Abstract: A high-power laser, especially one with a gaseous excitation medium, having an unstable optical resonator is disclosed. Fully reflecting mirrors, whose planes of curvature are parallel to one another, form the ends of the unstable optical resonator. A third mirror is concavely curved in a plane perpendicular with respect to the other two mirrors. The mirrors have a rectangular cross section and are preferably metallic. The mirrors constituting the ends of the unstable optical resonator form a confocal resonator.

Abstract: A sensor for use in testing the effect on materials of irradiation and weathering uses solar cells (10) to provide power and uses a transmitter (3) to continuously read out its measurements without interrupting the testing process. The sensor features a number of receptor cells (2) for various spectral ranges and a temperature sensor (17), whose measurements are multiplexed and transmitted under the control of a control logic 18. The receptor cells (2), the photo cells (10) and the electronics (16) are all contained in a preferably cylindrical quartz glass tube (4). The self-contained nature of the sensor and the continuous, immediate read-out of measurements eliminate external wiring requirements and speed up the testing process.

Abstract: A readily mountable metal seal member is made from a profiled metal bar having a cross section approximately in the shape of a keyhole, the thicker portion of which forms the sealing bead of the seal member and the thinner portion serves to mount it in the joint to be sealed. Sections of the thinner portion may be removed over regions to be curved.

Abstract: A method for the processing of values measured in a gas friction vacuum meter, in which the pressure is determined by the drag on a magnetically suspended free ball, by forming a first time value t.sub.n-1 by measuring the time required for N/2 periods of revolution of the ball, and a second time value t.sub.n by the immediately following measurement of the time required for another N/2 periods of revolution of the ball, determining a pressure value by comparing the two times values, repeating this pressure value determination of two time values after each period of rotation for the same number N of periods of revolution of the ball to a total of z determinations, and displaying the average of the pressure value determined Z times. To be able to determine the pressure with optimum measurement times and uncertainties of measurement, the ratio of N to Z is selected at approximately 4:1.

Abstract: A two-shaft vacuum pump which draws gas in at an inlet and compresses it at a first outlet for discharge, thereby producing a vacuum at the inlet, has a second, pressure-responsive outlet from the area where the gas is compressed for discharge from the first outlet. The second outlet thereby relieves excess, compression gas pressure which could overload the pump motor, for example, at the start of operation when high-density gas is drawn in for compression.

Abstract: The invention relates to a system for the deflection of a beam of charged particles, which deflects a particle beam entering at any point into the deflection system such that it impinges upon the entrance orifice of a detector disposed at the exit from the deflection system. The deflection system comprises eight rotationally symmetrically disposed deflection plates and preferably includes two sections in order to achive a large range of uniform field strength in the deflection and a perpendicular impingement of the beam on the detector orifice.

Abstract: Method and apparatus for melting rod-shaped material 12. This is continuously displaced in the direction of the rod axis towards an induction coil (5), disposed at the lower end (12a) of the rod, which has an opening coaxial with the rod and which is supplied with an alternating current. An induction coil (5) is used of which the axial dimension is several times smaller than the radial dimension. Preferably, a so-called flat-coil is used. The induction coil has an opening (5c) which is smaller than the rod diameter. On melting the lower end (12a) of the rod is held with its end face at a substantially constant spacing above the induction coil (5). The method and apparatus are suitable for the production of metal powder and for the direct production of shaped parts.

Abstract: A vacuum pump includes an evacuation chamber, a gear chamber, a partition separating the evacuation chamber from the gear chamber, a rotary pump shaft extending through the partition and having one end connected to a vane arranged for rotation in the evacuation chamber and having another, opposite end extending into the gear chamber, a shaft bearing surrounding the pump shaft and received in the partition, a labyrinth seal surrounding the pump shaft and received in the partition for sealing the evacuation chamber from the gear chamber, an oil sump defined in the gear chamber for accommodating oil therein, an evacuation device for generating a vacuum in the gear chamber and an oil loss preventing arrangement for avoiding an oil deficiency in the gear chamber due to the vacuum generated therein.

Abstract: Apparatus for coating substrates by means of a reaction for depositing atoms or molecules which is initiated by a plasma. A reaction chamber (1) is equipped with at least one window (22, 23), penetrable by microwaves, with at least one wave-guide structure (16, 17), arranged outside the chamber (1) and in front of the window (22, 23), and with a distributing means (25) discharging into the chamber.According to the invention and for the purpose of achieving the object of facilitating inspection and repairs, the window (22, 23) penetrable by microwaves, the one or more wave-guide structures (16, 17) and the distributing means (25) are all secured in or on a support frame (10), which can be removed, or swung away, from the reaction chamber (1) as a single unit.

Abstract: Apparatus for the manufacture of metal powder by atomization with noble gas or nitrogen, having an atomization tower, a gas recycling system, and a gas cleaning system is disclosed. The gas cleaning system is connected parallel to the atomization tower in order to shorten the start-up time without increasing the cost and complexity of the gas cleaning system.

Abstract: A method and system for a vacuum-evaporative film-deposition process displays bar charts of the local evaporation power of each vapor source in the process and the film thickness deposited thereby in spatial coordination on a single display screen.

Abstract: The temperature stabilization body is made of pulverized aluminum nitride with a first additive of pulverized aluminum present between 0.05% to 2%, and a grain size of under 1 micrometer, and a second additive of from 0.1% to 10% of an oxide, preferably yttrium oxide, present at about 1%--all precentages by weight, in which the mixture is ground in a ceramic ball mill to a grain size of not over 0.1 mm, subjected to cold isostatic pressure in the order of 2500 bar to form a green, pressed body, and then sintered at a sintering temperature of between 1750.degree. C. to 2000.degree. C. The heat conductivity of the densely sintered aluminum nitride body will then be at least 140 W/m .degree.K., and a heat conductivity of twice as much can be obtained, the body being non-toxic and not subject to creep under temperatures up to at least 1700.degree. C.

Abstract: An electrode for laser stimulation lamps comprising an electrode element (2) of tungsten, a hollow cylindrical carrier body (3) of nickel or nickel alloy, and a mounting pin (6) of nickel, tungsten alloy, or nickel alloy. The parts are securely attached together. This construction reduces the variety of sizes and types of electrodes produced, facilitates subsequent manufacturing steps and improves mechanical stability by reducing overall weight. The electrode element (2) and the mounting pin (6) are seated at respectively opposite ends of the hollow cylindrical carrier, extending, at least in part, into the space defined by the hollow carrier and attached thereto.

Abstract: To prevent defoliation or splitting-off of an aluminum or aluminum alloy which is roll-plated on a copper or copper alloy base, an intermediate nickel layer having less than 0.05% contaminants is applied beneath the aluminum layer. If the base is a copper alloy, an intermediate copper layer which is of an oxygen-free copper or copper alloy is placed between the base and the nickel layer. Typical dimensions are: base copper layer (1, 13): 0.25 mm; oxygen-free copper layer (7, 15): 0.005 to 0.01 mm; nickel layer with less than 0.05% contaminants or impurities: about 0.01 mm; AlSi 0.5 aluminum alloy: 0.005 to 0.006 mm.

Abstract: An electron beam gun comprising a beam generator (4), an acceleration chamber (7) and a beam-guide chamber (10). The beam-guide chamber is formed by a jacket tube (19) and a beam-guide tube (18), which extends to the work chamber (1) and is surrounded by a focusing lens (15) and a deflecting device (17). For the purpose of readily adapting the equipment to suit various objective distances and for making cleaning and inspection easier, the jacket tube (19) takes the form of a hollow cylinder and is secured between two connecting flanges (20, 21) in a manner whereby it can be replaced. The upper connecting flange (20) carries a centering flange (28), on which the beam-guide tube is suspended, a shut-off valve (11) being optionally provided between the centering flange and the beam-guide tube. The lower connecting flange (21) surrounds a vacuum-connecting flange (34) in which is fitted the lower end of the beam-guide tube (18).

Abstract: To permit, selectively, illumination of an operating-room field for depth illumination in a path of radiation which may differ from field illumination, a ring-shaped full reflector (3) is located in a reflective position with respect to a light source (1, 2), and, in advance of the main, fully reflective mirror, a mirror system is located which has apertures which can be selectively covered or uncovered with a further mirror element (6, 13, 19) so that the amount of light passing through the apertures of the second mirror system through the first mirror system can be varied, and the path of light controlled in accordance with the relative position of the mirror systems, while the intensity of light reflected by the respective mirror systems is controlled by the positioning of the movable element of the second mirror system with respect to the fixed one.

Abstract: A light and weather resistance testing apparatus (9) is provided with a sensor (1) located in the plane of the testing samples (14). The sensor (1) uses a transmitter (4) for wireless transmission of signals representing radiation received to an antenna (3) disposed on the wall (8) of the apparatus housing. The sensor (1) has multiple receptor cells (6) for various spectral ranges. The sensor (1) is powered by solar cells (7) located on the sensor housing. A plotter and display unit (13) can be connected to the apparatus for read-out of irradiance and irradiation. The wireless transmission of data from sensors to the display unit permits continuous measurement during rotation of samples and sensor.

Abstract: A cryopump has a two-stage refrigerator in a housing with a pumping surface area in thermal communication with each stage of the refrigerator for gas-pumping by adsorption or absorption when the refrigerator is operated. A roughing vacuum pump provides a pressure of from about 1 to about 10.sup.-3 mbar to the housing and at least the pumping surface area of the second refrigerator stage is heated sufficiently to prevent gas adsorption or absorption thereon before the cryopump is operatively connected to a space to be evacuated therewith as a starting method for improving the cryopumping of, particularly, helium and a regenerating method after use of the cryopump.

Abstract: Evaporator crucible for vacuum depositing systems, having a crucible bottom with at least one bottom opening for the introduction of material in rod form for evaporation. At a distance from the bottom opening there is provided at least one metal crucible rim which preferably is provided with a coolant passage. To solve the problem of reducing the heat losses, the crucible rim is provided internally on at least a part of its depth with a lagging comprising ceramic material. This lagging preferably comprises individual ceramic building blocks which are preferably compressed from magnesium oxide.

Abstract: A vacuum pump and trap combination in which the trap is configured in the manner of a siphon and comprises a tube immersed in trap liquid but having an opening lying above the trap liquid level. The tube has a wall section lying below the trap liquid level and having perforations therein to admit different amounts of trap liquid in relation to the rate of discharge gas flow, thereby preventing frothing of the trap liquid.