure both the snap force F and the set-point temperature of the bimetallic actuator during transit.

Abstract: An apparatus and method for determining the actuation energy generated by a bimetallic actuator during transit between first and second states of stability. The apparatus and method further determining the threshold or set-point temperature of the bimetallic actuator during transit between bi-stable states. Accordingly, the apparatus and method directly measure both the snap force F and the set-point temperature of the bimetallic actuator during transit.

Abstract: A seat weight measuring apparatus includes a base frame and a sensor portion which is mounted on the base frame and configured to detect a load applied to a vehicle seat. The sensor portion includes a sensor plate provided with a plurality of measuring gauges, and the sensor plate is supported by and fixed to a column disposed on the base frame. The seat weight measuring apparatus has a heat transmission route through which heat transmitted to the column is directly transmitted from the column to the sensor plate. Further, the seat weight measuring apparatus includes, between the sensor plate and the column, a heat transmission bypass through which heat transmitted to the column is transmitted to the sensor plate to bypass the heat transmission route.

Abstract: A spin-pull blind insert tool utilizes a control system that generates a stop signal based on the relationship between the force values and the motion values derived from the action of the tool mandrel. The improved control system utilizes the shape of the force-deformation curve and not just a given pre-set force value or pull distance. Hence, the control system of the present invention does not require any set-up for changes in panel thickness unless the mandrel is also changed to install a different thread size. This control system develops a force-deformation curve as the fastener is being installed. The stop signal is generated when a pre-set deformation point has been exceeded and the shape of the force curve can be characterized by either of two types. For either type, an algorithm is followed which establishes an optimum stopping point for the installation tool regardless of the panel thickness into which the blind rivet is being installed.

Abstract: To provide a method for manufacturing a color selection electrode structure easily capable of measuring a tension amount of the color selection electrode in the process for manufacturing the color selection electrode structure and a color cathode ray tube using the color selection electrode structure. The color selection electrode is stretched with tension applied in the direction of the shorter axis thereof, and welded and fixed onto the top face that is curved inwardly in the direction of the longer axis of the longer side members. Thereafter, the weight is placed on the color selection electrode so as to allow the color selection electrode to deflect by the load due to the mass of the weight. The deflection amount of the color selection electrode may be measured by using a laser displacement meter and the measured deflection amount of the measured color selection electrode is converted into the tension amount by the correlation graph.

Abstract: The invention relates to a weight monitoring system for a motor vehicle (1) which can, if appropriate, be connected to a trailer (2). The system uses weight sensors to determine the weights (F1, F2) acting on the axles of the motor vehicle, in order to calculate from them the overall weight of the vehicle, and the axle loads. In addition, a tractive force sensor may be provided in the trailer hitch so that the mass of the trailer (2) can be determined by means of the tractive force (F3) and the acceleration of the vehicle. The weight monitoring system calculates various weight variables from the measured values and monitors to determine whether they remain within defined limits. In this context, it is possible, in particular, to take into account a planned route in such a way that the limiting values of the charge are adapted with respect to the maximum altitude (Hmax) above sea level and/or the maximum gradient (smax) of the route.

Abstract: A sensor device for registering strain of a component, which comprises a sensor chip and a supporting substrate, which are connected to each other by a connecting layer such that they form a prefabricated sensor module. The sensor module is attached to the component by a durable creep-free connection such that the strain of the component is transferred to the sensor chip.

Abstract: A vehicle seat load measuring apparatus includes a base for bearing a load applied to the seat, an arm supported by the base for receiving the load, a load sensor supported by the arm for detecting the load, and a seat rail for guiding the seat in a longitudinal direction of the vehicle. The base is fixed to the seat rail so that an open face of the base faces in a downward direction. The arm is connected by a stopper pin inserted through holes in the base to a mounting bracket fixed to a vehicle body. The base bracket includes a load bearing portion and is attached to the base and fixed to the seat rail. The load bearing portion of the base bracket is configured to contact the stopper pin when a load exceeding a predetermined value is applied to the seat rail.

Abstract: A method for occupant classification in a vehicle is used to extract a plurality of features from a seat profile and to assign a weight estimate to each of these features. The occupant weight and a measure of quality are determined from the different weight estimates. The measure of quality determines whether the occupant weight continues to be used as the occupant classification. The weight estimation for the feature in question is carried out via a stored function. The occupant classification can be used for a restraint system. The ischial tuberosity distance and/or the seat profile size can be used as the features.

Abstract: The present invention provides a solid-state piezoelectric motion transducer device formed by thin films. The motion transducer is used for generating an electrical signal output proportional to motion quantities such as acceleration, vibration, and rotation. The motion transducer is also used for generating motion in response to applied electrical input signals. The precision thin-film piezoelectric elements are configured and arranged on a semi-rigid structure with a high degree of symmetry, thereby providing improved correlation between the electrical input or output signal quantities and the associated mechanical motion.

Abstract: The invention is a microfabricated silicon cantilever with a stiffness appropriate to resolve forces of interest in working with micro objects. Stiffnesses may range from about 10 piconewtons per micron of deflection, to about 1 millinewton per micron of deflection. There is a set of micro weights of appropriate masses that is used to calibrate the force gages. The weights are captive to a ring on a handle so that they are free to move, but will not get lost.

Abstract: A device for measuring tensile stress acting on a vehicle seat belt has two components. A first component is connected with a seat belt and a second component is fixed to a vehicle part a spring arranged between the two components, against whose force the two components may be moved relative to one another. A transducer has transducer elements that are attached to the two components and produces an electrical signal as a function of the positions of the two components relative to one another. The transducer produces a switching signal when the components are in a first positional zone. In a second positional zone, in which the two components may be moved relative to one another against the force of the spring, the transducer produces measuring signals proportional to the movement of the two components relative to one another.

Abstract: A fluid-filled elastic hollow body 2, includes a pressure sensor 4 for detecting the pressure of the fluid in the elastic hollow body, and an adapter 6 for coupling the elastic hollow body to an external movable member. The elastic hollow body 2, having a hollow sphere portion 2a having a roughly constant wall thickness, is deformed when an external contact load is applied causing a rise in its inner pressure detected by the pressure sensor 4. The invention provides: (1) that the sensor can accurately measure a contact load without being influenced by a change in direction of force measured; (2) that it can be attached easily and measure a load immediately after attachment; (3) that it is resistant against instantaneous shock load; (4) that it can easily model a substance when it comes in contact therewith; and (5) that its sensitivity does not deteriorate.

Abstract: An impact sensor for indicating exposure of an electronic equipment to a predetermined impact force is described. The impact sensor has a hollow case, a mass within the case, and a number of wire filaments supporting the mass within the case. Exposure of the sensor to the predetermined impact force results in a force acting on the mass sufficient to cause at least one of the filaments to break. The breaking of at least one of the filaments indicates to a repairer that the electronic equipment has been exposed to the predetermined impact force.

Abstract: A device for monitoring the filling of a bag (10) comprises a resistor element to be mounted on the outside surface of the bag, the resistor element being a flexible potentiometer (20), the resistance whereof being changed by bending of the potentiometer due to increasing bulging of the bag wall under continuing filling of the bag. The flexible potentiometer can be connected to an alarm device (24) reacting at a predetermined resistance value of the resistor element.

Abstract: A modified atomic force microscope (AFM) is used to perform contact resistance and/or current-dependent stiction measurements for conductive thin films at controlled values of applied force. The measurements are preferably performed under conditions approximating the operation of the thin films as electrodes in microswitch array fingerprint sensors. A first, planar thin film is contacted with a second, curved thin film deposited over a round ball having a diameter of a few microns to a few tens of microns. The second film is preferably a coating deposited over the ball and over the arm controlling the ball motion. The coating deposited over the arm provides an electrically conductive path to the contact surface of the ball.

Abstract: An apparatus for monitoring a force applied to an object by a person includes a support upon which the person stands, and one or more force sensors for detecting the reaction force applied through the person to the support resulting from the application of force to the object. A computing accessory may be included for computing the magnitude of the force, and a display for the result or other output devices may also be provided. A method of monitoring force is also disclosed. The apparatus and method may be used to determine the amount of force applied to an infant during delivery. The apparatus and method may also be used for a broad range of applications requiring measurement of applied force.

Abstract: A device with at least two sensors, especially tire sidewall torsion (SWT) sensors for a motor vehicle control system, wherein the sensors are mounted at varying distances from the tire rotational axis on the chassis or wheel suspension in a stationary manner and wherein the sensors interact with at least one encoder mounted on or in the tire wall or with at least one conventional encoder mounted on or in the tire wall and exhibiting poles. The output signals or output information of the sensors are transmitted to the motor vehicle control system after having been evaluated.

Abstract: An arrangement in which a first contact surface (2) for bonding one end (51) of the bonding wire (5) and a piezoelectric actuator (3) are fixed on a support body (1) and a second contact surface (4) for bonding another end (52) of the bonding wire (5) is fixed to the actuator by an unsupported support body (34). The second contact surface moves back and forth in relation to the support body by means of an actuator, at a frequency of between 0.1 Hz and a few KHz and in one or more directions (31, 31′, 31″). The arrangement is suitable for use in testing the endurance of bonding wire connections.

Abstract: There is provided an improved load transducer type metal diaphragm pressure sensor capable of accurately sensing pressures, which is low in cost, easy to fabricate, and suitable for mass-production. The metal diaphragm pressure sensor (1) comprises a disc-shaped metal diaphragm (2) having a pressure element to which a fluid pressure is applied; a strip-shaped beam member (4) of silicone spanning the diaphragm in a direction of the diameter of the diaphragm, said beam member (4) having electrically insulating insulation bases (3) at each of its ends and in its midsection, and being bonded to the metal diaphragm at each of its ends via the insulation bases (3a, 3b); a pin-shaped pivot (5) connected between the midsection of the beam member and the midsection of the metal diaphragm via the insulation base (3c); and a bridge circuit containing diffused resistor elements (6a, 6a′).

Abstract: An apparatus and method for determining the actuation energy generated by a bimetallic actuator during transit between first and second states of stability. The apparatus and method further determining the threshold or set-point temperature of the bimetallic actuator during transit between bi-stable states. Accordingly, the apparatus and method directly measure both the snap force F and the set-point temperature of the bimetallic actuator during transit.

Abstract: A fingertip-mounted six-axis force sensor includes a fingerstall into which a fingertip of a human is inserted, an elastic component connected and fixed to the fingerstall, adapted to distort in response to specific force components including fingertip contact forces and contact moments, and equipped with a distortion detecting device for detecting force components in three axial directions, and a finger cover equipped with a fitting block and connected and fixed to the elastic component via the fitting block. Distortion of the elastic component produced in response to the fingertip contact forces and contact moments exerted onto an object by the human fingertip is detected by the distortion detecting device and converted into an electrical signal that is taken out and processed to calculate the fingertip contact forces.

Abstract: A force sensor having a substrate for measuring forces is provided, on which substrate a first path and a second path for travel of acoustic surface waves are arranged. The two paths are arranged essentially parallel to one another and their lengths are different. An effect of a force on the substrate is detectable by measuring a time needed for an acoustic surface wave to travel at least one of the first and second paths.

Abstract: A load sensor is formed of first and second opposing electrode members. The members make contact to mutually conduct electrically when a load is applied to the load sensor. The first electrode member consists of an elastic tube having at least a part of the circumferential segment formed into a conductive portion. The second electrode member consists of a flexible center electrode with conductivity on at least the outer circumferential portion positioned inside the elastic tube of the first electrode member so that the conducting surfaces face each other. An insulating linear member is wound around the center electrode at a predetermined winding distance.

Abstract: A method for regulating the contact force between a pentograph and an overhead cable, by means of at least two contact force measuring sensors for determining the contact force is disclosed, whereby the drop-out of a contact force measuring sensor is determined from the contact force measured signals (y1, y2). A comparison can be made between the current average quadratic deviation ((a) or cov(ys)) derived from the measured values (y1, y2) and the average quadratic deviation in an undisturbed nominal case ((b) or con(ys)o) and the above used for detection of the drop-out of a contact force measuring sensor, or, alternatively a comparison can be made between the current average amount of the derivation (PT1(|ys-X|2.5s)) derived from the measured values (y1, y2) and the average amount of the deviation in the undisturbed nominal case (PT1(|ys-X|2.5s)q) and the above used for detection of the drop-out of a contact force measuring sensor.

Abstract: Hydrophilic polymer actuators for an implantable device and methods of forming such actuators are provided, wherein the hydrophilic polymer actuators are actuated by the hydration and dehydration of a hydrophilic polymer material.

Abstract: A taut wire sensor includes an actuator that is movably coupled to a housing. The actuator includes a taut wire terminal. The actuator has two contacts that are maintained in a spaced apart orientation by the mating of parts, which are held in place by a spring element. The actuator deforms when force is applied to the taut wire terminal of the sensor. When the actuator deform, an electrical connection is made between the two contacts to produce an alarm indication by the sensor. The orientation of the actuator is maintained by the mating of parts which are also held by a spring element. One of the contacts in the actuator is a flexible contact pin that is adapted to bend when high force is applied to the taut wire terminal. The sensor housing also includes a movement limiter that overcomes a weakness in prior sensors which employ compensating flowable materials to adjust sensor position.

Abstract: In order to provide a seat weight measuring apparatus in which the performance of load sensors is not spoiled due to dimensional error or deformation of a vehicle body or a seat and provides higher precision measurement, a seat weight measuring apparatus is provided for measuring a seat weight including the weight of a passenger sitting thereon and comprises load sensors for converting at least parts of the seat weight into electric signals and a dislocation/deflection absorbing mechanism (pin brackets and pins) arranged between a seat and the load sensors. Each load sensor comprises a cantilever-type sensor plate which is deformable when subjected to load, and a plurality of strain gauges attached to one surface (strain measuring surface) of the sensor plate. The load sensor is so structured that one of the strain gauges is subjected to tensile strain while the other one of the strain gauges is subjected to the compressive strain when the sensor plate is subjected to the applied load and is thus deformed.

Abstract: A method and an apparatus for measuring a load of a hoisting apparatus, where electricity is used as the driving force and a squirrel cage motor as the hoisting motor for moving a load attached to a hoisting member of the hoisting apparatus substantially in the vertical direction. The method and arrangement are employed to determine air gap torque of the hoisting motor, which describes the load of the hoisting apparatus, utilizing magnetization flux of the hoisting motor determined on the basis of the current, supply voltage and stator winding resistance of the hoisting motor. The value of the air gap torque is compared with an air gap torque curve determined for the hoisting apparatus at known reference loads to determine the load that corresponds to the air gap torque in question.

Abstract: A dynamic quantity sensor has a weigh portion that is supported by a base portion to be displaced by a dynamic quantity, a movable electrode protruding from the weigh portion, and a fixed electrode protruding from the base portion and defining a detection interval with the movable electrode. The detection interval changes in response to displacement of the weight portion for detecting the dynamic quantity. Each of the movable electrode and the fixed electrode has a tapered plane shape with a width that decreases from a root portion toward a tip portion thereof.

Abstract: A device for measuring mechanical properties of an elastic body, comprising:

Abstract: An air bag system has an array of detectors positioned under the seat material of a vehicle seat upon which a person or mass can be positioned. The array has a plurality of sensor leaves extending from a plurality of sensor branches. The branches extend from a trunk. Each sensor is of the type which predictably changes resistance upon the mechanical deflection thereof. A deflector is positioned to concentrate the deflection forces on the sensor leaf. Each sensor leaf has a substrate with conductive material on one side and a backer on the other. The sensor array output is supplied to a terminal and then to operation means which are connected to arm or disarm an air bag actuator to regulate the operation of the air bag in accordance with the mass such as an occupant or a child car seat on the vehicle seat.

Abstract: This invention relates to a force measuring system capable of measuring forces associated with vehicle braking and of evaluating braking performance. The disclosure concerns an invention which comprises a first row of linearly aligned plates, a force bearing surface extending beneath and beside the plates, vertically oriented links and horizontally oriented links connecting each plate to a force bearing surface, a force measuring device in each link, a transducer coupled to each force measuring device, and a computing device coupled to receive an output signal from the transducer indicative of measured force in each force measuring device. The present invention may be used for testing vehicle brake systems.

Abstract: A load cell comprises a member for receiving forces applied by the load, and a plurality of force sensing elements supported by the member and arranged with respect, to each other to independently sense differently directed components of the applied forces. The member is disposed, e.g., in a horizontal plane for receiving the load forces, and the force sensing elements are strain gages. One of the strain gages is arranged to sense a component of the forces applied in a vertical direction relative to the plane, and a second strain gage is arranged to sense a component of the forces applied in a horizontal direction relative to the plane. Among other advantages, the load cell is highly versatile can be used to measure loading forces applied in virtually any direction.

Abstract: An apparatus (10) includes a member (14) that has a first slot (30) extending through the member within the periphery (32) of the member. The first slot (30) has opposed spaced surfaces (34) that define a gap (40) that has a width measured from one of the opposed surfaces to the other of the opposed surfaces. The member (14) includes first and second portions (42 and 44) positioned on opposite sides of the first slot (30). The apparatus (10) also includes a sensor (16) that has a first end (100) connected to the first portion (42) on one side of the first slot (30) and an opposite second end (102) connected to the second portion (44) on an opposite side of the first slot such that the sensor extends across the first slot. The apparatus (10) further includes a fastener (20) for fixedly connecting the second portion (44) to inhibit movement of the second portion of the member relative to the first portion (42).

Abstract: A mechanical weight bearing indicator produces a tactile signal which is felt by the wearer's foot. The signal is generated when the user exerts more than a predetermined amount of weight on the indicator, giving the user, who may be an orthopedic patient, immediate feedback concerning the amount of force applied. The indicator automatically resets and has no power source, but is purely mechanical. In one version of the invention, a domed metal disk is used as part of the indicator which snaps from a stable position to an unstable position in the way the bottom of an oil can operates, to produce the tactile signal and also for producing a sound as an audible signal. In another version of the invention, a piston and cylinder are used with the piston moving under the influence of a threshold of pressure exerted by the deformation of a compressible cavity member on which the user steps.

Abstract: A force-measuring apparatus has a stationary part, a load receiver, and two parallel guides connected to the load receiver and attachment areas of the stationary part. The load receiver is restrained by the guides to move parallel to the stationary part. An adjuster device adjusts the attachment areas transverse to the guides. It has an arm extending parallel to the guides that can pivot about a pivotal axis on the stationary part. An adjusting member acts on an adjustment area of the arm. The attachment area is located on the arm between the adjustment area and the pivotal axis. The distance from the adjustment area to the attachment area is at least as long as the distance from the attachment area to the pivotal axis. When the adjustment area is adjusted by a given amount, the attachment area is displaced by an amount less than the given amount.

Abstract: A force-measuring apparatus, particularly a weighing cell, has a stationary part 10, a load receiver 60, a measuring transducer 138, and a lever 100 for transmitting a force from the load receiver to the measuring transducer. An improved arrangement is proposed for changing the lever ratio by providing at least two different locations so that the fulcrum pivot flexures can be attached either at positions 112/212 and 118/318 or, alternatively, at positions 114/214 and 116/316 of the lever/stationary part.

Abstract: The device of the invention is intended for measuring a loading force and a friction force in a tribological tester. The device consists of two deformation-sensitive sensors for simultaneous equal deformation in two opposite directions for eliminating misbalance created in the measurement system when a single sensor is used. Each sensor is a deformable beam having through longitudinal slots extending in different and non-parallel directions and overlapped within the body of the beam. The sensor deforms in one direction under the effect of a loading force measured by two pairs of strain gauges located on opposite sides of the beam near one end of the beam and in another direction under the effect of a friction force measured by another two pairs of strain gauges located on opposite sides of the beam near the other end of the beam.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a system for measuring loads applied to a platform, wherein the accuracy of the measurements is not adversely affected by any moments or torques resulting from the application of the load to the platform. The present invention is particularly suitable to platforms used to measure large loads and braking capability of trucks at weigh stations located along interstate highways.

Abstract: The invention broadly provides a method and apparatus for measuring the power output of one powering a vehicle or other system driven by the elongate flexible member such as chain. In a preferred embodiment described, the vehicle is a bicycle. The method of the invention comprises measuring the speed and tension of the drive chain and calculating the power output therefrom. The apparatus of the invention includes a chain speed sensor, a chain tension sensor, and electronic processing apparatus to calculate and display the power output based upon the chain measurements.