Abstract: A dye-sensitized solar cell with hybrid nanostructures comprises a negative-polarity conductive substrate, a metal oxide layer, a positive-polarity conductive substrate and an electrolyte. The metal oxide layer has a plurality of nanoparticles and a plurality of nanotubes. The metal oxide layer and the electrolyte are arranged between the negative-polarity conductive substrate and the positive-polarity conductive substrate. The nanoparticles increase contact area with dye and thus enhance power generation efficiency. The nanotubes increase carrier mobility and thus effectively transfer electricity to electrodes. The solar cell integrates the advantages of nanoparticles and nanotubes and offsets the disadvantages thereof to effectively enhance the photovoltaic conversion efficiency of dye-sensitized solar cells.

Abstract: Provided are a thermoelectric device, a thermoelectric device module, and a method of forming the thermoelectric device. The thermoelectric device includes a first conductive type first semiconductor nanowire including at least one first barrier region; a second conductive type second semiconductor nanowire including at least one second barrier region; a first electrode connected to one end of the first semiconductor nanowire; a second electrode connected to one end of the second semiconductor nanowire; and a common electrode connected to the other end of the first semiconductor nanowire and the other end of the second semiconductor nanowire. The first barrier region is greater than the first semiconductor nanowire in thermal conductivity, and the second barrier region is greater than the second semiconductor nanowire in thermal conductivity.

Abstract: Aggregate particles comprising titanium dioxide (TiO2) nanotubes, methods for making the aggregate particles, photoelectrodes for solar cells including aggregate particles of nanomaterials, methods for making the photoelectrodes, and solar cells that include the photoelectrodes.

Abstract: A structure and method for at least one array of nanowires partially embedded in a matrix includes nanowires and one or more fill materials located between the nanowires. Each of the nanowires including a first segment associated with a first end, a second segment associated with a second end, and a third segment between the first segment and the second segment. The nanowires are substantially parallel to each other and are fixed in position relative to each other by the one or more fill materials. The third segment is substantially surrounded by the one or more fill materials. The first segment protrudes from the one or more fill materials.

Abstract: A tandem photovoltaic device includes a first cell and a second cell arranged in tandem. The first cell is configured to receive incident electromagnetic radiation and includes a first charge separating layer having a first semiconducting polymer adapted to create electric charge carriers generated by electromagnetic radiation. A second cell is configured to receive electromagnetic radiation passing out of the first cell in a light propagation path. The second cell includes a second charge separating layer having a second semiconducting polymer adapted to create electric charge carriers generated by electromagnetic radiation. A first titanium oxide layer is interposed between the first and second cells, wherein the first titanium oxide layer is substantially amorphous and has a general formula of TiOx where X being a number of 1 to 1.96.

Abstract: Methods and apparatus for an electrochemical double-layer capacitor for hostile environments. An electrochemical double-layer capacitor includes two electrodes wetted with an electrolyte, each electrode being attached to or in contact with or coated onto a current collector and separated from each other by a separator porous to the electrolyte, the electrodes, electrolyte and current collector containing less than 1,000 parts per million (ppm) of impurities, while exhibiting a leakage current less than 1 amp per liter of volume over a range of operating temperatures and at a voltage up to a rated voltage.

Abstract: The invention relates to a process for producing nanostructured silicon-carbon composites, comprising the (A) introduction of at least one of components (a1) mono- and/or polyhydroxyaromatic compound, and (a2) an aldehyde, and (a3) a catalyst, into a reactor to obtain a composition in which the components react with one another in the presence of the catalyst at a reaction temperature T of 75 to 200° C., and at a pressure of 80 to 2400 kPa, and over a period to of 0.

Abstract: A solid electrolytic capacitor a solid electrolytic capacitor that includes an anode body, a dielectric overlying the anode body, and a solid electrolyte overlying the dielectric is provided. The capacitor also comprises a conductive polymer coating that overlies the solid electrolyte and includes nanoparticles formed from a poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) quaternary onium salt.

Abstract: Provided is a solar cell including: a transparent electrode (2) formed as an n-type semiconductor; a plurality of carbon nanotube groups (3) placed in parallel to each other on and perpendicularly to the lower surface of the transparent electrode (2); and metal electrodes (4) placed on the lower surfaces of the carbon nanotube groups (3) opposite to the electrode (2). The diameters of the carbon nanotubes of the carbon nanotube groups (3) in parallel to each other are varied from one side of the electrode (2) to the other side thereof, and the group III atoms are doped into the carbon nanotube groups to form p-type semiconductors.

Abstract: Disclosed are an electrode for a low-resistance energy storage device, a method of manufacturing the same, and an energy storage device using the same. In detail, the electrode for an energy storage device is manufactured by forming electrode materials on a metal layer having a dendrite formed thereon. The energy storage device using the electrode for an energy storage device has low resistance characteristics.

Abstract: The invention relates to a method for producing carbon nanotubes in the agglomerated form and thus obtained novel carbon nanotube agglomerates.

Abstract: The present invention provides electrochemical cells and batteries having one or more electrically conductive tabs and carbon sheet current collectors, where the tabs are connected to the carbon sheet current collectors; and methods of connecting the tabs to the carbon based current collectors. In one embodiment, the electrically conductive tabs are metallic tabs.

Abstract: Provided is a secondary battery capable of improving charge-discharge characteristics. A positive electrode active material layer of a positive electrode has a positive electrode active material and a positive electrode conductive agent. The positive electrode active material is a high-voltage operating positive electrode material whose operating voltage is equal to or more than 4.5 V on a lithium metal basis. The positive electrode conductive agent contains an amorphous carbon material and a crystalline carbon material, and an interplanar spacing for lattice plane (002), a specific surface area, and a content in the positive electrode active material layer, thereof are so normalized as to be in predetermined ranges, respectively.

Abstract: The electrode material includes metal oxide nanoparticles formed by applying shear force and centrifugal force to reactants containing a reaction inhibitor in a rotating reaction vessel during a chemical reaction; and carbon nanotubes with a specific area of 600 to 2600 m2/g to which shear force and centrifugal force are applied for dispersion in the rotating reaction vessel during the chemical reaction. The metal oxide particles are highly dispersed and carried on the carbon nanotubes. Preferably, the metal oxide is lithium titanate.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a core-shell type anode active material for a lithium secondary battery, a method of preparing the same, and a lithium secondary battery comprising the same. The anode active material for a lithium secondary battery according to the present invention comprises a carbon based material core portion; and a shell portion formed outside of the carbon based material core portion by coating the carbon based material core portion with a spinel-type lithium titanium oxide. The anode active material for a lithium secondary battery according to the present invention has the metal oxide shell portion, and thus has the improved conductivity, a high output density, and consequently excellent electrical characteristics.

Abstract: Provided is a photoelectric conversion device using a semiconductor nanomaterial, which converts light energy having photon energy into electrical energy, including: a substrate, a plurality of semiconductor nanomaterials arranged on the substrate, and a metal layer that is formed on the semiconductor nanomaterial and is joined with the semiconductor nanomaterial by a schottky junction, wherein electrical energy is generated by a rectified current generated between the semiconductor nanomaterial and the metal layer joined by the schottky junction.

Abstract: Disclosed is an positive active material for a rechargeable lithium battery that includes an olivine-type composite oxide; and a metal or an alloy thereof adhered to a surface of the olivine-type composite oxide, wherein the metal or the alloy is selected from the group consisting of germanium (Ge), zinc (Zn), gallium (Ga), and a combination thereof.

Abstract: Active or functional additives are embedded into surfaces of host materials for use as components in a variety of electronic or optoelectronic devices, including solar devices, smart windows, displays, and so forth. Resulting surface-embedded device components provide improved performance, as well as cost benefits arising from their compositions and manufacturing processes.

Abstract: The present invention relates to compositions comprising functionalized or un-functionalized multi cyclic hydrocarbons and functional organic compounds, which can be used in different electronic devices. The invention further relates to an electronic device comprising one or more organic functional layers, wherein at least one of the layers comprises at least one functionalized or un-functionalized multi cyclic hydrocarbon. Another embodiment of the present invention relates to a formulation comprising functionalized or un-functionalized multi cyclic hydrocarbons, from which a thin layer comprising at least one functionalized or un-functionalized multi cyclic hydrocarbon can be formed.

Abstract: Provided are a method of preparing an electrocatalyst for fuel cells in a core-shell structure, an electrocatalyst for fuel cells having a core-shell structure, and a fuel cell including the electrocatalyst for fuel cells. The method may be useful in forming a core and a shell layer without performing a subsequent process such as chemical treatment or heat treatment and forming a core support in which core particles having a nanosize diameter are homogeneously supported, followed by selectively forming shell layers on surfaces of the core particles in the support. Also, the electrocatalyst for fuel cells has a high catalyst-supporting amount and excellent catalyst activity and electrochemical property.

Abstract: Solar cells and methods of manufacturing the solar cells are provided. The solar cell may be formed on a substrate having a plurality of concave portions. A plurality of nanostructures may be formed on a surface of the substrate, in which the plurality of concave portions are formed. A photoactive layer may be formed to cover the plurality of nanostructures. The nanostructures may include an inorganic material, and the photoactive layer may include an organic material.

Abstract: An ion-conducting composite electrolyte membrane with strength improved without impairing ionic conductivity, and a fuel cell using the same are provided. The proton conductive composite electrolyte membrane includes an electrolyte which includes an ion-dissociating functional group and is made of a fullerene derivative or sulfonated pitch within a range of 5 wt % to 85 wt % both inclusive, and a binder which has a weight-average molecular weight of 550000 or over and a logarithmic viscosity of 2 dL/g or over, and is made of a fluorine-based polymer such as polyvinylidene fluoride and a copolymer of polyvinylidene fluoride and hexafluoropropylene within a range of 15 wt % to 95 wt % both inclusive.

Abstract: Provided are a solar cell a solar cell having high light absorbance and power conversion efficiency and a method for producing the solar cell. The solar cell includes a substrate, a first electrode disposed on the substrate, a photoactive layer disposed on the first electrode, and a second electrode disposed on the photoactive layer. The photoactive layer includes an electron acceptor and at least two electron donors.

Abstract: A solid state supercapacitor and a method for manufacturing the same is provided, the solid state supercapacitor including two nanowire electrodes with their surface full of nanowire bundle and a dielectric material filled in a space between the two nanowire bundle electrodes and the nanowire bundle, wherein the nanowire bundle includes many nanowires to increase the surface area of electrodes; since the two nanowire bundle electrodes include the nanowire bundle, the surface area thereof is large; a dielectric layer is the original material of the dielectric material, directly reacted, deposited and cured in the space between the two nanowire bundle electrodes without causing pollutions due to additional processing; therefore, the dielectric layer is of high purity and density and has high permittivity to achieve the greatest permittivity of the dielectric material. As a result, the energy capacity of unit volume of the capacitor is effectively increased.

Abstract: A metal oxide-carbon composite includes a carbon aerogel with an oxide overcoat. The metal oxide-carbon composite is made by providing a carbon aerogel, immersing the carbon aerogel in a metal oxide sol under a vacuum, raising the carbon aerogel with the metal oxide sol to atmospheric pressure, curing the carbon aerogel with the metal oxide sol at room temperature, and drying the carbon aerogel with the metal oxide sol to produce the metal oxide-carbon composite. The step of providing a carbon aerogel can provide an activated carbon aerogel or provide a carbon aerogel with carbon nanotubes that make the carbon aerogel mechanically robust.

Abstract: A current conductor for an electrochemical power device that includes an array of carbon nanotubes (CNT) anchored in a carbon nanotube metal composite layer and a structure that may incorporate nanoscale particles or thin film onto the current conductor is described. Additionally, a process for creating the structure using electrochemical plating of the metal layer onto the CNT array followed by separation of the structure from the substrate is provided. Another process includes creating the structure using co-electrodeposition of the CNT and metal from an electroplating bath using surfactants, physical energy, and a magnetic and/or electric field to orient the CNT and enhance the CNT density in the composite.

Abstract: Conducting metal oxide and nitride nanoparticles that can be used in fuel cell applications. The metal oxide nanoparticles are comprised of for example, titanium, niobium, tantalum, tungsten and combinations thereof. The metal nitride nanoparticles are comprised of, for example, titanium, niobium, tantalum, tungsten, zirconium, and combinations thereof. The nanoparticles can be sintered to provide conducting porous agglomerates of the nanoparticles which can be used as a catalyst support in fuel cell applications. Further, platinum nanoparticles, for example, can be deposited on the agglomerates to provide a material that can be used as both an anode and a cathode catalyst support in a fuel cell.

Abstract: This invention provides an aligned single-layer carbon nanotube bulk structure, which comprises an assembly of a plurality of aligned single-layer carbon nanotube and has a height of not less than 10 ?m, and an aligned single-layer carbon nanotube bulk structure which comprises an assembly of a plurality of aligned single-layer carbon nanotubes and has been patterned in a predetermined form. This structure is produced by chemical vapor deposition (CVD) of carbon nanotubes in the presence of a metal catalyst in a reaction atmosphere with an oxidizing agent, preferably water, added thereto. An aligned single-layer carbon nanotube bulk structure, which has realized high purify and significantly large scaled length or height, its production process and apparatus, and its applied products are provided.

Abstract: A p-type transparent conductive oxide and a solar cell containing the p-type transparent conducting oxide, wherein the p-type transparent conductive oxide includes a molybdenum trioxide doped with an element having less than six valence electrons, the element is selected from the group consisting of alkali metals, alkaline earth metals, group III elements, group IV, group V, transition elements and their combinations. Doping an element having less than six valence electron results in hole number increase, and thus increasing the hole drift velocity, and making Fermi level closer to the range of p-type materials. Hence, a p-type transparent conductive material is generated. This p-type transparent conducting oxide not only has high electron hole drift velocity, low resistivity, but also reaches a transmittance of 88% in the visible wavelength range, and therefore it is very suitable to be used in solar cells.

Abstract: A method of fabricating a device is disclosed. The method comprises coating a solid structure by nanostructures selected from the group consisting of peptides and amino acids, under conditions that at least partially prevent assembly of the nanostructures into supramolecular structures.

Abstract: A multimetallic nanoscale catalyst having a sore portion enveloped by a shell portion and exhibiting high catalytic activity and improved catalytic durability. In various embodiments, the core/shell nanoparticles comprise a gold particle coated with a catalytically active platinum bimetallic material. The shape of the nanoparticles is substantially defined by the particle shape of the core portion. The nanoparticles may be dispersed on a high surface area substrate for use as a catalyst and is characterized by no significant loss in surface area and specific activity following extended potential cycling.

Abstract: An organic photoelectronic conversion element having a sufficiently high open-circuit voltage can be produced by using a fullerene derivative comprising a structure represented by formula (1) and one or more structures selected from the group consisting of a structure represented by formula (2-1) and a structure represented by formula (2-2).

Abstract: Provided are an ion-conductive composite electrolyte that improves ionic conductivity, a membrane-electrode assembly and an electrochemical device using the same, and a method for producing an ion-conductive composite electrolyte membrane. A proton-conductive composite electrolyte contains an electrolyte having a proton-dissociative group (—SO3H) and a compound having a Lewis acid group MXn-1, wherein the Lewis acid group and the proton-dissociative group interact with each other. The compound having the Lewis acid group is a Lewis acid compound MXn or a polymer having a Lewis acid group MXn-1. The electrolyte having a proton-dissociative group is, for example, a fullerene derivative. A proton-conductive composite electrolyte membrane is formed using a solvent having a donor number of 25 or less, and a membrane-electrode assembly using the same is suitable for use in a fuel cell.

Abstract: Methods of the present invention can be used to synthesize nanowires with controllable compositions and/or with multiple elements. The methods can include coating solid powder granules, which comprise a first element, with a catalyst. The catalyst and the first element should form when heated a liquid, mixed phase having a eutectic or peritectic point. The granules, which have been coated with the catalyst, can then be heated to a temperature greater than or equal to the eutectic or peritectic point. During heating, a vapor source comprising the second element is introduced. The vapor source chemically interacts with the liquid, mixed phase to consume the first element and to induce condensation of a product that comprises the first and second elements in the form of a nanowire.

Abstract: A capacitor assembly for use in high voltage and high temperature environments is provided. More particularly, the capacitor assembly includes a solid electrolytic capacitor element containing an anode body, a dielectric overlying the anode, and a solid electrolyte overlying the dielectric. To help facilitate the use of the capacitor assembly in high voltage applications, it is generally desired that the solid electrolyte is formed from a dispersion of preformed conductive polymer particles. In this manner, the electrolyte may remain generally free of high energy radicals (e.g., Fe2+ or Fe3+ ions) that can lead to dielectric degradation, particularly at relatively high voltages (e.g., above about 60 volts). Furthermore, to help protect the stability of the solid electrolyte at high temperatures, the capacitor element is enclosed and hermetically sealed within a housing in the presence of a gaseous atmosphere that contains an inert gas.

Abstract: The method for fabrication of the electrochemical energy converter characterised in that, cermet composition (2A)1 (2B) is applied on both sides of the central ceramic plate (1), wherein on both sides of the plate in the cermet composition (2A), (2B), channels (3A), (3B) are made, then the channels (3A), (3B) on both sides of the plate are covered with cermet composition layers (4A), (4B). Afterwards, both sides of the ceramic structure made in such a way are overlaid with conductive structures (5A), (5B) and then with subsequent layers of the cermet composition (6A). (6B) containing nickel, then both sides of the ceramic structure prepared in a such way are subsequently overlaid with: layers constituting the solid electrolyte (7A), (7B), layers constituting electrodes (8A), (8B) and contact layers (9A), (9B). The electrochemical energy converter has a flat layered ceramic base whose core is constituted by the central ceramic plate (D, permanently bonded with porous cermet layers (AN1).

Abstract: A precursor material for forming a film of a group IB-IIIA-chalcogenide compound and a method of making this film are disclosed. The film contains group IB-chalcogenide nanoparticles and/or group IIIA-chalcogenide nanoparticles and/or nanoglobules and/or nanodroplets and a source of extra chalcogen. Alternatively, the film may contain core-shell nanoparticles having core nanoparticles include group IB and/or IIIA elements, which are coated with a shell of elemental chalcogen material. The method of making a film of group IB-IIIA- chalcogenide compound includes mixing the nanoparticles and/or nanoglobules and/or nanodroplets to form an ink, depositing the ink on a substrate, heating to melt the extra chalcogen and to react the chalcogen with the group IB and group IIIA elements and/or chalcogenides to form a dense film.

Abstract: Disclosed herein is an isolable colloidal particle comprising a nanoparticle and an inorganic capping agent bound to the surface of the nanoparticle, a solution of the same, a method for making the same from a biphasic solvent mixture, and the formation of structures and solids from the isolable colloidal particle. The process can yield photovoltaic cells, piezoelectric crystals, thermoelectric layers, optoelectronic layers, light emitting diodes, ferroelectric layers, thin film transistors, floating gate memory devices, imaging devices, phase change layers, and sensor devices.

Abstract: The present invention provides a non-vacuum method of depositing a photovoltaic absorber layer based on electrophoretic deposition of a mixture of nanoparticles with a controlled atomic ratio between the elements. The nanoparticles are first dispersed in a liquid medium to form a colloidal suspension and then electrophoretically deposited onto a substrate to form a thin film photovoltaic absorber layer. The absorber layer may be subjected to optional post-deposition treatments for photovoltaic absorption.

Abstract: There are provided an ion-conducting microparticle including an ion-dissociative group and exhibiting an affinity for a fluorine-containing resin, and a method of manufacturing the same, an ion-conducting composite including the ion-conducting microparticle, a membrane electrode assembly (MEA) including the ion-conducting composite as an electrolyte, and an electrochemical device such as a fuel cell.

Abstract: A solar cell includes: a substrate; a plurality of first nanostructures provided on the substrate and arranged; and a plurality of second nanostructures provided on the substrate and arranged separate from the plurality of first nanostructures wherein an average diameter of a cross section of one of the plurality of first nanostructures that is incised in a direction that is in parallel to a substrate surface of the substrate is greater than an average diameter of a cross section of one of the plurality of second nanostructures that is incised in a direction that is in parallel to a substrate surface of the substrate.

Abstract: A solar cell using a p-i-n nanowire that may generate light by absorbing solar light in a wide wavelength region efficiently without generating light loss and may be manufactured with a simplified process and low cost.

Abstract: A photoelectric conversion device and a method for making same are provided wherein a porous photoelectrode is prevented from dissolution in an electrolyte, a surface plasmon resonance effect can be well obtained, and a drastic improvement in photoelectric conversion efficiency can be attained. In a photoelectric conversion device having a structure wherein an electrolyte layer (6) is filled between a porous photoelectrode (3) formed on a transparent substrate (1) and a counter electrode (4), the porous photoelectrode (3) is constituted of metal/metal oxide fine particles (7) including a core made of a metal and a shell surrounding the core and made of a metal oxide. In a dye-sensitized photoelectric conversion device, a sensitizing dye (8) is adsorbed on the surface of the porous photoelectrode (3).

Abstract: A non-volatile electronic display includes a light valve plate comprising a plurality of liquid crystal cells on a transparent substrate; a plurality of “floating/storage” nodes functioning like non-volatile memories formed on the transparent substrate and corresponding to the liquid crystal cells, and a plurality of word lines and a plurality of bit lines connected to the plurality of non-volatile memories and supplying signal to store charge to at least one non-volatile memory. The charge is retained in the at least one “floating/storage” nodes functioning like non-volatile memory for a predetermined period when no external power is applied to the non-volatile electronic display.

Abstract: Photovoltaic structures for the conversion of solar irradiance into electrical free energy. In a particular implementation, a photovoltaic cell includes a granular semiconductor and oxide layer with nanometer-size absorber semiconductor grains surrounded by a matrix of oxide. The semiconductor and oxide layer may be disposed between electron and hole conducting layers. In some implementations, multiple semiconductor and oxide layers can be deposited.

Abstract: A method of producing a nanocomposite thermoelectric conversion material includes preparing a solution that contains salts of a plurality of first elements constituting a thermoelectric conversion material, and a salt of a second element that has a redox potential lower than redox potentials of the first elements; precipitating the first elements, thereby producing a matrix-precursor that is a precursor of a matrix made of the thermoelectric conversion material, by adding a reducing agent to the solution; precipitating the second element in the matrix-precursor, thereby producing slurry containing the first elements and the second element, by further adding the reducing agent to the solution; and alloying the plurality of the first elements, thereby producing the matrix (70) made of the thermoelectric conversion material, and producing nano-sized phonon-scattering particles (80) including the second element, which are dispersed in the matrix (70), by filtering and washing the slurry, and then, heat-treating t

Abstract: In an exemplary method, a nano-architectured carbon structure is fabricated by forming a unit (e.g., a film) of a liquid carbon-containing starting material. A surface of the unit is nano-molded using a durable mold (122) that is pre-formed with a pattern of nano-concavities corresponding to a desired pattern of nano-features to be formed by the mold on the surface of the unit. After nano-molding the surface of the unit, the first unit is stabilized to render the unit and its formed nano-structures capable of surviving downstream steps. The mold is removed from the first surface to form a nano-molded surface of a carbonization precursor (152). The precursor is carbonized in an inert-gas atmosphere at a suitable high temperature to form a corresponding nano-architectured carbon structure (62). A principal use of the nano-architectured carbon structure is a carbon electrode used in, e.g., Li-ion batteries, supercapacitors, and battery-supercapacitor hybrid devices.

Abstract: A method of producing a catalyst suitable for use in a membrane electrode assembly involves providing a mixture comprising a polyaniline precursor and a catalyst support; adding to said mixture an oxidant and a compound comprising a transition metal; agitating said mixture sufficiently to result in polyaniline polymerization; drying the mixture; heating the dried mixture in an inert atmosphere at a temperature of from about 400° C. to about 1000° C.; leaching the mixture with an acid solution; heating the resulting mixture in an inert atmosphere at a temperature of from about 400° C. to about 1000° C. The second heating improves the performance of the catalyst.

Abstract: A photovoltaic cell includes a first electrode and a second electrode operable to define an electric field (E) in a spatial region between the first electrode and the second electrode. Materials for fabricating the first electrode and the second electrode are chosen so that at least one is a metal, and that a material work function difference between these electrodes is of a sufficient magnitude to produce the electric field (E) without a need for selective doping of the electrodes. The spatial region includes one or more nano-particles (260) for receiving radiation, the nano-particles being operable so that the radiation excites surface plasmons in one or more nano-particles resulting in generation of one or more excited electrons for release from the one or more nano-particles and/or neighboring media to the one or more nano-particles and guided by the field (E) by way of nonconventional conduction processes to result in a current flow through the cell in response to receiving the radiation.

Abstract: A method of manufacturing a capacitor includes forming a first ceramic film on a first base made of a metal, forming a second ceramic film on a second base made of a metal, forming a first copper electrode pattern and a first copper via-plug on a surface of one of the first and second ceramic films, the electrode pattern and the via-plug being separate from each other, bonding the first and second ceramic films together with the first electrode pattern and the via-plug therebetween, by applying a pulsed voltage between the first base and the second base while the first base and the second base are pressed so that the first ceramic film and the second ceramic film are pressed on each other, and removing the second base.