Abstract: A structure of a light emitting diode (LED) having high brightness is disclosed. This LED includes a substrate on a first electrode, a first cladding layer of a first conductivity type on the substrate, an active layer on the first cladding layer, a second cladding layer of a second conductivity type on the active layer, a window layer of the second conductivity type on the second cladding layer, wherein the electrical resistivity of the window layer is less than that of the second cladding layer, a contact layer of the second conductivity type on the window layer for providing ohmic contact, and a conductive transparent oxide layer on the contact layer, wherein the electrical resistivity of the conductive transparent oxide layer is less than that of the window layer and the contact layer.

Abstract: For multiple layer interconnections using copper, the top interconnection layer and the via hole to the bottom layer are self-aligned on at least one side. The self-alignment eliminates the need for providing a border for the contact of the via hole to the interconnection. The self-alignment is accomplished by using a nitride mask, which defines one side of both the via hole and the interconnection. After the top surface of the copper interconnection is planarized, another layer of copper interconnection can be superimposed over the first interconnection in a similar manner.

Abstract: The focused light incident from the light source on the document to be scanned has two different lengths of light path. The shorter light path is incident on the document near the light source. The longer light path is incident on the document away from the light source with a larger light spot and scans the document at a higher speed to yield a lower resolution. The high resolution light ray reflected from the document and the low resolution light ray reflected from the document pass through a set of transmitting lenses tilted at different angles to irradiate two different sets of charge coupled device sensors.

Abstract: A micro ball grid array package is devised for a multiple-chip module (MCM). The IC chips in the package are butted together to save space. The bonding pads for the lower IC chip or chips are placed along the edges not butted with one another. The bonding pads of the chips are wire-bonded to a printed wiring plate, which has via holes through the printed wiring plate for connection to the ball grid array at the other side of the printed wiring plate and for surface mounting to a printed circuit board. A heat dissipating plate may be placed at the top of the IC chips away from the ball grid array.

Abstract: A low power repair circuit for a memory matrix is achieved by using two cross-coupled 2-input CMOS OR-gates to form a precharged flip-flop, using two PMOS as drivers. The first OR-gate has a load device comprising a number of parallel branches, each having an NMOS switch in series with a fuse. There are twice as many branches as there are addresses in the predecoder for the memory matrix. Two such branches correspond to an address signal and its complement. The parallel branches are connected to ground through an enable switch and are pulled-down when the enable switch is closed by an enable signal. The fuses of the branches are cut according the address of the faulty word line. The gates of the NMOS switches in are connected to the addresses of the word line predecoder. The output of the first OR gate is precharged to be high.

Abstract: An automatic document feeding device has a document feeding roller which feeds a document from a stack to a conveying roller which conveys the document for further processing. The document feeding roller has intermittent motion which feeds the conveying roller with three different speeds: first, at a first speed for feeding the document; then, at a speed faster than the first speed as dragged by the document; and finally, a temporary stop. The temporary stop provides sufficient interspace between the successive documents so that a correct pagination signal is generated. The intermittent motion is provided by a power transmitting component which is coupled to the document feeding roller to speed it up when engaged and is decoupled during the stop interval.

Abstract: The electrode of a storage capacitor of a DRAM cell lies diagonally along the memory cell. The diagonal layout makes the length of the capacitor longer than either the x-dimension or the y-dimension of the memory cell, thus increasing the storage capacitance.

Abstract: A liquid crystal display device having a sealing material close to display area while maintaining a uniform liquid crystal cell gap is disclosed. The liquid crystal display comprises two transparent electrode substrates having a trench near the display area to stop the sealing material overflowing to display pixels. Thus, the effective display area of a liquid crystal display device is increased by dispensing a sealing material to a trench area at a predetermined position surrounding the display area. A spacer used in the sealing material is larger in size than that used in the display area to compensate the depth of the trench. After the liquid crystal is injected into the space surrounded by the substrates and a sealing material, a uniform liquid crystal cell gap over the entire display area is obtained.

Abstract: A surface mount semiconductor laser diode package has a substrate on which the laser diode is mounted. The top electrode of the laser diode is wire-bonded to the top end of a plated-through conduit through the substrate, and the bottom end of the plated-through conduit is connected to a circuit contact plated at the bottom surface of the substrate. The bottom electrode of the laser diode is flip-chip mounted to the top end of another plated-through conduit, and bottom end of the second plated-through conduit is connected to a second circuit contact. Each laser diode is covered with a transparent lid or a lid with a lens. For mass production, a large number of the laser diodes arranged in a matrix formation are mounted on a common substrate. Walls are erected around each laser diode. A transparent cover is placed over the walls. All the plated-through conduits at the edges of the laser diodes in a same column are aligned and sawed through together.

Abstract: An array antenna is steered by changing the time delays of a local oscillator signal feeding a number of mixers, each fed by an individual antenna element. The beat frequency thus produced can be made in-phase by compensating time delays of different antenna elements in the array with different delays from the local oscillator. The delays from the local oscillator are obtained with optical fibers of variable lengths.

Abstract: Optical signal produced by a semiconductor electroabsorption modulator is passed through an optical discriminator to increase the optical and electrical modulation response of the device and decrease the output chirp for distortionless transmission through dispersive optical fiber.

Abstract: The display area of a liquid crystal display cell is increased by placing conductive epoxy within the boundary which seals the liquid crystal to connect the top glass plate with the bottom glass plate, in contrast with the conventional method of making the electrical connection outside the display area. The conductive epoxy is dispensed in areas not occupied by the liquid crystal patterns. The conductive epoxy can be in the form of particles of spheres or rods serving as spacers for maintaining the gap dimension between the two glass plates. The conductive epoxy can also be integrated with the boundary sealing epoxy or fill a notch cut in the boundary sealing epoxy.

Abstract: A flat package for integrated circuit chip has a substrate with plated through holes. The top flange of a plated through hole is interconnected to a terminal of the IC chip. The bottom flange of the through hole has a cavity recessed into the substrates. A solder is placed between a circuit contact on a mother board and the bottom flange. Upon heating, the solder rises to fill the cavity, to make connection between the terminal on the IC chip and the contact on the mother board.

Abstract: A semiconductor wafer is planarized by first mapping the flatness profile and then etching the wafer according to the flatness profile. Mapping is accomplished by scanning the wafer with a light beam. The flatness information is obtained by a phase detector comparing the phase of the reflected light beam and a reference light, and is then stored in a memory. The etching is implemented with scanning chemical ion beam etching, in which a reactive gas etches the wafer from spot to spot according to the instantaneous volume of reacting gas or the potential at the wafer, and is controlled by the data stored in the memory. The method can be used to planarize both semiconductor and metal.

Abstract: An array antenna is steered by moving a set of optical fibers of different optical length between a number of light signal sources and an array of antennas. By changing the lengths of the optical paths of the different light signals sources, the wave front can be steered. The light signal traverses three sections of optical delay lines with at least one selectable optical length. In the first section, light signal from a point source travels through a first optical delay line and a lens to diverge and collimate the light beam with increased cross section. The collimated light beam is focused by second lens and incident one second optical line of selectable optical length. The light beam exiting from the other end of the second optical line is collimated again by a third lens to face a third optical line. The collimated light exiting from the second optical line is focused again by a fourth lens to feed the third optical line, which is connected at the other end to one element of the antenna array.

Abstract: The number of external column driver chip can be reduced to one in an active matrix liquid crystal display with column input multiplexing driving scheme. At least two sample and hold circuits are used for each column with alternate sampling and holding periods. Video signals are sampled and held at least twice during one line scanning time. These sample and hold circuits are all integrated in the driver chip.

Abstract: The collecting tray of a ink-jet printer is equipped with a guard to prevent the paper immediately after exiting from the printer to fall to the bottom of the tray. The guard is much narrower than the width of the tray so that the guard tilts the paper. A succeeding sheet of paper pushes the tilted paper until the tilted paper is pushed beyond the end of the guard and falls to the bottom of the tray after a time delay for the ink to dry.

Abstract: The frequency of an integrated oscillator is held constant by using temperature compensation to compensate for the component variations due to temperature variations. A voltage controlled oscillator, which has temperature dependent components, is compensated with a temperature dependent control voltage. The frequency of many kinds of oscillators such as a relaxation oscillators and ring oscillators can be held constant when the operating current is held constant. The operating current is often derived from a current source, which is a voltage to current converter with a current equal to the ratio of a control voltage to a resistance. Since semiconductor resistance has a positive temperature coefficient is used to obtain a temperature invariant current source. The positive temperature coefficient is obtained with the difference junction voltage of two forward-biased pn junction voltages. The magnitude can be controlled by junction areas of the two junctions. The magnitude can also be amplified.

Abstract: An array antenna is steered by moving a set of optical filters of different optical lengths between a number of light signal sources and an array antenna elements. By changing the lengths, hence the time delays, of a plurality of the signal paths between the light signal source and the antenna array elements, the wave front can be steered. Each delay path comprises a selected fiber optic line and a fixed electrical delay line. In one embodiment the fiber optical lines assume a parabolic distribution in time delay. In another embodiment, the fiber optical lines assume a cosinusoidal distribution in time delay. Signals are fed to the fiber optic path through a laser diode and exit from the path through a photo-diode. The fiber optic lines are mounted on a rotatable disk, with two ends diametrically located at two different radii.

Abstract: A stand-alone, real-time voice recognition system, which converts an analog voice signal into serial digital signal, then preprocesses in parallel the digital signal to detect the end-point, and output fixed multi-order prediction coefficients. In this recognition system, these multi-order prediction coefficients are stored as the reference pattern in the training mode. In recognition mode, these multi-order prediction coefficients are adapted by dynamic time warping method, which is modified by a symmetric form. This symmetric form is implemented with a one-dimensional circular buffer for dynamic programming matching instead of the traditional two-dimensional buffer to save memory space. Finally, these adapted coefficients are compared with reference pattern to output the result of recognition.