Abstract: The present invention relates to a method of producing a diesel fuel blend having a pre-determined flash-point and a pre-determined increase in cetane number over the stock diesel fuel. Upon establishing the desired flash-point and increase in cetane number, an amount of a first oxygenate with a flash-point less than the flash-point of the stock diesel fuel and a cetane number equal to or greater than the cetane number of the stock diesel fuel is added to the stock diesel fuel in an amount sufficient to achieve the pre-determined increase in cetane number. Thereafter, an amount of a second oxygenate with a flash-point equal to or greater than the flash-point of the stock diesel fuel and a cetane number greater than the cetane number of the stock diesel fuel is added to the stock diesel fuel in an amount sufficient to achieve the pre-determined increase in cetane number.

Abstract: A fuel composition exhibiting improved anti-static properties, comprises a liquid fuel which contains less than 500 parts per million by weight sulfur; 0.001 to 1 ppm of a hydrocarbyl monoamine or hydrocarbyl-substituted poly(alkyleneamine); and 10 to 500 ppm of at least one fatty acid containing 8 to 24 carbon atoms, or an ester thereof.

Abstract: The invention relates to a liquid fuel composition comprising: 10-80 vol % of a first component comprising at least two aliphatic organic non-hydrocarbon compounds; 20-65 vol % of a second component comprising at least one hydrocarbon and having an aromatic content of less than 15 vol % of the total of the second component; 1-35 vol % of a third component, which comprises an oxygenate; and 0.01 to 20 vol % water, wherein at least one compound in the fuel composition is miscible with both water and hydrocarbons to provide a single phase composition. Such fuels have been found to reduce undesirable emissions in the exhaust gases and enable the use of recycled compounds and water in the fuel.

Abstract: This invention relates to a diesel fuel composition comprising a major amount of a base fuel and a relatively minor amount of at least one chemical component other than that generated in a refinery process stream which component is miscible with the base fuel in such proportions that the T30 temperature of the resultant composition is in the range from 205-240° C. The control of the T30 temperature within the specified range by blending with the minor component results in a significant reduction in particulate emissions.

Abstract: A fuel additive for middle distillate fuels is a mixture of at least one methyl, ethyl, propyl or butyl ester of a vegetable oil or a C16-C18 fatty acid, at least one alkyl ether of propylene glycol, a surfactant, and an antioxidant. A fuel additive for gasoline is a mixture of ligroin or toluene/xylene, at least one alkyl ether of propylene glycol, a surfactant, and tertiary amyl methyl ether.

Abstract: The invention relates to additives for improving cold-flow and lubricating properties of fuel oils, comprising A) 5-95% by weight of at least one oil-soluble amphiphile of the formula  in which R1 is an alkyl, alkenyl, hydroxyalkyl or aromatic radical having 1 to 50 carbon atoms, X is NH, NR3, O or S, y is 1, 2, 3 or 4, R2 is hydrogen or an alkyl radical carrying hydroxyl groups and having 2 to 10 carbon atoms and R3 is an alkyl radical carrying nitrogen and/or hydroxyl groups and having 2 to 10 carbon atoms or C1-C20-alkyl, and B) 5 to 95% by weight of a terpolymer containing from 10 to 35 mol % of structural units derived from the vinyl ester of a carboxylic acid having 2 to 4 carbon atoms, from 1 to 15 mol % of structural units derived from the vinyl ester of a neocarboxylic acid having 8 to 15 carbon atoms, and structural units of ethylene to 100 mol %, having a melt viscosity, measured at 140° C., of from 20 to 10,000 mPas.

Abstract: Procedure to generate biodiesel fuels with improved properties at low temperature by the transesterification of triglycerides with alcohols such as methanol or ethanol, optionally in the presence of methyl or ethyl acetates of fatty acids and an inert solvent, to produce methyl or ethyl esters of fatty acids, glycerine and, where appropriate, glycerine triacetate, followed by the separation of crude glycerine that is reacted with aldehydes, ketones and/or acetic acid or methyl or ethyl acetates to produce acetals, glycerine cetals and/or glycerine acetates. The acetals, glycerine cetals and/or glycerine acetates are mixed with methyl or ethyl esters of fatty acids in concentrations of approximately 0.5-20% by weight to obtain a biodiesel with improved properties at low temperatures.

Abstract: This invention relates to a fuel composition comprising (i) a low sulphur fuel having a sulphur content of less than 30 ppm, a bromine number of less than 10 and an ultraviolet absorbance at 319 nm is below 0.15 and (ii) an effective amount of an ashless friction reducing additive which is a fatty acid having 10-30 carbon atoms or a derivative thereof. The fuel of the specified characteristics shown improved response to the friction reducing additive in respect of its lubricity performance.

Abstract: The invention relates to additives for improving the cold flow properties of middle distillates, containing from 10 to 95% by weight of copolymers A), from 5 to 90% by weight of copolymers B) and, if required, from 0 to 70% by weight of copolymers C), which correspond to the following formulae: A) copolymers of lower olefins and vinyl esters, B) copolymers comprising B1) from 40 to 60 mol % of bivalent structural units of the formula  where X is O or N—R4 and in which a and b are 0 or 1 and a +b=1, and B2) from 60 to 40 mol % of bivalent structural units of the formula —H2C—CR11R5—  B2 and, if required, B3) from 0 to 20 mol % of bivalent structural units which are derived from polyolefins, the polyolefins being derivable from monoolefins having 3 to 5 carbon atoms, and in which a) R4 is an alkyl or alkenyl radical having 10 to 40 carbon atoms or an alkoxyalkyl radical having 1 to 100 alkoxy units and 1 to 30 carbon atoms in the alkyl

Abstract: The invention concerns a fuel for diesel engines, with a sulphur content of less than 500 ppm containing in a major proportion at least one average distillate from a straight-run distilling cup of crude oil, with temperature ranges between 150 and 400° C. and in a minor proportion a lubricating additive containing monocarboxylic and polycyclic acids.

Abstract: A mixture suitable as fuel additive and lubricant additive and comprising essentially (A) at least one amine which carries a hydrocarbon radical having an average molecular weight of from 500 to 10,000, (B) at least one hydrocarbon polymer which has an average molecular weight of from 300 to 10,000 and may be present in unhydrogenated or hydrogenated form and (C) at least one conventional carrier oil has a weight ratio of component A to component B of from 80:20 to 60:40.

Abstract: Specific esters of specific alkoxylated alcohols in combination with other cold flow improvers provide oils with improved low temperature properties.

Abstract: The invention concerns an additive for motive fuel additive, in particular with low sulphur content not more than 500 ppm, consisting for the most part of a combination comprising 5 to 95 wt. % of a glycerol monoester R1—C(O)—O—CH2—CHO—CH2OH or R1—C(O)—O—CH(CH2OH)2, R1 being an alkyl chain containing 8 to 60 carbon atoms, or a monocyclic or polycyclic group comprising 8 to 60 carbon atoms, and from 5 to 95 wt % of a compound of formula R2—C(O)—X, R2 being an alkyl chain containing 8 to 24 carbon atoms, or a monocyclic or polycyclic group comprising 8 to 60 carbon atoms, and X being selected among (i) the groups OR0, R0 being a hydrocarbon radical comprising 1 to 8 carbon atoms, optionally substituted by one or several esters; and (ii) the groups derived from primary or secondary amines and alkanolamines with aliphatic hydrocarbon chain, comprising 1 to 18 carbon atoms.

Abstract: The present invention is directed to a composition for use in a combustion engine either as a fuel additive or as an additive for a crankcase lubricant. The composition may include a polyunsaturated aliphatic or alicyclic compound having at least three, but no more than six, double bonds to improve the combustion process by acting as pseudo-catalyst in the combustion reaction. The composition may further include a derivative of dihydrobenzo-gamma-pyrane to improve the combustion process by acting as pseudo-catalyst in the combustion reaction. The composition may further include surfactants such as polyethylene glycol and/or one or more polyoxyalkene derivatives of either polypropylene glycol, polyethylene glycol or sorbitol. A media of fatty acid esters is provided to dilute the combustion promoters, surfactants and other ingredients allowing accurate concentrations of these ingredients to be introduced into the fuel chamber.

Abstract: The invention relates to additives for improving cold-flow and lubricating properties of fuel oils, comprising A) 5-95% by weight of at least one oil-soluble amphiphile of the formulae in which R1 is an alkyl, alkenyl, hydroxyalkyl or aromatic radical having 1 to 50 carbon atoms, X is NH, NR3, O or S, y is 1, 2, 3 or 4, R2 is an alkyl radical carrying hydroxyl groups and having 2 to 10 carbon atoms and R3 is an alkyl radical carrying nitrogen and/or hydroxyl groups and having 2 to 10 carbon atoms or a C1-C20-alkyl radical, and B) 5 to 95% by weight of a terpolymer of ethylene, the vinyl ester of one or more aliphatic, linear or branched monocarboxylic acids which contain 2 to 20 carbon atoms in the molecule and a C5-C7-olefin containing from 9 to 18 mol % of vinyl ester and from 0.5 to 5 mol % of olefin (based in each case on the terpolymer), having a melt viscosity, measured at 140° C., of from 20 to 10,000 mPas.

Abstract: This invention is a fuel composition comprising a major amount of base fuel and at least 3% w/w of an ester additive mixture derivable by reacting together either (a) (i) a saturated, aliphatic polyhydric alcohol having three or more primary alcohol groups, (ii) a C2-C15 saturated, aliphatic branched chain monohydric alcohol and (iii) a saturated, aliphatic C4-C10 dicarboxylic acid, or (b) a saturated aliphatic polyhydric alcohol having three or more primary alcohol groups with a C6-C15 saturated, aliphatic straight chain or branched chain monocarboxylic acid, or (c) a C2-C15 branched chain saturated aliphatic alcohol with a saturated, aliphatic dicarboxylic acid having 6-10 carbon atoms. The ester additive has a boiling point ≧150° C., a molecular weight ≧200 and an oxygen content ≧13% by weight of said ester additive mixture. The additive significantly reduces particulate emissions from the exhausts of diesel powered engines.

Abstract: A splash-blendable, solubilized diesel fuel composition includes a diesel fuel, ethanol, a stabilizing additive and, optionally, an alkyl ester of a fatty acid and/or a co-solvent. The stabilizing additive is either a mixture of fatty acid alcohols, a polymeric material, or a combination of the mixture and the polymeric material.

Abstract: The invention relates to a copolymer consisting of the following monomer components: a) 48-98 wt. % of compounds of formula (I), b) 2-30 wt. % of one or several oxygen-containing methacrylates of formula (II) and c) 0-30 wt. % of a methacrylate of formula (III) of styrol, the quantities a)-c) totalling 100 wt. %. The inventive copolymer is suitable as a an additive for diesel fuels and biodiesel.

Abstract: Liquid energy sources, e.g., liquid fuels comprising lipid vesicles having fuel additives such as water are disclosed herein. The liquid energy sources, methods for preparation, and methods of enhancing engine performance disclosed herein employing the lipid vesicles result in enhanced fuel efficiency and/or lowered engine emissions. The invention further relates to liquid energy sources containing such additives which further comprise a polymeric dispersion assistant, which reduces the interfacial tension and coalescence of vesicles during dispersion process and storage, and thereby provide transparent looks to the liquid energy source.

Abstract: The invention concerns a fuel for diesel engines, with a sulphur content of less than 500 ppm containing in a major proportion at least one average distillate from a straight-run distilling cup of crude oil, with temperature ranges between 150 and 400° C. and in a minor proportion a lubricating additive containing monocarboxylic and polycyclic acids.

Abstract: The invention relates to additives for improving cold-flow and lubricating properties of fuel oils, comprising

Abstract: A process for producing a fatty acid ester with a high yield from an oil or fat and an alcohol which comprises reacting an oil or fat with an alcohol in the presence of a solid base catalyst under conditions in which at least one of the oil or fat and the alcohol is in a supercritical state at a temperature exceeding 260° C.

Abstract: An improved fuel additive formulation, method of use, and method of producing the fuel formulation are described. The improved fuel additive of the present invention comprises a mixture of nitroparaffins (comprising nitromethane, nitroethane, and nitropropane), and a combination of modified commercially available ester oil and toluene. The ratio of ester oil and toluene to nitroparaffin is preferably less than 20 volume percent, with nitroparaffins comprising the balance of the additive. A method of preparing and using the additive formulation is also provided.

Abstract: The invention relates to additives for improving cold-flow and lubricating properties of fuel oils, comprising

Abstract: The lubricity of low sulfur content middle distillate fuel oil boiling over a temperature range of 100°C. to 500°C. is enhanced by incorporation of a heavy fuel component having hydrocarbon components resulting from distillation of a crude oil, whereby the incorporation of the heavy fuel component increases at least one of (a) the 50% distillation temperature, and (b) the polynuclear aromatic content of the composition, and wherein the composition gives a wear scar diameter, as measured by the HFRR test at 60°C., of at most 500 &mgr;m.

Abstract: A splash-blendable, solubilized diesel fuel composition includes a diesel fuel, ethanol, a stabilizing additive and, optionally, an alkyl ester of a fatty acid and/or a co-solvent. The stabilizing additive is either a mixture of fatty acid alcohols, a polymeric material, or a combination of the mixture and the polymeric material.

Abstract: There is disclosed a fuel lubricity additive, made by a two-step process wherein the first step is co-reacting an unsaturated base oil, predominantly from vegetable oil sources, and a compound having a diene structure and a carboxylic acid group, wherein the second step is esterifying or amidifying the free carboxylic acid group of anhydride group with a poly-hydroxy-containing compound or poly-amine compound to form the final fuel lubricity additive useful in diesel fuels. The inventive fuel lubricity additive also is useful as a dispersant.

Abstract: This invention relates to a composition, comprising: (A) a compound represented by the formula RO(C4H8O)nCH2CH2CH2NH2  (I) wherein in formula (I), R is an aliphatic hydrocarbyl group of about 8 to about 30 carbon atoms, an n is a number in the range of about 12 to about 30; and (B) a compound selected from the group consisting of: a fatty acid; a fatty acid amide; a fatty acid ester; an amide, imide or ester derived from a hydrocarbyl substituted succinic acid or anhydride wherein the hydrocarbyl substituent has about 8 to about 30 carbon atoms; an alkoxylated amine, and mixtures of two or more thereof. The invention also relates to concentrates and fuels containing the foregoing composition.

Abstract: Compositions are provided which comprise heavy cut methyl esters and copolymer additives. The compositions of the present invention have pour points which are lower than compositions containing only heavy cut methyl esters without copolymer additives. In particular, alkyl methacrylate copolymer additives are used to achieve desirable pour points. The present invention also encompasses processes for making methyl ester compositions having depressed pour points and methods of using said compositions.

Abstract: A splash-blendable, solubilized diesel fuel composition includes a diesel fuel, ethanol, a stabilizing additive and, optionally, an alkyl ester of a fatty acid and/or a co-solvent. The stabilizing additive is either a mixture of fatty acid alcohols, a polymeric material, or a combination of the mixture and the polymeric material.

Abstract: The present invention relates to at least simply unsaturated polyolefins with a number mean molecular weight in the range of 400 to 1,500 dalton and a dispersibility of M.sub.W /M.sub.N <1.2, obtained through catalytic dimerization from at least simply unsaturated olefin-oligomers, as well as to the method for their production. The present invention further relates to derivatives of these polyolefins which can be obtained by functionalizing at least a double link of the polyolefin. The invention also relates to the use of polyolefins and/or functionalization products as additives for fuels or lubricants.

Abstract: A fuel additive composition containing ethanol, n-propanol or mixtures thereof together with a non-hydroxy fatty acid and organic ester is described. A miscible fuel blend composition containing the fuel additive composition and diesel oil, gas oil or a mixture thereof, as well as a process for preparing the fuel blend composition is also described.

Abstract: Liquid energy sources, e.g., liquid fuels comprising lipid vesicles having fuel additives such as water are disclosed herein. The liquid energy sources, methods for preparation, and methods of enhancing engine performance disclosed herein employing the lipid vesicles result in enhanced fuel efficiency and/or lowered engine emissions. The invention further relates to liquid energy sources containing such additives which further comprise a polymeric dispersion assistant, which reduces the interfacial tension and coalescence of vesicles during dispersion process and storage, and thereby provide transparent looks to the liquid energy source.

Abstract: Diesel fuels, particularly low sulfur diesel fuels, contain additives which increase the lubricity in the fuel and reduce the amount of smoke in the exhaust. These additives are esters having a viscosity of 3.0 cSt to 20.0 cSt at 100.degree. C. and a smoke index of at least 75.

Abstract: A splash-blendable, solubilized diesel fuel composition includes a diesel fuel, ethanol, an alkyl ester of a fatty acid, a stabilizing additive and, optionally, a co-solvent. The stabilizing additive is either a mixture of fatty acid alcohols, a polymeric material, or a combination of the mixture and the polymeric material.

Abstract: Triglycerides are reacted in a liquid phase reaction with methanol and a homogeneous basic catalyst. The reaction yields a spatially separated two phase result with an upper located non-polar phase consisting principally of non-polar methyl esters and a lower located phase consisting principally of glycerol and residual methyl esters. The glycerol phase is passed through a strong cationic ion exchanger to remove anions, resulting in a neutral product which is flashed to remove methanol and which is reacted with isobutylene in the presence of a strong acid catalyst to produce glycerol ethers. The glycerol ethers are then added back to the upper located methyl ethyl ester phase to provide an improved biodiesel fuel.

Abstract: A polyol ester distillate fuel additive exhibits improved lubricity and friction and wear performance. The ester has between about 1% and about 35% unconverted hydroxyl groups and is characterized as having a hydroxyl number from about 5 to about 180.

Abstract: Carbonyl compounds, such as ketones, aldehydes, esters, amides, anhydrides and carboxylic acids are added to a material, particularly a liquid material as markers. Subsequently the carbonyl compound(s) are identified by measuring the absorbency peak(s) of the carbonyl compounds in the mid-IR range. Carbonyl compounds soluble in non-polar solvents and substantially insoluble in water are particularly suitable for tagging and identifying petroleum fuels. For use in petroleum fuels, the carbonyl compound(s) preferably contains no element other than carbon, hydrogen, oxygen and nitrogen. Digital carbonyl marker systems, i.e., systems containing two or more carbonyl compounds in predetermined ratios, can be determined quantitatively with instruments, such as SpecTrace.TM. which measure absorbance in the mid-IR region.

Abstract: A production method of diesel fuel oil from waste oil, in which a vegetable diesel fuel oil can be obtained by utilizing as a raw material a waste edible oil dumped from restaurant, food industry, home, etc. and scarcely utilized.

Abstract: A two-cycle oil which is 10 to 20% of an ester of technical grade pentaerythriol with a mixture of (a) branched C8 and (b) mixed linear C8 and C10 monocarboxylic acids, having a viscosity of 6 to 8 cSt at 100.degree. C., 18 to 30% of an oxo alcohol ester of a dicarboxylic acid having a viscosity of 3 to 10 cSt at 100.degree. C., 30 to 40% of a polybutene having an Mn of 300-1500, 15 to 35% of a normally liquid solvent having a boiling point up to 300.degree. C., 0 to 5% of other lubricating oil additives.

Abstract: This invention relates to the use of blends of diethanolamine derivatives and biodiesel as an additive for improving lubricity in low sulfur fuels and to fuels and additive concentrates comprising said lubricity additives.

Abstract: Carboxylic esters of the formula IR.sup.1 --CO--O--R.sup.2 I,whereR.sup.1 is an aliphatic, straight-chain or branched hydrocarbon radical having alkyl side chains and a number average molecular weight of from 250 to 5000 andR.sup.2 is a straight-chain or branched hydrocarbon radical of 1 to 30 carbon atoms or a radical of the formula II ##STR1## where R.sup.3, R.sup.4, R.sup.5 and R.sup.6, independently of one another, are each hyrogen, branched or straight-chain alkyl, an aromatic radical or an araliphatic radical which may also contain heteroatoms,R.sup.7 and R.sup.8, independently of one another, are each branched or straight-chain alkyl or an aromatic or araliphatic radical which may also contain heteroatoms,X is O, S, NR.sup.9 or PR.sup.9, where R.sup.9 is an aliphatic or aromatic radical,n and m, independently of one another, are each from 2 to 20, andx is from 0 to 30,are used as fuel additives or lubricant additives, and fuel compositions or lubricant compositions contain these additives.

Abstract: Substituted biphenyl polyalkyl esters having the formula: ##STR1## wherein R.sub.1 is hydrogen or hydroxyl; R.sub.2 is hydroxyl, cyano, nitro, amino, aminomethyl, N-alkylamino or N-alkylaminomethyl wherein the alkyl group contains 1 to about 6 carbon atoms, N,N-dialkylamino or N,N-dialkylaminomethyl wherein each alkyl group independently contains 1 to about 6 carbon atoms, with the proviso that R.sub.1 and R.sub.2 are ortho relative to each other and meta or para relative to the adjoining phenyl substitutent; and R.sub.3 is a polyalkyl group having an average molecular weight in the range of about 450 to about 5,000.The substituted biphenyl polyalkyl esters of the present invention are useful as fuel additives for the prevention and control of engine deposits.

Abstract: Compositions represented by the structures ##STR1## where Ar represents an aromatic group, each R is independently a hydrocarbyl group, at least one R having more than 12 carbon atoms, a is 1 to 4, and R' is hydrogen or alkyl, are useful as lubricant and fuel additives and as intermediates for the preparation of derivatives useful as such additives.

Abstract: A method is described which utilizes lipases to transesterify triglyceride-containing substances and to esterify free fatty acids to alkyl esters using short chain alcohols. The alkyl esters are useful as alternatives or additives to automotive fuels and lubricants. The method is particularly advantageous because it utilizes inexpensive feedstocks such as animal fats, vegetable oils, rendered fats and restaurant grease as substrates.

Abstract: The present invention describes a method of producing biofuels by carrying out the enzymatic transesterification of fatty acid-containing materials directly in automotive fuels.

Abstract: A gas oil composition for motor vehicles, with a sulfur content lower than 0.2% by weight and with a content of aromatic hydrocarbons lower than about 30% by weight, contains, as a lubricity improver agent, an amount of from 100 to 10,000 ppm (parts per million parts by weight) of lower (C.sub.1 -C.sub.5) alkyl esters of a mixture of saturated and unsaturated C.sub.12 -C.sub.22 fatty acids, derived from vegetable oleaginous seeds.

Abstract: A compound of the formula: ##STR1## wherein X is hydrogen or hydroxy, and Y is --R or --C(O)O--R, wherein R is a polyalkyl group having an average molecular weight of about from 450 to 5000; or a fuel soluble salt thereof. The compounds of formula I are useful as hydrocarbon fuel additives for the prevention and control of deposits, especially intake valve deposits, in internal combustion engines.

Abstract: A fuel additive composition including fatty acid alkyl esters and glyceryl ethers, and an alternative fuel composition that includes the fuel additive composition. Also provided is a method for preparing the fuel additive composition and the alternative fuel composition. In one embodiment, the fuel additive composition is prepared by esterifying free fatty acids and etherifying glycerol with one or more olefins in the presence of an acid catalyst. In one embodiment, the fuel additive composition can be thermally cracked under conditions of increased temperature and/or pressure in the presence of a Lewis acid catalyst. In another embodiment, the fuel additive composition is hydrocracked. The resulting fuel additive composition can be blended with diesel fuel to produce an alternative fuel composition. In one embodiment, the alternative fuel composition includes between approximately 25 and 95 percent diesel fuel and between approximately 5 and 75 percent of the fuel additive composition.

Abstract: The present invention includes a process for producing esters from a feedstock that includes a fat or an oil. The process includes mixing the feedstock with an alcohol and a catalyst. The catalyst includes a mixture of calcium acetate and barium acetate The reaction mixture is heated at a temperature effective to make esters.