Abstract: Provided is a method for producing biodiesel fuel having an excellent oxidative stability and fluidity at low temperature, wherein the method provides selective hydrogenation of a poly-unsaturated fatty acid alkyl ester to the mono-unsaturated fatty acid alkyl ester while inhibiting the formation of the trans-isomer, and a biodiesel fuel composition. In the method for producing biodiesel fuel, a fatty acid alkyl ester prepared from fat and/or waste edible oil by transesterification reaction, and/or (2) a fatty acid alkyl ester treated by esterification reaction of a fatty acid is hydrogenated in the presence of a hydrogenation catalyst containing at least one of noble metals selected from those of Groups 8-10 in the periodic table under low hydrogen pressure.

Abstract: A fuel additive composition containing an alkylene-oxide-adducted hydrocarbyl amide and a friction modifier is disclosed. The alkylene-oxide-adducted hydrocarbyl amide and friction modifier are surprisingly useful for improving the acceleration response and the driving performance of vehicles having internal combustion engines when used as fuel additives in hydrocarbon-based fuels, such as gasoline fuel or diesel fuel.

Abstract: Various aspects of the present invention generally relate to the field of rheologically modified fuels, including hydrocarbon, hydrophobic, and/or liquid fuels such as alkane-based odorless mineral spirits, paraffin oil and biofuels such as mono-alkyl esters of medium to long chain (C8-C18) fatty acids, that have been thickened or gelled, e.g., by precipitation of fatty acid monoglycerides such as glyceryl monostearate and glyceryl monopalmitate. A thickened fire lighting fuel composition is described in some embodiments which includes a hydrocarbon- or alkyl ester-based hydrophobic liquid fuel, and an effective amount of at least one saturated fatty acid monoglyceride. The monoglyceride may be thermo-precipitated in certain instances in the fuel composition causing a substantial increase in the viscosity of the fuel composition.

Abstract: A method and process is described for producing negative carbon fuel. In its broadest form, a carbon-containing input is converted to combustible fuels, refinery feedstock, or chemicals and a carbonaceous solid concurrently in separate and substantially uncontaminated form. In an embodiment of the invention, biomass is converted via discrete increasing temperatures under pressure to blendable combustible fuels and a carbonaceous solid. The carbonaceous solid may be reacted to synthesis gas, sold as charcoal product, carbon credits, used for carbon offsets, or sequestered.

Abstract: The present invention relates to catalysts, systems, and methods for producing products such as fuels and fuel additives from polyols. In an embodiment, the invention includes a method of producing a fuel additive, including combining a polyol and a component selected from the group consisting of alcohols and organic acids to form a reaction mixture and contacting the reaction mixture with a metal oxide catalyst at a temperature of greater than about 150 degrees Celsius. Other embodiments are also included herein.

Abstract: A diesel fuel composition comprising a (1) sulfur content of less than 10 ppm; (2) a flash point of greater than 50° C.; (3) a UV absorbance, Atotal, of less than 1.5 as determined by the formula comprising Atotal=Ax+10(Ay) wherein Ax is the UV absorbance at 272 nanometers; and wherein Ay is the UV absorbance at 310 nanometers; (4) a naphthene content of greater than 5 percent; (5) a cloud point of less than ?12° C.; (6) a nitrogen content of less than 10 ppm; and (7) a 5% distillation point of greater than 300 F and a 95% distillation point of greater than 600 F.

Abstract: The present invention is directed to methods of making fatty acid esters from glycerides and free fatty acids.

Abstract: Disclosed is a novel synthetic fuel as alternative to diesel, wherein said synthetic fuel comprises branched esters and wherein the fuel having improved fuel properties such as zero aromatic, zero olefin, zero sulphur, low pour, high cetane diesel fuel with improved lubricity and oxidative stability. Further, the present invention provides a method of preparation of said esters.

Abstract: Fuel oxygenates comprised of fatty acid or fatty acid ester derivatives which have been reacted with ozone; a base; and a lower alkanol (1 to 8 carbon atoms) are described. The oxygenates comprise ester groups at a point of cleavage by the ozone which provide oxygen in the oxygenate.

Abstract: The invention relates to the use of polymers which comprise, in copolymerized form, an ?-olefin, at least one alkenyl ester and at least one ester of an ?,?-unsaturated carboxylic acid with higher alcohols as an additive for fuel oils and lubricants and especially as a cold flow improver in fuel oils; to the fuel oils and lubricants additized with these polymers; and to additive packages comprising such copolymers. The invention also relates to quaternary and higher copolymers which comprise the abovementioned monomers in copolymerized form.

Abstract: The present invention provides a nitrogen-free fuel detergent additive, fuel additive compositions containing the same, and fuel compositions containing the same, for use in internal combustion engines, where the additive is the reaction product of (i) hydrocarbyl phenol, cresol or similar material and (ii) a aldehyde, in the presence of an optional catalyst, wherein the additive provides acceptable engine deposit control that is comparable and/or better than the deposit control provided by nitrogen-containing fuel additives.

Abstract: Mixture to be employed specifically as an agent for adding an odour to a gaseous combustible fuel such as natural gas, consisting of: at least one alkyl acrylate (I) of which the alkyl radicals contain from one to 12 carbon atoms; at least on compound of formula (II) in a quantity sufficient to inhibit the polymerization of the alkyl acrylate or acrylates(I) in the presence and/or absence of oxygen.

Abstract: The invention provides synergistic biofuel blends comprising a petroleum distillate and two or more fatty acid alkyl ester-containing biofuels. Methods for making synergistic biofuel blends are also provided.

Abstract: A process for production of biofuels from algae can include cultivating an oil-producing algae, extracting the algal oil, and converting the algal oil to form biodiesel. Extracting the algal oil from the oil-producing algae can include biologically rupturing cell wall and oil vesicles of the oil-producing algae using at least one enzyme such as a cellulose or glycoproteinase, a structured enzyme system such as a cellulosome, a virus, or combination of these materials.

Abstract: A continuous process for producing biodiesel fuel with a conversion of triglycerides in biodiesel above 99.90% by weight in the transesterification step, which comprises the following steps: a) providing a triglyceride source at a triglyceride concentration above 99.0% by weight; b) subjecting triglycerides to a transesterification reaction with methanol, ethanol, or the mixtures thereof, at a molar ratio of triglycerides:alcohol 1:3-3.5, in the presence of 0.7 to 1.0% by weight of sodium or potassium hydroxide as catalyst, under ultrasonic cavitation conditions in an ultrasonic cavitation reactor with 2 to 8 serial cavitation cells, at a temperature of 45 to 60° C., at a pressure of 1.5 to 2 MPa (15-20 atm) and during a period of time of 15 to 30 seconds; c) recovering the product of step b) and subjecting it to mechanical agitation operation, at a temperature of 45 to 60° C.

Abstract: This invention relates to functionalized monomers which are reacted with an enophilic reagent (e.g., maleic anhydride) to form an enophilic reagent modified functionalized monomer. The enophilic reagent modified functionalized monomer may be further reacted with one or more additional reagents (e.g., oxygen-containing reagents, nitrogen-containing reagents, metals or metal compounds). The invention relates to base oils which may comprise functional base oils. The invention relates to lubricants, functional fluids, fuels, dispersants, detergents and functional compositions (e.g., cleaning solutions, food products, etc.).

Abstract: The present invention provides biological oils and methods and uses thereof. The biological oils are preferably produced by heterotrophic fermentation of one or more microorganisms using cellulose-containing feedstock as a main source of carbon. The present invention also provides methods of producing lipid-based biofuels and food, nutritional, and pharmaceutical products using the biological oils.

Abstract: Systems and processes for commercial production of fatty acid alkyl esters for fuel applications are disclosed, wherein the fatty acid alkyl esters are produced from a lipid feedstock comprising varying component concentrations. The components may include free fatty acids, glycerides, and physical and chemical contaminants. An operator or control system may select a process route to optimize a process parameter such as a throughput of the system based on the concentration of the components. The selected process route may include transesterification and/or an esterification processes, and preliminary processes, such as pre-treatment processes, fatty-acid stripping processes, and a fatty acid distillation processes.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a process for catalytically converting material of biological origin into hydrocarbons useful as fuel components. The process includes hydrodeoxygenation and isomerisation of the material. The present invention relates also to a reactor and an apparatus suitable for use in the process.

Abstract: This invention relates to functionalized monomers. The functionalized monomer may be reacted with an enophilic reagent (e.g., maleic anhydride) to form an enophilic reagent modified functionalized monomer. The invention relates to lubricants, functional fluids, fuels, dispersants, detergents, functional compositions (e.g., food products, cleaners, etc.), and the like.

Abstract: This invention relates to a fuel composition, comprising: (A) a normally liquid fuel; and (B) a cold flow improving amount of (i) a metathesized natural oil; (ii) a metathesized natural oil derivative; or (iii) a mixture of (i) and (ii). The invention also relates to metathesized derivatives formed by the reaction of a metathesized natural oil with a nucleophile, oxidizer, aromatic compound, enophilic acid reagent, or a mixture of two or more thereof.

Abstract: This invention relates to a composition, comprising: an unsaturated functionalized monomer of from about 5 to about 30 carbon atoms, which is: (a) polymerized to form a functionalized polymer; (b) copolymerized with a comonomer to form a functionalized copolymer; or (c) reacted with an enophilic reagent to form a polyfunctionalized monomer. The polyfunctionalized monomer may be polymerized to form a polyfunctionalized polymer which may be further reacted with one or more additional reagents. The invention relates to lubricants, functional fluids, fuels, dispersants, detergents and polymeric resins.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a process and apparatus for the production of improved biodiesel fuel from feedstocks containing both fatty acids and glycerides by reactive distillation. Specifically, in one embodiment, the present invention relates to the production of improved biodiesel fuels meeting or exceeding the ASTM D6751-10 Specification.

Abstract: A middle distillate fuel composition is provided comprising (a) a middle distillate base fuel, (b) a Fischer-Tropsch derived paraffinic wax component, and (c) one or more cold flow additives; a method for formulating a middle distillate fuel composition comprising a middle distillate base fuel, comprising (i) incorporating into the base fuel a Fischer-Tropsch derived wax component. The use of a Fischer-Tropsch derived wax component in a middle distillate fuel composition, for the purpose of increasing the effect of a CFPP improver additive in the composition is disclosed.

Abstract: Cetane improver for diesel fuels, characterized in that it comprises at least one ester of stearic acid, selected from the esters of linear or branched monoalcohols containing 1 to 6 carbon atoms: a) added in the pure state to a mixture of at least one vegetable or animal oil ester in crude or partially hydrogenated form b) or else included in a mixture of esters of one or more vegetable and/or animal oils, in crude or partially hydrogenated form, the mixtures of saturated or unsaturated esters being such that the ratio by mass of the amount of stearic ester(s) to the total sum of the amounts of unsaturated esters present in the vegetable or animal oil esters varies from 1% to 12%, and the unsaturated fatty acid esters being esters of mono or polyunsaturated acids containing at least 18 carbon atoms with monoalcohols.

Abstract: The processes of producing the low pour point palm diesel particularly but not exclusively via esterification of C18, C18:1 and C18:2 mixed fatty acids with methanol or ethanol, or fractional distillation of methyl or ethyl esters of palm oil, palm kernel oil and palm oil products, or fractional distillation of methyl or ethyl esters of palm oil, palm kernel oil and palm oil products, followed by crystallization, or crystallization of methyl or ethyl esters of palm oil, palm kernel oil and palm oil products, or crystallization of methyl or ethyl esters of palm oil, palm kernel oil and palm oil products, followed by fractional distillation.

Abstract: A stabilized alkyl ester fuel is disclosed. The stabilized alkyl ester fuel comprises alkyl esters, an effective amount of an alkylalkanolamine, and an effective amount of an alkylhydroxylamine. The alkyl ester fuel is stabilized to oxidative degradation of the alkyl esters of unsaturated fatty acids found in alkyl ester fuels.

Abstract: An additive composition for blending with fuel, the additive composition at least 3% w/w of a viscosity index (VI) improving polymer; and a solvent mixture including in the range of from 10 to 85% v/v of a middle distillate gas oil and at least 15% v/v of one or more components selected from aromatic hydrocarbons and oxygenates.

Abstract: A methodology for separation and subsequent handling of FAME fractions of biodiesel, comprising of the steps, providing a biodiesel containing several different FAME fractions mixed together, the biodiesel being at a first temperature wherein at the first temperature none of the FAME fractions of the biodiesel have crystallized; bringing the biodiesel to a first crystallizing temperature, wherein when the biodiesel reaches the first crystallizing temperature, a first FAME fraction remains in a non-crystallized, liquid phase while the remaining FAME fractions crystallize; and separating the liquid first FAME fraction from the remaining crystallized FAME fractions.

Abstract: The use of mixtures of (A) aliphatic saturated or unsaturated monocarboxylic acids having 12 to 24 carbon atoms or the dimerization or trimerization products thereof, which may be present in the form of free carboxylic acids and/or in the form of ammonium salts, amides, esters and/or nitriles, and (B) polycyclic hydrocarbon compounds which are obtainable from distillation residues of natural oils, which have been extracted from tree resins, for increasing the cetane number of fuel oils which comprise at least one additive with detergent action and at least one cetane number improver, the mixtures of components (A) and (B) being used in a concentration of 10 to 500 ppm by weight, based on the total amount of the fuel oil.

Abstract: Disclosed is a fuel for fuel cells which contains at least one organic compound selected from the group consisting of methanol, ethanol, dimethyl ether and formic acid, and 1-200 ppm of a hydrocarbon compound in terms of a single component as determined by gas chromatography mass spectrometry. Also disclosed are a fuel cartridge for fuel cells and a fuel cell.

Abstract: Provided herein are systems and methods for producing biofuel from microalgae that use a population of zooplankton to harvest microalgae in a culture. The methods further comprise gathering the zooplankton, extracting lipids from the zooplankton, and processing the lipids to form biofuel. The systems provided herein comprise at least one enclosure comprising microalgae, means for making the microalgae available to a population of zooplankton, and means for gathering the zooplankton.

Abstract: A system and process for continuous production of fatty acid methyl esters (FAME) from the fatty acid triglycerides of waste oil via transesterification in the presence of a reusable sugar-based catalyst. The system and process incorporates re-cycling and re-use of waste by-product streams to result in a near-zero emissions, with a 97% product yield mix consisting of almost pure biodiesel and a very small percentage of impurities including glycerol.

Abstract: A method for reducing the emissions of a diesel engine using a RHE-diesel fuel.

Abstract: The invention is directed to a fuel composition for diesel engines. The fuel composition comprises 0.1-99% by weight of a component or a mixture of components produced from biological raw material originating from plants and/or animals and/or fish. The fuel composition comprises 0-20% of components containing oxygen. Both components are mixed with diesel components based on crude oil and/or fractions from Fischer-Tropsch process.

Abstract: Provided is a mixture containing: (a) a polar oil-soluble nitrogen compounds which is capable of sufficiently dispersing paraffin crystals precipitated out under cold conditions in a fuel and is a reaction product formed from reacting a poly(C2- to C20-carboxylic acid), which has at least one tertiary amino group, with a primary or secondary amine; (b) an oil-soluble acid amide reaction product formed from reacting a polyamide, which has from 2 to 1000 carbon atoms, with a C8- to C30-fatty acid or fatty acid-like compound, which has a free carboxyl group; and (c) an oil-soluble reaction product formed from reacting an ?,?-dicarboxylic acid, which has from 4 to 300 carbon atoms, or a derivatives thereof, with a primary alkylamine, wherein the sum of components (a) to (c) constitute 100 wt. % of the mixture. The mixture is suitable as a paraffin dispersant in fuels, especially those having a biodiesel content.

Abstract: The disclosure relates to the use as an additive improving cold resistance and filterability of fuels, of at least one copolymer including: from 81 to 87 mol % of at least one ?-olefin, preferably of at least ethylene, from 10.5 to less than 12% by moles of at least one vinyl ester, preferably of at least vinyl acetate, and 1 to 8% by moles of at least one ?,?-unsaturated mono-carboxylic acid ester, preferably of at least ethyl-2-hexyl acrylate.

Abstract: A method comprising providing a fatty acyl mixture comprising: (i) a C10-C16 acyl carbon atom chain content of at least 30 wt. % wherein at least 80% of the C10-C16 acyl carbon atom chains are saturated; and (ii) a C18-C22 acyl carbon atom chain content of at least 20 wt. % wherein at least 50% of the acyl C18-C22 carbon atom chains contain at least one double bond; hydrolyzing the mixture to yield a quantity of C10-C16 saturated fatty acids and C18-C22 unsaturated fatty acids; separating the C10-C16 saturated fatty acids from the C18-C22 unsaturated fatty acids; hydrotreating the C10-C16 saturated fatty acids to yield a quantity of diesel fuel blendstock; oligomerizing at least some of the C18-C22 unsaturated fatty acids to yield a quantity of C36+ fatty acid oligomers; and hydrotreating the C36+ fatty acid oligomers to yield a quantity of C36+ alkanes.

Abstract: The present invention provides a fuel composition comprising a C1-4 alkyl fatty acid ester, a nitrogen containing detergent, and a phenolic antioxidant. Additionally, the present invention provides for a method of supplying to an internal combustion engine (i) a C1-4 alkyl fatty acid ester; (ii) a fuel which is a liquid at room temperature other than (i); (iii) a nitrogen containing detergent; (iv) and a phenolic antioxidant.

Abstract: The invention relates to alkyl(meth)acrylates comprising a long linear chain bearing alkyl ramifications corresponding to general formula (I): in which R1 is a hydrogen atom or a methyl radical and R2 is a long alkyl chain of formula (II): R(CH2—CH2)n(CH2—CH(R3))m— in which R is a methyl or ethyl radical, R3 is an linear- or branched-chain alkyl radical containing from 1 to 6 carbon atoms, n=9 to 20, m=1 to 5, wherein it is possible for the —CH2—CH2— and —CH2—CH(R3)— units to be distributed in block or random form. These compounds can in particular be used for the production of additives intended to lower the settings point of paraffinic oils or fuels (diesel oils or fuel oils), and for the production of additives for lubricants.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a process and apparatus for the production of diesel fuel from feedstocks containing fatty acids, glycerated fatty acids, and glycerin by catalytic and/or non-catalytic pyrolysis followed by esterification. Specifically, the present invention relates to the production of Renewable Diesel having low glycerin, water, and sulfur content.

Abstract: A method of producing a biodiesel from a wet biomass is provided. The method includes providing the wet biomass that includes water and biomass solids. The method also includes heating the wet biomass at a first temperature and a first pressure for a time period ranging from 10 to 480 minutes to form an aqueous solution and a solid agglomerate containing a hydrolyzed lipid component. The method also includes step of transesterifying the hydrolyzed lipid component to form biodiesel.

Abstract: The present invention is generally directed to novel biodiesel fuel compositions having enhanced low-temperature properties. The present invention is additionally directed to methods (i.e., processes) for making such enhanced biodiesel fuels by improving the low-temperature properties of ester-based biodiesel fuels via in situ enhancement and/or additive enhancement.

Abstract: The subject of the disclosure concerns C8 or higher, linear or branched fatty chain (meth)acrylic polymers possibly containing at least one ethylene unsaturation, having a weight average molecular weight Mw of less than 20,000 g/mole, free of sulphur-containing, metallic and halogenated compounds and with a residual monomer content measured by GPC of no more than 10% by weight, preferably no more than 7% by weight. A further subject of the disclosure is the synthesis method and the uses of these polymers.

Abstract: A method of producing biodiesel comprising the steps of collecting a raw material comprising a fatty acid and an oil; contacting the raw material with glycerol and a Lewis acid catalyst in a first reaction chamber at a selected pressure and temperature; separating water from the mixture product in a gas phase; and contacting the mixture product with a second alcohol and an alkali catalyst in a second reaction chamber to form a product comprising a fatty acid ester.

Abstract: A method and system are provided for producing biofuel from cellulosic feedstock. In the method, the cellulosic feedstock is pretreated to separate cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin. Thereafter, the cellulose and hemicellulose are converted into sugars through enzymatic hydrolysis. Then, the sugars are converted into lipids, e.g. triglycerides, through a microbial process. Specifically, heterotrophic microalgae is grown on the triglycerides and forms triglycerides. While triglycerides are formed from the cellulose and hemicellulose, the lignin is converted into ringed hydrocarbons, such as aromatic hydrocarbons and cycloalkanes, e.g., cycloparaffins. To form the biofuel, the triglycerides and ringed hydrocarbons are processed together. During this step, the triglycerides are converted into straight chain paraffins and esters. Preferably, the biofuel is a surrogate for jet quality JP-8 fuel.

Abstract: This invention describes the preparation of fatty acid esters of glycerol formal either by a triglyceride transesterification process or, alternatively, by an esterification process of fatty acids previously obtained from the hydrolysis of triglycerides (fat splitting), with glycerol formal in the presence of an acid or basic catalyst. Also the invention describes the use of these fatty acid esters of glycerol formal prepared by said process as biofuel. In an embodiment, such biofuel is used in the preparation of other biofuels by its mixture with a product selected from a group formed by: glycerol formal, biodiesel, petrol-derived diesel, and mixtures thereof. The biofuels thus obtained are characterized to allow the complete incorporation of the glycerol obtained in the current biodiesel production process in a biodiesel fuel.

Abstract: The present invention is generally directed to novel fuel compositions and to methods (i.e., processes) for enhancing the combustion efficiency and/or other properties of diesel fuels, particularly wherein such diesel fuels are, or comprise, biodiesel, such biodiesel typically having poorer low-temperature properties than traditional (petroleum) diesel. Generally, such fuel compositions are provided by the creation and inclusion of a quantity of one or more epoxy-ester species, such species serving as combustion improvers for the fuel composition of which they are part.

Abstract: A mobile biodiesel production facility comprising a shear mixer, a centrifuge, a control unit, and a plurality of pumps needed to pump the feedstocks and reactants. Upon mixing, the feedstock and reactant mixture becomes a reaction product. A residence tank collects the reaction product, where it rests for some time and self-converts to a residence product. The residence product is then pumped to the centrifuge, where the centrifuge separates the residence product into biodiesel and a heavy phase product. The control unit coordinates the operations of the shear mixer, centrifuge, and plurality of pumps.

Abstract: Formulations using tartaric compounds of the present invention in a low sulfur, low ash and low phosphorous lubricant lower wear, and friction and improves fuel economy.