Abstract: A composition for forming an electrode including a conductive composite of a first material coated with a metal that has a higher electrical conductivity, wherein the first material is at least one selected from the group consisting essentially of nickel, carbon, and copper.

Abstract: A filter system and filtering method includes a subtractor which receives an analog input signal and a reference voltage as a first input, and an analog feedback signal, supplied through a feedback loop, as a second input, and outputs a difference between the analog input signal and the analog feedback signal, and a low pass filter which outputs a digital signal by comparing the output signal of the subtractor and a reference voltage, then integrates duty cycle of the digital signal and calculates a following error amount, and then converts a low pass filtered signal based on the calculated following error amount to an analog signal in order to provide the analog signal to the analog feedback signal, i.e. the second input of the subtractor.

Abstract: A self-aligned inner gate recess channel in a semiconductor substrate includes a recess trench formed in an active region of the substrate, a gate dielectric layer formed on a bottom portion of the recess trench, recess inner sidewall spacers formed on sidewalls of the recess trench, a gate formed in the recess trench so that an upper portion of the gate protrudes above an upper surface of the substrate, wherein a thickness of the recess inner sidewall spacers causes a center portion of the gate to have a smaller width than the protruding upper portion and a lower portion of the gate, a gate mask formed on the gate layer, gate sidewall spacers formed on the protruding upper portion of gate and the gate mask, and a source/drain region formed in the active region of the substrate adjacent the gate sidewall spacers.

Abstract: In a resist reflow measurement key, and method of fabricating a fine pattern of a semiconductor device using the same, the resist reflow measurement key includes a first reflow key including a plurality of first pattern elements each having a first pattern with a first radius of curvature located on a first side of a first center line and a second pattern with a second radius of curvature located on a second side of the first center line, and a second reflow key including a plurality of second pattern elements each having a third pattern with a third radius of curvature located on a first side of a second center line and a fourth pattern with a fourth radius of curvature located on a second side of the second center line, the second reflow key being formed on a same plane of a substrate as the first reflow key.

Abstract: A plasma display panel may include a first substrate and a second substrate facing each other, barrier ribs disposed between the first substrate and the second substrate, and at least partially defining a plurality of discharge cells therebetween, a plurality of pairs of discharge electrodes for generating a discharge in the discharge cells, the plurality of pairs of discharge electrodes being arranged in non-display portions of the plasma display panel, and a color filter layer disposed between the barrier ribs and the first substrate.

Abstract: An image sensor includes a photoelectric conversion section in a semiconductor substrate, the photoelectric conversion section having a capping layer of a first conductivity type and a photodiode of a second conductivity type below the capping layer, the photodiode having an upper surface deeper than about 1 ?m, as measured from an upper surface of the semiconductor substrate, a charge detection section receiving charges stored in the photoelectric conversion through a charge transfer section and converting the received charges into respective electrical signals, a voltage application section adapted to apply voltage to the capping layer and to a lower portion of the semiconductor substrate to control a width of a depletion layer on the photodiode, and a signal operation section adapted to generate red, green, and blue, signals according to signals from the charge detection section.

Abstract: An epoxy resin composition for semiconductor encapsulation includes at least one epoxy resin, at least one curing agent, at least one filler, and at least one first curing accelerator, the first curing accelerator having a tetracyanoethylene, a 7,7,8,8-tetracyanoquinodimethane, a compound having the chemical structure of Formula 1, or a mixture thereof, wherein each of R1 through R7, independently, represents a hydrogen atom or a C1-C12 hydrocarbon group, provided that when R1 through R7 are C1-C12 hydrocarbon groups, R1 and R2, R2 and R3, R3 and R4, R4 and R5, R5 and R6, and R6 and R7 can be joined to each other to form a cyclic structure.

Abstract: An organic light emitting diode, and a method of fabricating the same, the organic light emitting diode including a pixel-defining layer disposed on a substrate, the pixel-defining layer having an opening therein and having at least one stepped portion formed adjacent to the opening, and an organic layer disposed in the opening and at least partially covering the at least one stepped portion.

Abstract: A plasma display panel that includes a front substrate, a rear substrate positioned in parallel to the front substrate, a plurality of address electrodes between the front and rear substrates, a plurality of display electrodes positioned perpendicularly to the plurality of address electrodes, and a plurality of barrier ribs between the front and rear substrates, the barrier ribs defining a plurality of discharge cells, and wherein each barrier rib includes at least one longitudinal portion positioned at an obtuse angle with respect to the rear substrate.

Abstract: A multi-port phase change random access memory (PRAM) cell, includes a PRAM element including a phase change material, a writing controller configured to operate in correspondence with a writing word line, the writing controller connecting a writing bit line to the PRAM element, and a reading controller configured to operate in correspondence with a reading word line, the reading controller connecting the PRAM element to a reading bit line.

Abstract: A flat panel display device, including a substrate, a display unit disposed on the substrate, a sealing substrate affixed to the substrate to enclose the display unit therebetween, and a sealant composition disposed between the substrate and the sealing substrate, wherein the sealant composition includes an adhesive component and colored spacers.

Abstract: An apparatus and method for digitally detecting a tracking error signal using multiple phase clocks. The apparatus includes a phase extractor receiving four divided outputs in response to light reflected from an optical disk and extracting four divided phases, respectively, a phase difference detector detecting phase differences between two phases among the four divided phases, a multiple phase clock generator generating a plurality of phase clocks in response to a predetermined clock signal, a phase error detector counting phase differences in response to each of the plurality of phase clocks, summing the counted phase differences, and detecting a phase error, and a tracking error output unit detecting the tracking error signal in response to the phase error and outputting the detected tracking error signal.

Abstract: A PDP includes first and second substrates, a plurality of electrodes between the first and second substrates, a plurality of barrier ribs between the first and second substrates to define discharge cells, at least one dielectric layer on the electrodes, at least one photoluminescent layer in each discharge cell, a discharge gas in the discharge cells, and a protective layer on the dielectric layer, the protective layer including magnesium oxide and a light-scattering material having a general formula MOx, where M includes one or more of zinc and/or titanium and 1?x?2, the light-scattering material having a particle size of about 100 nm to about 900 nm and being present in the protective layer in an amount of about 1% to about 20% by weight of a total weight of the dielectric layer.

Abstract: A plasma display panel includes first and second substrates having a predetermined gap therebetween. Barriers are disposed between the first and second substrates to partition discharge cells and fluorescent layers are formed in the discharge cells. Address electrodes corresponding to the discharge cells extend in a first direction, and pairs of first and second electrodes extend in a second direction to cross the first direction. The address electrodes are on one of the substrates to correspond to the discharge cells. A dielectric layer covers the first and second electrodes, wherein the dielectric layer is colored with a first color, the barriers are colored with a second color having a subtractive mixture relation with the first color, and wherein the fluorescent layers include first fluorescent layers on the barriers and the discharge cells, and second fluorescent layers on the first fluorescent layers in the second color.

Abstract: A method of programming a multi bit flash memory device may perform a kth preliminary verify read operation before performing a kth program operation according to a kth page of program data, where n and k integers, n?2, and 1?k?n. That is, where a (k?1)th program operation produces one or more expanded threshold voltage distribution regions due to the presence of fast cells, the kth preliminary verify read operation may detect fast cells that have already reached their target threshold states without having had to undergo the kth program operation. The kth preliminary verify read operation also may set the detected fast cells to have program-inhibit status so as to reduce or prevent undesired further programming of the detected fast cells that would otherwise occur during the kth program operation.

Abstract: A plasma display panel may include a first substrate, a second substrate opposite to the first substrate with a predetermined space therebetween, the space being partitioned into a plurality of discharge cells, a phosphor layer formed in the discharge cells, address electrodes extending in a first direction on the first substrate to correspond to the discharge cells, and a first electrode and a second electrode extending in a second direction crossing the first direction at the first substrate side, spaced apart from the address electrodes, formed opposite to each other, and projecting toward the second substrate with a discharge space formed therebetween, wherein the address electrodes include protrusions disposed adjacent to the second electrodes and protruding toward the inside of the discharge cells, and wherein at least one of the first electrode and the second electrode includes protrusions protruding toward an inside of a respective one of the discharge cells.

Abstract: A digital video signal processing apparatus and method for adaptive spatio-temporal Y/C separation in multiple directions. In the digital video signal processing apparatus, an adaptive three-dimensional band pass filter (3D BPF) performs Y/C separation using local comb filtering/1D band pass filtering when the edge direction is fixed vertically/horizontally according to spatio-temporal local characteristics of an image using spatio-temporal filters. When the edge direction is not fixed horizontally/vertically, the 3D BPF performs 2D band pass filtering in all directions. Thus, the 3D BPF continuously carries out comb filtering, 1D band pass filtering and 2D band pass filtering according to the spatio-temporal local characteristics of the image.

Abstract: A composition for artificial stone includes an acrylic resin, sponge particles in an amount of about 0.001 ppwa to about 50 ppwa, filler in an amount of about 100 ppwa to about 300 ppwa, and a polymerization initiator in an amount of about 0.1 to about 10 ppwa.

Abstract: A digital video signal processing apparatus and method for field-based adaptive Y/C separation includes an adaptive 3D BPF performing Y/C separation according to local comb filtering/1D band pass filtering when the edge direction is fixed vertically/horizontally in response to spatio-temporal local characteristics of an image using spatio-temporal filters. When the edge direction is not fixed horizontally or vertically, the 3D BPF performs 2D/3D band pass filtering in all directions. The 3D BPF adaptively and continuously carries out comb filtering, 1D band pass filtering and 2D/3D band pass filtering in response to the spatio-temporal local characteristics of the image.

Abstract: A method of manufacturing a phase change memory device includes forming at least one active device on a substrate, forming a bottom electrode electrically connected to the at least one active device, forming a phase change material layer and a top electrode on the bottom electrode, forming a capping layer on an upper surface of the top electrode and on side surfaces of the top electrode and phase change material layer, removing a portion of the capping layer overlapping the upper surface of the top electrode to define capping layer sidewall portions, forming an interlayer insulation film on the capping layer sidewall portions and on the top electrode, removing a portion of the interlayer insulation film from the top electrode to form a contact hole through the interlayer insulation film, and forming a contact plug in the contact hole.