Abstract: A display includes a substrate and an emitter formed on the substrate. A first dielectric layer is formed on the substrate to have a thickness slightly less than a height of the emitter above the planar surface and includes an opening formed about the emitter. The display also includes a conductive extraction grid formed on the first dielectric layer. The extraction grid includes an opening surrounding the emitter. The display further includes a second dielectric layer formed on the extraction grid and a focusing electrode formed on the second dielectric layer. The focusing electrode is electrically coupled to the emitter through an impedance element. The focusing electrode includes an opening formed above the apex. The focusing electrode provides enhanced focusing performance together with reduced circuit complexity, resulting in a superior display.

Abstract: A method for fabricating an electrode having extended operating life comprising brazing a cap and adapter to an insulator composed of magnesium oxide-stabilized zirconia (MSZ), calcium oxide stabilized zirconia (CSZ) or yttroim oxide-stabilized (YSZ). Electrodes comprising insulators composed of CSZ, MSZ and/or YSZ are also described.

Abstract: Electron emission materials consisting of carbides, borides, and oxides, and related mixtures and compounds, of Group IVB metals Hf, Zr, and Ti, Group IIA metals Be, Mg, Ca, Sr, and Ba, and Group IIIB metals Sc, Y, and lanthanides La through Lu are used in electrodes. The electron emission materials include ternary Group IVB-IIIB, IVB-IIA, and IIIB-IIA oxides and quaternary Group IVB-IIIB-IIA oxides. These electron emission materials are typically contained in a refractory metal matrix formed of tungsten, molybdenum, tantalum, rhenium, and their alloys, but may also be used by themselves. These materials and electrodes have high melting points, low vapor pressures, low work functions, high electrical and thermal conductivity, and high thermionic electron emission and field emission properties.

Abstract: The discharge vessel has two ends (6), which are closed off by ceramic pl which each contain an elongate capillary tube (12), an electrically conductive lead-through (9, 10) comprising two parts (13, 14) being guided in a vacuum-tight manner through this plug capillary tube (12). The inner part (14) is a pin made of a halide-resistant metal (tungsten), the diameter of which is at most 0.4 mm and which is surrounded by a tubular casing (20, 21) made of ceramic material which consists of a concentric aluminum oxide tube (sleeve), the outer part (13), over its entire length, and the inner part (14), at least over a length of 1 mm from the beginning of the sleeve (20, 21), being sealed off by means of soldering glass (18).

Abstract: Problems with a conventional cathode for electronic tubes arose because metals composing the substrate were subjected to heat deformation, resulting in a relatively lage drift of cutoff voltage. The present invention diminishes the heat deformation of the substrate to obtain a cathode with a small drift of cutoff voltage. Particularly, heat expansion coefficients can be made uniform while metals in the metal layer are prevented from diffusing into the substrate. This is done by incorporating the same metals present in the metal layer into the metals composing the substrate, thereby supressing deformation of the substrate.

Abstract: Electron emission materials consisting of carbides, borides, and oxides, and related mixtures and compounds, of Group IVB metals Hf, Zr, and Ti, Group IIA metals Be, Mg, Ca, Sr, and Ba, and Group IIIB metals Sc, Y, and lanthanides La through Lu are used in electrodes. The electron emission materials include ternary Group IVB-IIIB and IVB-IIA oxides. These electron emission materials are typically contained in a refractory metal matrix formed of tungsten, tantalum, rhenium, and their alloys, but may also be used by themselves. These materials and electrodes have high melting points, low vapor pressures, low work functions, high electrical and thermal conductivity, and high thermionic electron emission and field emission properties.

Abstract: Electron guns are disclosed that produce low-brightness and high-emittance electron beams that are suitable for use in an electron-beam reduction-lithography apparatus. A preferred embodiment comprises a cathode, a Wehnelt electrode, an anode, and at least one control electrode placed between the cathode and the anode. Each of these components defines a spherical surface all having a common center point and all thus being concentric with one another. During operation, the anode has a grounded electrical potential while the cathode and the Wehnelt electrode each have a potential of about -100 KV. If the applied voltage to the control electrode is adjusted within a range of -99 to -90 KV, the brightness can be controlled to within a range of 1.times.10.sup.3 to 2.times.10.sup.4 A/cm.sup.2.sr.

Abstract: The present invention provides for transparent electrodes useful in display devices. The transparent electrodes are deposited on a substrate and formed with one or more apertures on their top surface that permit a second electrode, formed on the transparent electrode, to dip down and make contact with the substrate. The second electrode is made of an opaque conductive material that lowers the electrical resistance of the transparent electrode.

Abstract: A field emission display (100) includes a dielectric layer (132) having a plurality of emitter wells (134), a plurality of electron emitters (136) disposed one each within the plurality of emitter wells (134), a plurality of conductive rows (138, 140, 142) disposed on the dielectric layer (132) and having sacrificial portions (154), an ion shield (139) disposed on the dielectric layer (132) and spaced apart from the sacrificial portions (154) of the plurality of conductive rows (138, 140, 142), and an anode (121) opposing the plurality of electron emitters (136) and defining a projected area (122) at the plurality of conductive rows (138, 140, 142). The sacrificial portions (154) of the plurality of conductive rows (138, 140, 142) extend beyond the projected area (122) of the anode (121).

Abstract: Disclosed are a backlight and a method of driving the same to provide a uniform low intensity source of light for a liquid crystal display. The fluorescent lamp includes a fluorescent lamp and a drive circuit coupled to the anode and to the cathode of the fluorescent lamp for supplying the fluorescent lamp with a drive current. First and second longitudinally extending substantially transparent conductor members are disposed externally along the length of the lamp. A radio frequency (RF) signal generator connected to each of the first and second longitudinally extending conductor members drives the first and second conductor members with an RF signal to generate a dynamic RF electric field within the glass tube.

Abstract: Electron emission materials consisting of carbides, borides, and oxides, and related mixtures and compounds, of Group IVB metals Hf, Zr, and Ti, Group IIA metals Be, Mg, Ca, Sr, and Ba, and Group IIIB metals Sc, Y and lanthanides La through Lu are used in electrodes. These electron emission materials are typically contained in a refractory metal matrix formed of tungsten, tantalum, rhenium, and their alloys, but may also be used by themselves. These materials and electrodes have high melting points, low vapor pressures, low work functions, high electrical and thermal conductivity, and high thermionic electron emission and field emission properties.

Abstract: A cold cathode electron emission structure includes an amorphous carbon matrix having cesium dispersed therein, with the cesium present in substantially non-crystalline form. A cesium-carbon-oxide layer is positioned on the amorphous carbon matrix, constitutes an electron emission surface and causes the cold cathode electron emission structure to exhibit a lowered surface work function. A display structure including the aforedescribed cold cathode electron emission structure further includes a target electrode including a phosphor and exhibiting a target potential for attraction of electrons. A gate electrode is positioned between the electron emission structure and the target electrode and is biased at a gate potential which attracts electrons, but which is insufficient, in combination with the target potential, to cause emission of a beam of electrons from the electron emission structure.

Abstract: The present invention is directed to a conductor/electrode for a faceplate anode of a field emission display wherein said conductor/electrode is comprised of tin oxide. Alternatively, the present invention is directed to a transparent conductor/electrode for a faceplate anode of a field emission display wherein said conductor/electrode is comprised of from about 90% to about 99% tin oxide and from about 1% to about 10% antimony.

Abstract: An electrode structure for use in a sealed arc lamp is described. The electrode structure includes a tungsten containing rod surrounded by a block of sintered tungsten containing powder. The block may be impregnated with a thermally conductive material such as copper, silver or braze, and may have a high thermal emissivity surface.

Abstract: A collector for an electron beam tube includes a ceramic cylinder within which are located rings of a first material, such as copper, and rings of a second material, such as molybdenum, arranged alternately along the longitudinal axis of the cylinder. The ratio of the axial lengths of the rings at the inner surface of the ceramic cylinder is selected so as to provide temperature compensation. The rings of one material surround part of adjacent rings of the other material to confine thermal expansion in a radial direction.

Abstract: Method and apparatus are presented for the generation, regeneration, and transplantation of field enhancing whiskers to provide for an improved cathode in flat panel displays in particular, and in other applications. Such applications comprise devices in which there is an emissive cathode structure for producing electrons. There are clear advantages for the instant invention in the case of a flat panel display which requires a relatively large cathode area, because the present invention avoids excessive power loss due to radiation and conduction loss by permitting operation of the cathode at a significantly lower temperature than if it operated solely as a thermionic emitter. The combination of moderately elevated temperature and enhanced electric field allows the advantages of thermo-field assisted emission.

Abstract: An assembly of mask frame and inner shield for color cathode-ray tubes is disclosed, including a mask frame which is attached toward a panel so as to improve initial doming characteristics, decrease correction capacity of the spring, and prevent unbalanced magnetic field induction to the inside. An inner shield which is attached in opposition to the mask frame and protects electron beams from the earth's magnetic field, a mask frame assembly which contains the mask frame, and the inner shield. The mask frame has a band type with only side and a plate for preventing random reflection provided in the side of the inner shield. The plate for preventing random reflection is formed in a single body together with the inner shield. The inner shield is assembled inside or outside of the mask frame. The plate for preventing random reflection is extended from the inner shield to the inside at the front end or rear end of the mask frame.

Abstract: Variable backspace in electrode assemblies for high pressure sodium lamps is achieved by employing a hollow electrode base which has one end formed to frictionally engage an electrode, which electrode includes a solid core having a coil about one end thereof. The solid core is inserted into the electrode base a given distance and is maintained in this position by friction until welding is accomplished. The electrode base is provided with a positioning ring which is formed at the time the base is first formed. The electrode assemblies can be utilized with lamps having different arc lengths while using arc tubes having the same size.

Abstract: The present invention provides an electron gun assembly including at least one field emission type cold cathode acting as an electron beam source, a support for supporting the cold cathode thereon, a control electrode spaced away from the cold cathode, the control electrode cooperating with the support to enclose the cold cathode therein, a thermal shield member provided both around the control electrode and below the support to prevent heat conduction to the cold cathode. The thermal shield member does not allow heat conduction to the cold cathode when the electron gun assembly is to be enclosed in a glass valve by softening a neck portion of the glass valve with an oxygen burner and then attaching the softened neck portion to the electron gun assembly, resulting in that an emitter of the cold cathode is not increased in temperature and that a summit of an emitter is not oxidized.

Abstract: A cathode assembly for a magnetron having a lower end shield for supporting a filament joined thereto and an insulator supporting a lower end shield on which the filament is mounted, the insulator being bonded to the lower surface of a flange on the lower end shield utilizing a ring shaped metalizing portion at the upper surface of the insulator which also joins a side lead to the lower end shield, and the insulator being fixedly mounted in a lower magnetic pole to exactly center the assembly about the central axis of an anode cylinder, thereby minimizing the quantity of dark current generated by escaping thermions, resulting in an enhanced efficiency of the magnetron.

Abstract: The present invention includes a spark plug with a copper cored ground electrode wherein the copper core has a cross-sectional area of about 1.6 mm.sup.2 to about 3.0 mm.sup.2 and the remainder of the electrode is made from a nickel alloy sheath. The open end copper cored ground electrode is resistance welded to the steel shell using a light welding force of about 100 lbs. coupled with a low welding energy to eliminate voids and embrittlement in the copper core adjacent to the weld interface.

Abstract: A device which can produce a bright, raster scanned or non-raster scanned image from a flat panel. Unlike many flat panel technologies, this device does not require ambient light or auxiliary illumination for viewing the image. Rather, this device relies on electrons emitted from a ferroelectric emitter impinging on a phosphor. This device takes advantage of a new electron emitter technology which emits electrons with significant kinetic energy and beam current density.

Abstract: A reservoir dispenser cathode structure having improved thermal efficiency is provided by inner and outer subassemblies. The inner subassembly has a molybdenum heater cup to which a tungsten-rhenium alloy cap is laser seam-welded. The outer subassembly has a tantalum support cylinder within which the inner subassembly is supported by means of a three-point suspension in the form of tabs that are lanced from the tantalum cylinder and spot-welded to the heater cup. The heater has a coiled-coil design wherein the coils are coated with Al.sub.3 O.sub.3 and small particle tungsten powder to increase the coil's thermal emissivity. This thermally-efficient structure permits the achievement of high current density (greater than 3 Amperes per square centimeter) with heater power that is less than 1.3 Watts.

Abstract: A low-pressure rare gas discharge lamp wherein a light emitting gas composed substantially 100% of rare gases is sealed in a bulb and light emitted is from the gas by electric discharge. An isolation film for the light emitting gas from the bulb is provided at least on the inner surface portion of the bulb which portion surrounds a positive column. In another embodiment, a hot cathode type low-pressure rare gas discharging fluorescent lamp includes a glass bulb, a pair of electrodes including an electrode acting as a hot cathode at least in a stable discharging state, the paired electrodes being provided within the glass bulb, a fluorescent substance layer formed on the inner surface of the glass bulb, and a light emitting gas sealed in the interior of the glass bulb. The fluorescent substance layer is rendered luminous by radiation emitted from the light emitting gas. A partial pressure of the sealed, light emitting gas is not higher than 5 Torr, and the light emitting gas includes at least krypton.

Abstract: The present invention provides an electron beam gun for an electron beam evaporation source in which a beam former shields a filament from an anode such that electrons emitted from the filament are accelerated past the anode in a ribbon-like beam. The filament is connected to a split cathode block having two sides for applying an electric current through the filament. The beam former has two sections which are separately connected to the two sides of the cathode block such that the cathode block acts as a heat sink for the beam former, and a thermal gradient is not produced within the beam former that would produce warpage and movement of the beam former. Preferably, the vertical gap is about 0.254 mm. to prevent electrons emitted from the filament from arcing through the gap to the anode.

Abstract: A gas discharge switch that has at least two coaxial electrodes which are provided with coaxial holes and form in a central discharge region, a gas discharge path, and an insulating region at their edges. The spacing D in an axial direction of the electrodes is larger than the spacing d.sub.1 of the electrodes at the inner edge of a washer-like insulator in the insulating region. The electrodes are respectively connected to one of the flat sides of the insulator, and the spacing d.sub.1 is at least as large as the spacing d.sub.2 of the electrodes in a shielding region that is formed between the insulating region and the discharge region. A shield that shields the insulator from the discharge region is provided.

Abstract: Thermal breakage of crystalline electrodes used in arc-vapor deposition is prevented by originally fabricating the electrodes from broken pieces of the crystalline material which are slightly sintered together and form an electrode body in which a carbon rod or other conductor is embedded to provide electrical contact. The particles are sintered in a vacuum oven and a pool of the electrode material can be formed at a working end of the electrode body when the latter is used for arc-vapor deposition.

Abstract: An arc discharge lamp resistant to surface path arcing may be formed by press sealing a dielectric barrier between the electrode roots. By properly manipulating the press seal, a barrier of the dielectric envelope material may be positioned between the electrode roots. The barrier lengthens the discharge path between the electrode roots, and thereby resists surface arc discharge. The lamp seal is then protected from surface discharge heating, and light generation properly occurs between the electrode tips.

Abstract: An improved plasma arc reactor is provided with variably positionable electrodes, including a cylindrical anode electrode having an inner, frustoconical cavity providing a reaction chamber and a spherical cathode ball electrode mounted therein. Between these electrodes an arc discharge is induced and sustained to heat and ionize an inert gas to produce an arc plasma for refining raw material introduced into the reaction chamber. A magnetic induction coil is mounted around the outer diameter of the anode electrode to thereby establish a magnetic field to rotate the arc discharge and plasma within the reaction chamber.

Abstract: A mercury dispenser for electric discharge lamps consists of welding a small metallic member (16) in the form of a "patch", to a portion of the surface of the cathode disintegration shield (10) and trapping a predetermined volume of mercury under the "patch". A dimple (17) may be formed in the shield (10) or in the member (16). The shield (10) may be formed from a continuous strip which is dimpled at a predetermined pitch, the dimples filled with mercury and the "patches" (16) welded over the dimples. The strip can then be cut into discrete "patched" sections to be bent into shields and assembled with the cathode structure. The mercury is liberated from under the "patch" by heating and vaporization, the vapor pressure forcing the "patch" open.

Abstract: A shaped article of a carbonaceous material characterized in that the carbonaceous material is impregnated with a borosilicate glass comprising 25 to 50 wt. % of SiO.sub.2 and 20 to 45 wt. % of B.sub.2 O.sub.3 as effective components.

Abstract: An electron gun having a cathode of a lanthanum hexaboride single crystal is disclosed in which the axis of the cathode is set to such a crystal orientation that the electron beam has two intensive emission regions which are asymmetrical with each other in intensity. In the electron gun, even at a low heating temperature of the cathode, a single spot of an image by the electron beam of a more intensive emission region since the electron beam of a weaker intensity emission region is blocked by an aperture.

Abstract: This invention relates to multiple coiled incandescent filaments and more particularly to a single strand filament wire, coreless, triple-coil filament for an incandescent lamp having mandrel ratios in either or both its second or third coiling less than 1.0.

Abstract: An extractive electrode allowing to reduce the vertical focusing and defocusing effect of the hyperfrequency electrical field used for accelerating the particles of a beam within an accelerator of cyclotron type. The extractive electrode comprises a metallic block having a substantially prismatic shape and provided in its entry face facing the particle source with at least a window which opens onto a deep notch delimited by two curved lateral walls forming a channel C for the passage of the beam. A median element located within this channel C allows to obtain two separated channels for the passage of the two beams corresponding to two harmonic operating frequencies.

Abstract: In a pictorial display device containing a matrix of gas discharge cells in which discharge path is divided into an auxiliary discharge space for operation with low voltage, followed by a second space with short path length and high field intensity for accelerating the electrons, the cathode is subdivided into subcathodes with each of which a group of auxiliary anodes is associated to obtain a narrow, approximately wedge-shaped gas discharge which is fired and passed on line by line.

Abstract: A cermet seal for high pressure gas discharge lamps which also serves as an electrode, is made from a metallic component suitable for use as an electrode, and a ceramic component which is a metal oxide, by mixing the ingredients in a powdered form, then molded, prefired and then final-fired in a protective atmosphere by sintering into an electrically conductive, vacuum-dense polycrystalline body.

Abstract: A spark gap assembly of a stack of insulating plates which have on one surface thereof a pair of electrodes preassembled and affixed thereto with a defined spark gap therebetween and a piece of ionizing material disposed on and affixed to each of the plates between the pair of electrodes. The plates are stacked with mating surfaces joined together and with a center plate bearing no electrodes that is joined with mating surfaces of each of two symmetrical groups of electrode bearing plates, and an electromagnetic coil is disposed around the periphery of the center plate.

Abstract: A base for a cathode ray tube includes at least one tube pin isolating means associated therewith to provide arc prevention between adjacent tube pins which can have up to a 12 KV potential difference therebetween.

Abstract: The two legs of a headlamp filament are welded to a headlamp filament shield to form a subassembly intermediate in the manufacturing process. The rigid nature of the filament/shield subassembly thereupon allows handling during assembly without displacing the filament from its precise location with respect to the shield as required by modern automotive headlamps. The filament/shield subassembly is welded to support pins in its final location in the lamp. A portion of the filament shield, orginally providing an electrical short circuit across the filament is trimmed away after welding to the support pins to make the lamp operational.

Abstract: An X-ray image intensifier which includes a metal-ceramic bulb or tube, whose metal components are vacuum-tightly soldered to each other under the interposition of the electrically insulating ceramic. Through the weak conductivity of the surface of the ceramic portion there is achieved a potential distribution which, in the neighborhood of the solder, still so extensively conforms to the solder where no potential dropoff will be present and thereby also no reason for the producing of a peak discharge. The potential varies significantly only over longer distances.

Abstract: Methods for spatially separating ac and dc electric fields in which materials are used having characteristics as dielectrics to the ac fields and as conductors to the dc fields. The apparatus for separating the fields utilizes homogeneous materials of moderate to high resistivity. The method is applied to the separation of fringe fields near the ends of quadrupole mass filters for the purpose of improving the efficiency of ejection and transmission of ions in mass filter devices.

Abstract: A rotary-anode X-ray tube comprising means to adjust current density measured along a dimension x of the focal spot of the electron beam on the anode such as to decrease in the direction of rotation of the anode according to 1/.sqroot.x.

Abstract: The invention relates to a headlight as well as an incandescent lamp which is suitable for being arranged in a reflector by means of which an anti-dazzle beam is produced. For that purpose the headlight and the incandescent lamp comprise a filament and a cap of which two edges extend along the filament. The distance from at least one of the edges to the longitudinal axis of the filament at the area of the end of the filament which is remote from the rear end of the reflector is larger than in any other place along the axis of the filament.

Abstract: Device on a metallic gas discharge vessel as a current lead-in through its wall. The inner conductor which traverses the container wall is supported by an insulating sleeve. For protection against the action of glow discharges protective gaps are located in front of the insulating sleeve which are formed by an inner insulatedly supported metallic shielding sleeve. A second outer insulatedly arranged shielding sleeve encloses the inner shielding sleeve and forms protective gaps located in front of the inner shielding sleeve. The outer shielding sleeve shields the inner shielding sleeve against the electric field originating from the container wall.

Abstract: An electron emissive surface portion on one of a series of electrodes includes a cross-sectional contour substantially characterized by a superimposed undulating line of curvature which includes a plurality of interconnected arcuate regions.