Abstract: A method of evaluating an organic electroluminescence element which includes at least a light emitting layer between an anode and a cathode and has a light emitting element area of not less than 100 mm2 and not more than 1 m2. The method includes the steps of: applying a direct-current voltage not less than a light emission start voltage to the organic electroluminescence element and measuring an impedance spectrum of the organic electroluminescence element; calculating a capacitance from the impedance spectrum; and determining whether a value of the capacitance is positive or negative.

Abstract: The present invention relates to current measurement apparatus 100. The current measurement apparatus 100 comprises a measurement arrangement 110, 114 which is configured to be disposed in relation to a load 108 which draws a current signal, the measurement arrangement being operative when so disposed to measure the load drawn current signal. The current measurement apparatus 100 also comprises a signal source 112 which is operative to apply a reference input signal to the measurement arrangement 110, 114 whereby an output signal from the measurement arrangement comprises a load output signal corresponding to the load drawn current signal and a reference output signal corresponding to the reference input signal.

Abstract: A method for maintaining good cancelation in a passive feed-forward cancelation circuit is disclosed. The feed-forward cancelation circuit may include at least one path which may comprise a phase-shifter and a variable attenuator. This method uses the complex value of the reflection coefficient at the point where the communication device is connected to a transmission medium, such as an antenna, to determine the values for the phase shifter(s) and the variable attenuator(s).

Abstract: A high-voltage apparatus has at least one high-voltage component and at least one current sensor, which is assigned to a corresponding high-voltage component. The high-voltage apparatus has at least one transmission apparatus, to which at least one corresponding current sensor is assigned. The at least one transmission apparatus is designed to provide an information signal, which contains information on whether there is a potential risk originating from the corresponding high-voltage component or not, depending on a measurement signal of the at least one corresponding current sensor, by way of a wireless radio link in order for the information to be reproduced on an external reproduction apparatus.

Abstract: A method for determining current return path integrity in an electric device with a plurality of signal lines and supply lines. A library with at least one reference signal pattern of a near end crosstalk signal on a defined signal line arising from an input signal on another defined signal line is provided, a predetermined signal to a selected signal line of the electric device is applied, the near end crosstalk signal on at least one further signal line of the electric device is detected, said near end crosstalk signal is compared with the corresponding reference signal pattern from the library, and if there is a deviation between the near end crosstalk signal and the corresponding reference signal pattern, an information that there is any defect in the electric device is displayed.

Abstract: A light-emitting diode (LED) lamp using an LED driving circuit, at least two frequency sensitive devices, at least six diodes configured to convert an AC voltage into a DC voltage and manage electric current flows, a switch control module, and a return current switch operates normally with an input voltage from either ballast or line voltages of AC mains. The LED driving circuit may be configured to operate normally only with the AC mains providing a regulated power and a current to LED arrays. When an input AC voltage is applied to the LED lamp, the at least six diodes and the at least two frequency sensitive devices can detect the input AC voltage, control electric current flowing into the switch control module or the LED driving circuit, and complete current returns so that the LED lamp can operate with either the ballast or the AC mains without operational ambiguity.

Abstract: A sensor unit for measuring surface structures and properties of an object of organic tissue includes a contact surface adapted to have mechanical contact with the object, a first dielectric layer made from a dielectric material, a first conductor layer including at least one shielding electrode essentially covering an area of the dielectric layer facing the contact surface, the at least one shielding electrode surrounding at least one essentially non-conductive aperture defining a sensing region, and a second conductor layer separated from the first conductor layer by the first dielectric layer and comprising a number of conductive wires extending at least partially under the at least one aperture and having a direction essentially perpendicular to the sensing region, each wire having a predetermined width. A sensing area of each wire is defined by the width and the length of each wire extending in the sensing region.

Abstract: Sample and hold circuitry for monitoring electrodes and other voltages in an implantable neurostimulator is disclosed. The sample and hold circuitry in one embodiment contains multiplexers to selected appropriate voltages and to pass them to two storage capacitors during two different measurement phases. The capacitors are in a later stage serially connected to add the two voltages stored on the capacitors, and voltages present at the top and bottom of the serial connection are then input to a differential amplifier to compute their difference. The sample and hold circuitry is particularly useful in calculating the resistance between two electrodes, and is further particularly useful when resistance is measured using a biphasic pulse. The sample and hold circuitry is flexible, and can be used to measure other voltages of interest during biphasic or monophasic pulsing.

Abstract: A difference measurement circuit including a first port and a second port for connection to a first set of nodes and a second set of nodes of a sensor unit. The circuit further includes switching units for switching excitation signals emanating from excitation nodes from being applied to the first set of nodes via the first port to being applied to the second set of nodes via the second port and for switching differential measurement signals measured at sensing nodes from being obtained from the second set of nodes via the second port to being obtained from the first set of nodes via the first port. A corresponding method is described. The circuit further includes redundancy testing circuitry for evaluating the similarity or deviation between measurement signals obtained in different states of the switching units.

Abstract: A communication device is disclosed. The communication device includes a receiver, a transmitter, a memory, a sensor to measure antenna detuning, a plurality of receiver configurations stored in the memory. Each of the plurality of receiver configurations include parameter-value pairs and a control unit, coupled to the sensor and the receiver, to select a receiver configuration from the plurality of receiver configurations based on an output of the sensor. The control unit is configured to alter a processing behavior of the receiver by altering values of receiver control parameters according to the parameter-value pairs.

Abstract: A facility equipment operation device includes an affected section determiner and a mismatch detector. An affected section determiner computes an affected section that is affected by a controlled equipment that is facility equipment with a changed control parameter, by referencing data including an installation position of facility equipment in an objective space, and a capability related to an area affected by the facility equipment. The mismatch detector detects a mismatched state on the basis of whether or not an effect exerted by the controlled equipment on the affected section when the controlled equipment operates according to the changed control parameter, and an effect exerted on the affected section by a facility equipment currently operating, are in a predetermined relationship.

Abstract: Systems, devices, and methods for configurable sensor arrays are provided. An example of a configurable sensor array includes a plurality of sensors in a matrix array formed on a single backplane and a plurality of elements within one of the plurality of sensors, where the plurality of elements provides alternative electrical paths enabling the one of the plurality of sensors to have a range of output impedances.

Abstract: An in-cell touch screen, a touch detection method thereof and a display device are disclosed, the in-cell touch screen comprising: an array substrate and an opposed substrate arranged opposite to each other; a self-capacitance electrode pattern (100, 200), disposed on a side of the array substrate facing the opposed substrate and/or a side of the opposed substrate facing the array substrate, including: a plurality of first self-capacitance electrodes (100), each of the first self-capacitance electrodes (100) being a strip electrode, a plurality of second self-capacitance electrodes (200), each of the second self-capacitance electrodes including a plurality of block electrodes (210) electrically connected with each other; and a touch detecting chip, configured to judge a touch position according to signal variation of the self-capacitance electrode pattern, wherein orthogonal projections of each of the first self-capacitance electrodes (100) and each of the second self-capacitance electrodes (200) on the array

Abstract: Cardiac defibrillation or cardioversion waveform energy control systems employ transvenous ICDs, subcutaneous SICDs, or pacemakers for treating cardiac conditions. The systems comprise differentially driven amplifier circuit operational modes to control the delivery of pacing, anti-tachycardia pacing, defibrillation, and/or cardioversion electrical shocks, wherein the pacing, anti-tachycardia pacing, and shock waveforms employ constant current, constant voltage, or constant energy. Biphasic arbitrary shock waveforms deliver increasing energy with increasing time as represented by phase 1 ascending ramp, ascending exponential, ascending chopped, ascending stepped, ascending curved, square, or rectilinear and/or any combination of geometric shaped ascending arbitrary waveforms or any BTE waveform.

Abstract: A radar level gauge system comprising a single conductor probe extending through a tubular mounting structure towards and into the product in the tank, a shielding structure radially spaced apart from the single conductor probe and extending along a top portion of the probe inside the mounting structure and past the lower end of the mounting structure, and processing circuitry connected to the transceiver for determining the filling level of the product in the tank. The shielding structure at least partly encloses the top portion of the single conductor probe, and is open in a radial direction to allow entry of the product. The shielding structure exhibits a total enclosing arc angle around the single conductor probe greater than 180° inside the tubular mounting structure, and a total enclosing arc angle around the single conductor probe that decreases with increasing distance from the lower end of the mounting structure.

Abstract: A probe module, which supports loopback test and is provided between a PCB and a DUT, includes a substrate, a probe base, two probes, two signal path switchers, and a capacitor. The substrate has two first connecting circuits and two second connecting circuits, wherein an end of each first connecting circuit is connected to the PCB. The probe base is provided between the substrate and the DUT with the probes provided thereon, wherein an end of each probe is exposed and electrically connected to one second connecting circuit, while another end thereof is also exposed to contact the DUT. Each signal path switcher is provided on the probe base, and respectively electrically connected to another end of one first and one second connecting circuits. The capacitor is provided on the probe base with two ends electrically connected to the two signal path switchers.

Abstract: A proximity transducer system including an eddy current effect proximity probe, a proximity electronics module coupled to the probe, a monitoring system and a two-wire, current interface connecting the proximity electronics module to the monitoring system is disclosed. The proximity transducer system is operative for measuring position and vibration of a component to be monitored. The current interface is made up of a pair of wires, e.g., a twisted pair, and is adapted for providing power to the electronics module and an electrical signal from the proximity electronics module that is representative of (e.g., proportional to) the length of the gap between the probe and the component being monitored. That signal has a DC component that represents a steady state distance and an AC component that represents active movement of the component, such as vibration.

Abstract: A method, a system, and a control apparatus for setting an over-current protection point of an electronic device are provided. The method comprises: step 1, the parameter auto-test equipment transmitting a starting signal and outputting a target current for over-current protection based on the auto-adjustment control unit; step 2, the first driving signal generator receiving the starting signal and transmitting a driving signal to the over-current protection module; and step 3, the electronic device receiving the target current for over-current protection, and the over-current protection module receiving the driving signal and adjusting a resistance of the resistance adjusting unit to the over-current protection point of the electronic device. The invention attains fully automatic operation on the over-current protection point of the electronic device, improves stability and consistency of setting the over-current protection point, and saves labor cost at the same time.

Abstract: Apparatuses and systems for emulating electrical characteristics of a material having a known dielectric constant or property are disclosed for standardizing and calibrating of electromagnetic devices. The emulator apparatus can include an electrically non-conductive layer having a dielectric constant less than the material dielectric constant and an electrically conductive layer adjacent the non-conductive layer. Artificial dielectrics for emulating the dielectric constant of a material are also disclosed including a substrate matrix having a dielectric constant less than the material dielectric constant and an additive combined with the substrate, the additive having a dielectric constant higher than the material dielectric constant. Artificial dielectrics may simulate the frequency response of a material relating to a specific property.

Abstract: A method of measuring conductivity of a silicon thin film is provided. By the method, a capacitive sensor is positioned over a silicon thin film sample with an air-gap between the sensor and the sample, a size of the air-gap is measured using the capacitive sensor while an excitation light source module is turned off, an excitation light is illuminated on the silicon thin film sample by turning on the excitation light source module, where the excitation light is an ultraviolet light, a conductivity change of the silicon thin film sample is measured using the capacitive sensor, and a measurement error due to a deviation of the air-gap is eliminated by normalizing the conductivity change based on a measurement result of the size of the air-gap.

Abstract: An impedance adjustment apparatus of the invention performs impedance matching using characteristic parameters, even where a high frequency power source of variable frequencies is used. The apparatus is applicable to a power supply system using a high frequency power source of variable frequencies. Characteristic parameters obtained by targeting a portion of combinations of position information (C) of a variable capacitor and output frequency information (F) of the power source are stored in a memory. A T-parameter acquisition unit acquires characteristic parameters corresponding to (Cnow, Fnow) at the current time. An output reflection coefficient calculation unit calculates a reflection coefficient of an output end. A target information specifying unit, based on the above information and a target input reflection coefficient, specifies target combination information in which a reflection coefficient of an output end approaches the target input reflection coefficient.

Abstract: A method for underground pipeline monitoring in which a continuous alternating electrical current having a current frequency in a range of about 1 kHZ to about 8 kHz is imparted onto a pipeline, producing an alternating magnetic field at the current frequency along the pipeline. Distributed along the pipeline is a network of RFID tag sensors which absorb an amount of energy from the alternating magnetic field. The impedance of the sensors is modulated, producing a modulated sensor impedance which is detected at a location proximate the location at which the continuous alternating electrical current is imparted onto the pipeline.

Abstract: Disclosed is a liquid immersion sensor comprising a substrate (10) carrying a conductive sensing element (20) and a corrosive agent (30) for corroding the conductive sensing element, said corrosive agent being immobilized in the vicinity of the conductive sensing element and being soluble in said liquid.

Abstract: A bioreactor includes a plastic enclosure for containing a biological medium, the enclosure being integrally formed to have one or more elongate port extensions projecting outwardly from the enclosure and communicating from the exterior to the interior of the enclosure. A biomass impendence monitor probe is provided for use in conjunction with the bioreactor. The probe is pushed into one or more of the elongate ports in order to have an electrode arrangement positioned internally of the container. The probe has an elongate housing having an outer surface extending along and contiguous with the elongate inner surface of the port extension. The housing extends from the electrode end of the probe to a remote end. The housing is provided with an electrical connector connected to the electrode arrangement.

Abstract: A guided wave radar transmitter for interface measurement comprises a probe defining a transmission line for sensing level of two immiscible liquids to define an interface therebetween. A pulse circuit generates pulses on the transmission line and receives a reflected signal from the transmission line. The reflected signal selectively includes a level pulse representing material level and an interface pulse representing interface level. A controller operates in an interface mode to determine the material level and the interface level responsive to receiving the level pulse and the interface pulse. The controller operates in a medium identification mode responsive to not receiving the interface pulse, comprising calculating an estimated amplitude of the level pulse for the two immiscible liquids and comparing actual amplitude of the level pulse to the estimated amplitude of the level pulse to identify the medium in the vessel.

Abstract: Soil water content and bulk electrical conductivity may be determined by time domain reflectometry at multiple depths in the soil such that the entire soil profile from the surface to a user-selected depth may be characterized. A short rise-time pulse is passed into an electrode and the reflected pulse is captured at multiple times. A waveform of reflection coefficient versus time is determined, which may be used to determine the pulse travel time, effective frequency and reflection coefficients at times necessary for the determination of the soil water content and bulk electrical conductivity.

Abstract: Fault location on a non-homogeneous electric power line that includes a plurality of sections by determining a section in which negative-sequence voltage magnitude profiles calculated from each terminal of the power line intersect. The fault location may determine the faulted section and determine the location of the fault within the faulted section. To determine the fault location, the negative-sequence voltage magnitude profiles may be calculated from measurements taken at each terminal of the power line and compared to determine a point where the profiles intersect. The profiles may be calculated using power line properties and measurements from each terminal.

Abstract: A sensor device includes first and second electrodes, a coating film and a functional element. The first electrode includes a first metallic material in which either a first passivation film forms on a surface thereof or the first passivation film present on the surface thereof is lost, in association with changes in the pH of a measurement site. The second electrode includes a second metallic material different from the first metallic material, and is spaced apart from the first electrode. The coating film includes a third metallic material different from the first and second metallic materials. The coating film covers at least the first or second electrode. The functional element is configured to measure a difference in electric potential between the first and second electrodes that changes depending on presence or absence of each of the first passivation film and the coating film in association with the changes in pH.

Abstract: An apparatus for electrical impedance imaging has electrodes arranged on an electrode carrier in an arrangement including a unit of repetition. The unit of repetition repeats over the electrode carrier and has an angle of rotational symmetry less than 90°. Specifically, the unit of repetition is an equilateral triangle or a hexagon.

Abstract: One system includes a pattern generator that generates one or more excitation patterns suitable for probing a hydration level of a tissue of a subject at one or more depths from a surface of the subject into an interrogation region. Each of the excitation patterns has a spatial sensitivity at one of the one or more predetermined depths. A data analysis module receives one or more measured responses of the subject at a plurality of electrodes to excitation applied by the plurality of electrodes based on the one or more excitation patterns and determines one or more hydration changes at the one or more depths within the subject based on the measured responses. Each of the measured responses corresponds to the one of the one or more predetermined depths for which the applied excitation pattern has spatial sensitivity.

Abstract: A test system for testing an antenna tuning element is provided. The test system may include a tester, a test fixture, and a probing structure. The probing structure may include probe tips configured to mate with corresponding solder bumps formed on a device under test (DUT) containing an antenna tuning element. The DUT may be tested in a shunt or series configuration. The tester may be electrically coupled to the test probe via first and second connectors on the test fixture. An adjustable load circuit that is coupled to the second connector may be configured in a selected state so that a desired amount of electrical stress may be presented to the DUT during testing. The tester may be used to obtain measurement results on the DUT. Systematic effects associated with the test structures may be de-embedded from the measured results to obtain calibrated results.

Abstract: The present invention discloses a method for extracting of solar cell parameters. After illuminating the solar cell by different simulated solar luminosity with different illumination intensity, measured current and measured voltages of the solar cell are acquired and the series resistance of the solar cell is extracted based on the measured current and measured voltages. The root mean square error (RMSE) is used to determine the series resistance of the solar cell. Therefore, the parameters of the solar cell are extracted without presuming current-voltage functional form.

Abstract: A combiner box capable of monitoring energy output from a photovoltaic system and having improved troubleshooting functionality, the ability to independently verify utility charges, and a mechanism for reducing incorrect readings of energy output and consumption due to noise and interference.

Abstract: A plug-in module for a liquid- or gas-sensor comprised of a sensor module (SM) and a sensor module head (SMH), which can be releasably connected together, and which, when connected, enable data and energy transfer via a galvanically decoupled transfer section, wherein the sensor module head (SMH) includes an energy supply unit for operating the sensor module head (SMH) and the sensor module (SM), as well as a data memory (MEM), in order to store sensor data received from the sensor module (SM).

Abstract: A sensor system for a steering wheel of a vehicle includes a first sensor disposed within a first portion of the steering wheel to detect contact with a front left surface of the steering wheel. The sensor system includes a second sensor disposed within a second portion of the steering wheel separate from the first portion to detect contact with a front right surface of the steering wheel. The sensor system also includes a third sensor disposed within the steering wheel to detect contact with a rear surface of the steering wheel. The first, second and third sensors are configured to respectively detect touching of the front left surface, the front right, and the rear surface of the steering wheel by a hand or a non-hand part of an operator of the vehicle. The first, second and third sensors can be complex impedance sensors.

Abstract: The invention relates to a lithography system. The lithography system has a projection lens system and a capacitive sensing system. The projection lens system is provided with a final projection lens. The capacitive sensing system is arranged for making a measurement related to a distance between the final projection lens and a target. The capacitive sensing system includes at least one capacitive sensor. Additional, the capacitive sensing system is provided with a flexible printed circuit structure and at least one integrated flex print connector. The at least one sensor is located in the flexible printed circuit structure. The flexible printed circuit structure has a flexible base provided with conductive electrodes for the at least one sensor and conductive tracks. The conductive tracks extend from the electrodes along the at least one integrated flex print connector.

Abstract: An electrical stepper motor comprises a magnetical rotor and at least two electromagnetical driving coils for causing rotation of the rotator. A method of detecting an operating condition of the as e.g. a stall state of the electrical stepper motor comprises the steps of connecting one contact pin (P, M) of at least one of the electromagnetical driving coils via a high-impedance resistor (R1, R2) to a defined voltage source during a non-activated state of the driving coil, detecting a voltage induced at the driving coil during the non-activated state and converting the detected voltage into a digital signal, and digitally analyzing the digital signal and deriving an operating condition of the rotor by evaluation of the signal waveform including positive and negative components of the signal.

Abstract: Disclosed herein is a battery pack including a battery module including a cell module stack having a structure in which a plurality of cell modules, each of which includes a battery cell mounted in a cartridge, is vertically stacked, a lower end plate to support a lower end of the cell module stack, an upper end plate to fix an uppermost cartridge of the cell module stack disposed on the lower end plate, and a voltage detection assembly to detect voltages of the battery cells, a box type pack case in which the battery module is mounted, a pack cover coupled to the pack case, and fastening extension members protruding upward from the battery module to couple the battery module to the pack case and the pack cover.

Abstract: A device determines a first voltage measurement of an output of a first brick. The device further determines a second voltage measurement associated with a second brick. The first brick is larger in size than the second brick. The device ramps up an output voltage of the second brick when the second voltage measurement is less than the first voltage measurement.

Abstract: The invention relates to a method for more precisely characterizing an electrical system by impedance spectrometry. The method consists of applying an input signal to the electrical system that comprises a sequence of sinusoidal perturbations, so as to scan a primary series (A) of frequencies; measuring an output signal of the electrical system in response to the input signal for each of the applied perturbations; and estimating a characteristic size of the impedance of the electrical system for each of the applied perturbations; wherein the perturbations of the sequence are applied so as to scan, turn by turn, a plurality of sub-series (A1, . . . , An) of frequencies resulting from the primary series (A), each sub-series of the plurality being interlaced with at least one other sub-series of the same plurality.

Abstract: An electrical impedance detecting device of a portable electrical impedance imaging system by utilizing a theory of sending excitation signal and detecting response signal and a method thereof, wherein the excitation signal is a constant square wave excitation current signal, the response voltage signal on a target is transformed to a square wave signal with appropriate amplitudes by buffering, amplifying, RC filtering and differential amplifying circuits, and then is transformed to a digital signal at a proper time by an analog-to-digital converter. The response voltage signal is sampled once when at high level and once when at low level for every circle of the square wave signal by the ADC, and a sample V1 and a sample V2 are obtained respectively, difference of the sample V1 and the sample V2 is taken as a detecting result for one circle. An average value of the detecting result from a plurality of circles may be taken as a final result.

Abstract: The transient load current of a circuit powered by a power distribution network is increased in a plurality of steps, with the step transition times being adjusted based on the transient noise of the power distribution network. This reduces the resonance noise that would otherwise occur in the supply current of the power distribution network.

Abstract: A signal test apparatus for a serial attached Small Computer System Interface (SAS) device includes an SAS female connector to be connected to the SAS device, an SAS male connector to be connected to a server, first and second pairs of subminiature version A (SMA) connectors, and first and second groups of switches. When the first pair of SMA connectors is connected to an oscillograph to test a pair of output signals from the SAS device, the second group of switches are turned on and the first group of switches are turned off to communicate the SAS device with the server. When the second pair of SMA connector is connected to the oscillograph to test another pair of output signals from the SAS device, the first group of switches are turned on and the second group of switches are turned off to communicate the SAS device with the server.

Abstract: Systems, apparatuses and methods are described for integrating an electronic metrology sensor with precision production equipment such as computer numerically controlled (CNC) machines. For example, a laser distance measuring sensor is used. Measurements are taken at a relatively high sample rate and converted into a format compatible with other data generated or accepted by the CNC machine. Measurements from the sensor are synchronized with the position of the arm of the machine such as through the use of offsets. Processing yields a detailed and highly accurate three-dimensional map of a workpiece in the machine. Applicable metrology instruments include other near continuously reading non-destructive characterization instruments such as contact and non-contact dimensional, eddy current, ultra-sound, and X-Ray Fluorescence (XRF) sensors.

Abstract: Baseline values for battery testing are automatically determined for individual batteries, battery cells, or networks of batteries. Impedance information is obtained from individual batteries and adjusted for operating conditions at a site of use (e.g., temperature, age, connection topology and user-entered information). Population-referenced baselines are automatically calculated from the group of individual-referenced baselines. All baselines can be continually updated and improved. SOC and SOH characteristics of batteries in the network can be automatically determined by comparison of measured impedance, and other, values to said baselines.

Abstract: A resistor-capacitor (RC) calibration circuit includes: a current source, providing a current to a first node; a first switch, coupled between the first node and a second node; a second switch, coupled between the first node and a third node; a resistor, coupled between a reference terminal and the second node; a variable capacitor, coupled between the reference terminal and the third node; a third switch, coupled between the third node and the reference terminal; a comparator, comprising a first input coupled to the second node and a second input coupled to the third node; and a logic controller, coupled between an output of the comparator and the variable capacitor for outputting an adjusting signal according to an output signal of the comparator to adjust a capacitance of the variable capacitor.

Abstract: A monitoring circuit and method, wherein a voltage waveform having a linear falling edge is applied to a first node of at least one test memory cell (e.g., a plurality of test memory cells connected in parallel). The input voltage at the first node is captured when the output voltage at a second node of the test memory cell(s) rises above a high reference voltage during the falling edge. Then, a difference is determined between the input voltage as captured and either (1) the output voltage at the second node, as captured when the input voltage at the first node falls below the first reference voltage during the falling edge, or (2) a low reference voltage. This difference is proportional to the static noise margin (SNM) of the test memory cell(s) such that any changes in the difference noted with repeated monitoring are indicative of corresponding changes in the SNM.

Abstract: Transceiver calibration is a critical issue for proper transceiver operation. The transceiver comprises at least one RF transmit chain and one RF receive chain. A closed loop path is formed from the digital block, the RF transmit chain, the substrate coupling, the RF receive chain back to the digital block and is used to estimate and calibrate the transceiver parameters over the operating range of frequencies. The substrate coupling eliminates the need for the additional circuitry saving area, power, and performance. In place of the additional circuitry, the digital block which performs baseband operations can be reconfigured into a software or/and hardware mode to calibrate the transceiver. The digital block comprises a processor and memory and is coupled to the front end of the RF transmit chain and the tail end of the RF receive chain.

Abstract: An apparatus for determining a thickness change of thermal interface material (TIM) disposed between first and second elements is provided. The apparatus includes a first part movable with the first element in a movement direction along which the TIM thickness is to be determined, a second part movable with the second element in the movement direction and a sensor to measure a distance between the first and second parts in the movement direction, the measured distance being related to the TIM thickness change.

Abstract: An adapter is used in conjunction with a testing device to test pacing thresholds of an implanted lead. A main body of the adapter includes a plurality of adapter contacts that are configured to electrically couple to the plurality of connector contacts. A connector module includes a first port configured to couple to a first testing device connector and a second port configured to couple to a second testing device connector. A switch assembly includes a plurality of actuatable elements each associated with one of the adapter contacts. The actuatable elements are each selectably actuatable between a first state that electrically couples the associated adapter contact to the first port, a second state that electrically couples the associated adapter contact to the second port, and a third state that electrically decouples the associated adapter contact from the first and second ports.