Abstract: The invention concerns a converter (2) provided with GTO thyristors the frequency and characteristic shape of its output voltage (U.sub.A) being constrained by a load (3). The frequency of the converter (2) is matched to the constrained output voltage (U.sub.A) with the aid of a regulating circuit (4). Non-simultaneously switched GTO thyristors are switched on and off in a predetermined timed relation to each other (FIG. 3).

Abstract: The invention relates to a turbomolecular vacuum pump (1) with a rotor (6) and at least one antifriction bearing (17) for the rotor, the stationary ring (19) of the antifriction bearing being seated on the wall of a sleeve (21) which in turn is supported through at least two O-rings (26, 27) made from an elastic material on a casing section (13) of the pump. To improve the heat flow from the sleeve (21) to the casing (13) of the pump, the annular space (29) formed by two seal rings (26, 27), the sleeve (21) and the pump casing (13) is filled with a medium (31) promoting heat flow from the sleeve to the adjacent part of the casing.

Abstract: To permit firing a composite carrier for a printed circuit in which the carrier has a base of metal, typically steel, and thus is highly vibration and bending resistant, the coating or cover layer is a glass ceramic of BaO-Al.sub.2 O.sub.3 -SiO.sub.2, typically 25 to 40%, preferably 35% of BaO, 5 to 20%, preferably 10% Al.sub.2 O.sub.3 and 40 to 65%, preferably about 55% SiO.sub.2. Rather than using 40 to 65% SiO.sub.2, a lesser quantity of SiO.sub.2, e.g., 30 to 65% may be used and then 0 to 15% MgO, 0 to 15% CaO, 0 to 5% SrO, 0 to 2% B.sub.2 O.sub.3, 0 to 4% PbO, 0 to 3% ZnO and 0 to 4% TiO.sub.2 may be applied. The glass ceramic may be dyed, for example by an inorganic dye, such as cobalt silicate, and standard resistor and conductor pastes, such as Cermalloy or Heraprint may be applied and fired at temperatures below 980.degree. C., and entirely suitable for firing temperatures above 850.degree. C. The coating or cover layer has a thickness of above 20 micrometers, preferably of between about 0.03 to 0.

Abstract: Electron beam welding apparatus, suitable as a mobile welding apparatus, having a solid dielectric insulator for the high voltage electrical conductors and also having liquid coolants for cooling the conductors and the insulator which are heated by the cathode. The apparatus also includes a valve for sealing the cathode and the anode in an outer housing in one position of the valve and for allowing the passage therethrough of an electron beam in another position of the valve and for providing precision television optical viewing of the welded seam. The apparatus also includes high-voltage connecting apparatus including a plug having a resilient tapered insulating member and a socket in the solid dielectric insulator, and having the shape of a tapered opening for the plug for exerting laterally compressive forces on the plug as the plug is inserted into the socket to avoid trapping air in the socket.

Abstract: To improve the power transfer of a glow discharge between a cathode (3) and an anode (4) in a glow discharge space (2), through which a laser-active is being passed (5) at high speed, the cathode is constructed to have a rotating surface, projecting through slits (8) of the walls (1) defining the discharge space into the discharge space, the tangential or surface speed of the cathode (3) being at least approximately equal to the flow speed of the gas, so that the gas will flow along the cathode in essentially laminar, linear flow, thereby avoiding turbulence at the surface and instabilities in the glow discharge.

Abstract: Process and apparatus for measuring the difference in the concentration of paramagnetic components between an unknown gas and a standard gas by periodically alternate entry of both gases into the gap chamber (2) of a magnetic circuit (1) and by detecting the periodical variations of the magnetic flux caused by the gases in the magnetic circuit.In this process,(a) the two gases are brought into the gap chamber (2) from opposite directions through gas lines (5, 6),(b) the boundary zone between the two gases perpendicular to the magnetic lines of force is moved back and forth in the gap chamber periodically by an alternating flow generator (7), and(c) constantly a portion of the gas mixture is made to escape through an exhaust line (9) from the region of the gap chamber (2) by the inflowing of at least one of the two gases.

Abstract: Arrangement for electrically measuring coating thickness on travelling webs in vacuum deposition apparatus. A plurality of sensors are arranged with respect to a roller around which the web runs each with a spatially limited measuring region. These produce signals which represent a measure for the coating thickness. The signals can be indicated by an evaluating circuit. To avoid a falsification of the measuring signals as a result of the tendency of the travelling web to flutter, according to the invention the sensors (3,4,5) are arranged in the roller (1) against its surface and are distributed lengthwise of the roller. The sensors are connected to the evaluating circuit (7) by a transfer device (28). Preferably, the sensors rotate with the roller.

Abstract: Disclosed is a laminated material for electrical contacts having a support of base metal or of a base metal alloy, a contact layer of titanium nitride which in turn is covered with a mixed layer of titanium nitride and at least one noble metal. Also disclosed is a method for making the laminated material in a single step in a vacuum apparatus with reactive formation of the titanium nitride.

Abstract: An electron-beam welding apparatus includes a vacuum chamber and a gantry entirely within the chamber for adjustably supporting an electron-beam welding gun with x, y and z coordinates of adjustability with respect to mutually perpendicular x-, y- and z-axes within the chamber. The gantry includes apparatus telescoping along the z-axis for adjustably supporting the electron-beam welding gun with respect to the z-axis.

Abstract: Cell for gas analyzers, having a casing with a cylindrical bore which is divided by an axial wall of separation into two chambers. The one chamber serves for the gas being measured and the other for a reference medium. The chambers terminate in windows at both ends. To make such a cell resistant to pressure and corrosion, the reference medium is constituted by a transparent, glass-clear material which is disposed in the cylindrical bore. At each end of the cylindrical bore there is provided an annular shoulder for the support of an annular gasket and a window. The windows are held by annular compression flanges and annular gaskets.

Abstract: A spectrophotometer obtains transmitted, reflected, or radiated light from at least two measuring points on at least one object and a spectroscopic light disperser disperses the obtained light spectroscopically to measuring cells for electrically indicating the spectrum of the obtained light, whereby the spectrum may be analyzed for indicating optical properties of the object at the measuring point from which the light was obtained. At least one fibre-glass cable respectively carries the light obtained at each measuring point to the spectroscopic light disperser. The ends of the fibres of each cable at the spectroscopic light dispersion are arranged in a row and the row of fibre ends of each cable are parallel to each other in a matrix of fibre ends. At least one light stop allows light from only one fibre-glass cable at a time to carry the light to the spectroscopic light disperser.

Abstract: An apparatus for the performance of the SNMS process, having a separate ion source, a sample holder, a system for the production of a radio-frequency plasma and a mass analyzer, in which the ion source and the mass analyzer are disposed side by side on the same side of the chamber provided for the radio-frequency plasma, and in which the sample mounted on the sample holder is situated within the chamber provided for the radio-frequency plasma. This apparatus can be used not only for the performance of the two kinds of SNMS operation (DMB and SBM) but also secondary ion mass spectroscopy (SIMS) under optimum spatial conditions.

Abstract: A method for producing amorphous carbon coatings on substrates by degrading a gaseous hydrocarbon compound in an ionized gas atmosphere within a reaction chamber. An electromagnetic alternating field is used for the excitation of the plasma. To achieve the object of increasing the deposition rate and permitting substrates even of great surface area to be uniformly coated, the frequency of the electromagnetic alternating field is selected in the microwave region (915 to 2,540 MHz). Furthermore, the microwave energy is put into the gaseous atmosphere by means of at least one ladder-type waveguide situated outside of the reaction chamber. The invention also relates to a substance provided with an amorphous carbon coating, in which an adhesion-mediating coating consisting of a polymer from the group of the siloxanes or silazanes is provided between the substrate and the amorphous carbon coating.

Abstract: To permit testing of electrical connectors mounted on a strip, a pair of jaws, similarly to substantially transversely extended clothespin jaws, are provided, the inside surface of one (A) of the jaws (A, B) carrying a conductive strip (4) adapted to be engaged by one terminal of elements to be tested, the other terminal of the test elements being connected to a test track (7), for example applied over the conductive strip with an intervening insulating layer; (20) individual components (2) can be tested by foreshortening one terminal pin (5b) of the components and extending electrically conductive fingers, preferably of resistance material (6) for spring-clip engagement (8) with the foreshortened pins. The conductive strip (4) and the track (7) are brought out to external accessible terminal connectors (9). Alternatively, the test track is applied to a support strip (1) on which the elements (2) are located.

Abstract: Disclosed is an induction furnace with a furnace bottom comprising a crucible, an induction winding and a gas-tight casing, also having a lid, for the furnace bottom, which lid has at least one gas connection, a charging valve and a pouring arrangement. The furnace bottom and lid are connected by a flange joint and tiltably mounted by means of a picot bearing and a drive about a tipping axis in a furnace stand. The pivot bearing is secured to the lid, the tipping mechanism engages the lid, and the furnace bottom is separable from the lid by unfastening the flange joint, the lid remaining in the furnace stand.

Abstract: The invention relates to a cathode system for sputtering apparatus which includes a target plate of ferromagnetic material. A magnet system is situated behind the target plate and has opposed poles positioned so that at least a portion of the lines of force emerging from the poles passes out through the target and returns thereto. The target is placed on a floor which includes strips of ferromagnetic material in the area of the poles of the magnet system. These strips close the magnetic circuit between the magnet system and the target plate. The remainder of the floor is made of nonmagnetic material.

Abstract: In vacuum depositing apparatus, especially for the manufacture of magnetic tapes, a substrate holder is disposed in the form of a cooling cylinder, and in the path of the vapor stream there is a mask for the purpose of geometrically restricting the vapor stream. In order to prevent any condensation of vaporized material in solid form, the surface of the mask facing the vapor stream is not aligned horizontally, and its lowermost edge lies within the projected surface of the crucible opening. The surface of the mask can be heated up to a temperature that is between the vaporizing temperature and the solidification temperature of the vaporized material. In an especially advantageous manner, the surface of the mask is formed by tiles of a ceramic material.

Abstract: A magnetic valve for use with vacuum which has an improved junction between the stem and the valve disk which prevents detritus from impairing the seal of the valve. The valve has a magnetic drive coil outside a vacuum tight casing and an armature within the casing to which a valve stem is connected. A junction between the valve stem and the valve disk includes a head on one of the two components and a beaded margin enveloping the head on the other of the two components. An annular gasket is disposed between the head and the beaded margin.

Abstract: A method of forming chip resistors in which a resistive coating is applied to an insulating substrate which is subsequently divided up into single chip components includes the step of providing end terminations for the individual chip resistors before the sheet is divided up. This is achieved by forming a hole 13 in the substrate 11 at the position of each end termination and then coating the holes with an electrically conductive material 14 which electrically connects with the adjacent region of the resistive coating 12. In order to improve the solderability and the reliability of the end terminations the holes 13 may be filled with solder 15. The electrical value of the resistive element coating may then be adjusted to a precise value by trimming away some of the resistive element material with a laser. Finally, the substrate is divided up into the single chip resistor components.

Abstract: A friction pump (molecular pump, turbomolecular pump) has pumping surfaces which include surface areas which face upstream as well as surface areas which face downstream with respect to the pumping direction. In at least a portion of the pumping surfaces, surface areas of different roughness are present, such that the roughness of the surface areas facing downstream with respect to the pumping direction is greater than the roughness of the surface areas facing upstream with respect to the pumping direction.