Pulse-width extending optical systems, projection-exposure apparatus comprising same, and manufacturing methods using same

Abstract

This invention pertains to systems for extending the pulse length of pulsed sources of optical radiation. These systems reduce peak optical pulse power without reducing average optical power. The pulse-width extending systems split optical pulses into pulse portions, introduce relative delays among the pulse portions, and then redirect the pulse portions (or portions thereof) along a common axis. Such pulse-width extending systems are especially useful in projection-exposure apparatus for the manufacture of semiconductor devices where short wavelength, high power optical sources tend to damage optical components.

Description

[0001] This is a continuation of application Ser. No. 08/802,951, filed Feb. 21, 1997, which is incorporated herein by reference.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

[0002] This invention pertains to pulse-width extending optical systems and a projection-exposure apparatus using such optical systems. More specifically, the invention pertains to optical systems that extend the duration of light pulses emitted by a pulsed laser, and to projection-exposure apparatus using such optical systems. The invention also pertains to methods for manufacturing semiconductor devices using such projection-exposure apparatus.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

[0003] FIG. 16 is a block diagram of a conventional microlithography projection-exposure apparatus comprising a pulsed laser. This projection-exposure apparatus comprises a laser 1 that emits light pulses. A beam-shaping optical system 2 shapes the cross section of the beam. The beam then enters a fly-eye lens 3. The fly-eye lens 3 divides the incident laser beam into multiple secondary light sources, one such secondary light source being formed at the rear focal point of the fly-eye lens 3. An aperture 4 limits the beam, and a condenser lens 5 uniformly illuminates a mask 6 with the beam. Typically the mask 6 contains a high-resolution pattern with extremely small features, e.g., patterns for semiconductor integrated circuits. A projection optical system 7 projects the pattern of the mask 6 on a wafer 8. The projected pattern may be either demagnified (reduced) or magnified (enlarged).

[0004] The resolution of the pattern of the mask 6 as projected on the wafer 8 depends on the wavelength of the light from the laser 1. The laser 1 emits light having as short a wavelength as possible in order to form high-resolution patterns on the wafer 8.

[0005] Many lasers emitting short wavelengths of light emit pulses of light. The peak optical powers and intensities of pulsed lasers are very much larger than their average optical powers. (Optical power is defined as optical energy per unit time; optical intensity is optical power per unit area.) For example, for an ArF excimer laser which emits light at a wavelength of 193 nm and which has a beam cross section of 20 mm by 5 mm, typical peak pulse intensities during pulses are on the order of 10 MW/cm2.

[0006] Short-wavelength radiation tends to cause changes in optical materials. These changes include increased absorption by the materials and radiation-induced changes in refractive index. These changes are frequently irreversible. In addition, such changes are more readily produced by high power and high-intensity radiation in comparison with radiation of similar average power but lesser peak values. For this reason, systems using short-wavelength lasers often suffer from radiation-induced changes to their optical elements.

[0007] Conventional projection-exposure apparatus using short-wavelength lasers also exhibit astigmatism caused by variations in the refractive indices of the lens material of the projection optical system. Such astigmatism significantly degrades the resolution of the projection optical systems.

[0008] For example, the ArF excimer laser (emission wavelength of 193 nm) is a suitable short-wavelength laser. Only a few refractive optical materials are appropriate for use in optical systems with this short wavelength. The most commonly used materials are synthetic fused quartz and fluorite. Both of these materials show a gradual decline in transmissivity when irradiated by light of intensities greater than certain threshold intensities. In order to prevent a decline in transmissivity, the optical systems of projection-exposure apparatus frequently enlarge the diameter of the light beam so as to reduce the intensity of optical pulses on the lenses.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

[0009] This invention provides pulse-width extending optical systems, projection-exposure apparatus comprising such systems, and manufacturing methods using such projection-exposure apparatus. The pulse-width extending systems lower laser peak powers in the optical system without reducing average laser power. For convenience, optical pulse width is defined as the time during which an optical pulse has an intensity greater than one-half of the maximum value of the intensity. It is also convenient to define an optical pulse length as the distance traveled by an optical pulse in a time equal to its pulse width.

[0010] In a preferred embodiment of a pulse-width extending optical system according to the invention, a beamsplitter splits an incident laser pulse into two or more pulses. The pulses propagate along optical paths such that they are delayed with respect to each other. A beamsplitter then receives the delayed pulses and directs them along a common output optical path. In the example embodiments, one or more beamsplitters split and combine the pulses.

[0011] Because the split pulses are delayed, the peak power at the output is reduced because optical pulse energy from the original pulse arrives over a time period that is longer than the original pulse duration. The delay among the pulses is set by causing the split pulses to travel different optical paths. To effectively reduce the laser power, the optical path differences are preferably greater than the pulse length.

[0012] Pulse-width extending optical systems according to the invention also preferably comprise relay systems operable to ensure that the delayed pulses maintain appropriate beam cross-sections and do not become large because of the natural divergence of light beams. The relay systems provide an additional benefit. If a relay system inverts a beam image, then beam uniformity is improved because the relay system overlaps a beam and an inverted image.

[0013] According to another aspect of the present invention, projection-exposure apparatus are provided comprising pulse-width extending optical systems as summarized above. In such a projection-exposure apparatus, the pulse-width extended radiation is directed to a multi-source image mechanism to form multiple images of the pulse-width extended radiation. A condenser then illuminates the mask substantially uniformly using the multi-source images. This projection-exposure apparatus can be advantageously used for manufacturing semiconductor devices.

[0014] The foregoing and other objects, features, and advantages of the invention will become more apparent from the following detailed description of the example embodiments which proceeds with reference to the accompanying drawings.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DIAGRAMS

[0015] FIG. 1 is an optical block diagram of a pulse-width extending optical system according to a first example embodiment of the invention.

[0016] FIG. 2 is a plot of laser power as a function of time for the laser of the pulse-width extending optical system of FIG. 1.

[0017] FIG. 3 is a plot of laser power as a function of time for multiple split laser pulses without temporal overlap.

[0018] FIG. 4 is a plot of power as a function of time for multiple split laser pulses in which the optical path delay is one-half the laser pulse-width.

[0019] FIG. 5 is an optical block diagram of a pulse-width extending optical system according to a second example embodiment of the invention.

[0020] FIG. 6 is an optical block diagram of a pulse-width extending optical system according to a third example embodiment of the invention.

[0021] FIG. 7 is an optical block diagram of a pulse-width extending optical system according to a fourth example embodiment of the invention.

[0022] FIG. 8 is an optical block diagram of a pulse-width extending optical system according to a fifth example embodiment of the invention.

[0023] FIG. 9 is an optical block diagram of a pulse-width extending optical system according to a sixth example embodiment of the invention.

[0024] FIG. 10 is a plot of the optical beam cross-section for the delayed optical pulses of the optical system of the second example embodiment.

[0025] FIG. 11 is a plot of the optical beam cross-section for an asymmetric optical pulse from an excimer laser according to the sixth example embodiment.

[0026] FIG. 12 is a plot of the beam cross-section of alternating delayed optical pulses showing that even-numbered pulses are inverted with respect to odd-number pulses in a delaying optical system with a relay optical system such as that of the sixth example embodiment.

[0027] FIG. 13 is an optical block diagram of a pulse-width extending optical system according to a seventh example embodiment of the invention.

[0028] FIG. 14 is an optical block diagram of a pulse-width extending optical system according to an eighth example embodiment of the invention.

[0029] FIG. 15 is an optical block diagram of a projection-exposure apparatus comprising a pulse-width extending optical system according to a ninth example embodiment of the invention.

[0030] FIG. 16 is an optical block diagram of a prior-art projection-exposure apparatus employing a pulsed laser.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS

[0031] The duration of a light pulse can be increased by splitting it into multiple sub-pulses, causing the sub-pulses to propagate differing distances thereby acquiring differing delays, and then directing the sub-pulses back along a common axis. By increasing the duration of the pulse, the peak pulse power decreases. If pulse splitting and recombining introduces insignificant optical loss, then the recombined pulses have approximately the same total energy as the initial light pulse. Thus, the average optical power is unchanged, but the peak power decreases. By decreasing the peak optical power, optical-material degradation caused by high powers is reduced. This is especially important for projection-exposure apparatus utilizing pulsed lasers where optical-material degradation degrades the performance of the projection optical system in such an apparatus.

[0032] FIG. 1 is an optical block diagram of a pulse-width extending optical system according to a first example embodiment. FIG. 2 shows a representative plot of the intensity, as a function of time, of the laser pulses as emitted by the laser 1 of the FIG.-1 embodiment.

[0033] The pulse-width extending optical system of FIG. 1 comprises a laser 1 that emits pulses of nearly linearly polarized light. The polarization orientation of the pulses emitted by the laser 1 is either perpendicular or parallel to the plane of the page of FIG. 1.

[0034] A light pulse emitted by the laser 1 strikes a dielectric beamsplitter 10, which has a partially transmitting, dielectric multi-layer coating. The dielectric beamsplitter 10 divides the laser pulse into a first output pulse that is reflected by the dielectric beamsplitter 10, and a first circulating pulse that is transmitted through the dielectric beamsplitter 10. The first output pulse from the dielectric beamsplitter 10 then strikes a mirror 14 that directs the pulse to an output. The first circulating pulse is transmitted by the dielectric beamsplitter 10 and is then reflected sequentially by mirrors 11, 12, 13 before returning to the dielectric beamsplitter 10. The mirrors 11, 12, 13 and the dielectric beamsplitter 10 form a circulating optical path (“circulator”) for the circulating pulse.

[0035] The dielectric beamsplitter 10 then divides the returning pulse into a second output pulse and a second circulating pulse. The second output pulse is the portion of the first circulating pulse that is transmitted through the dielectric beamsplitter 10. The mirror 14 reflects the second output pulse to an output. The first circulating pulse is partially reflected by the dielectric beamsplitter 10, forming the second circulating pulse. The second circulating pulse follows the same optical path as the first circulating pulse. The mirrors 11, 12, 13 sequentially reflect the second circulating pulse and return it to the dielectric beamsplitter 10.

[0036] The dielectric beamsplitter 10 once again divides the returning pulse into a third output pulse and a third circulating pulse. The third output pulse follows the optical path of the second output pulse and the first output pulse; the mirror 14 reflects this pulse to an output. The third circulating pulse similarly follows the optical path of the first and second circulating pulses. The mirrors 11, 12, 13 reflect the third circulating pulse and redirect it to the dielectric beamsplitter 10. The dielectric beamsplitter 10 once again divides the returning pulse in the same way as the prior circulating pulses were divided.

[0037] In this way, pulses circulate along the circulating optical path, from mirror 11 to mirror 12 to mirror 13 and back to the dielectric beamsplitter 10. The dielectric beamsplitter 10 transmits a portion of the circulating pulse so the successive circulating pulses decrease in power. The output pulses are all directed along substantially the same axis as the first output pulse. Therefore, downstream optical systems at the output will redirect all output pulses in same way. If the mirrors 11, 12, 13 and the dielectric beamsplitter 10 are perfect (i.e., exhibit no loss of light energy reflecting therefrom), then all of the light emitted by the laser 1 is eventually reflected to the output by the mirror 14.

[0038] The dielectric beamsplitter 10 thus splits a single incident laser pulse into multiple pulses that travel differing distances. The dielectric beamsplitter 10 also recombines the multiple pulses and directs them in a single direction. The circulating optical path of the circulator is formed by the disposition of the three mirrors 11, 12, 13 so as to provide a predetermined optical-path-length difference or form a pulse-delay optical path. The mirrors 11, 12, 13 have the function of an optical system that provides an optical-path-length difference or forms a pulse-delay optical system.

[0039] If the pulse width of the pulses from the laser 1 is &dgr;(sec), then the pulse travels a distance (“pulse length”) during a time equal to the pulse width of 3×108×&dgr;[m], wherein it is assumed that the pulse travels in a medium having a refractive index n=1. If the optical path length of the circulator (i.e., the dielectric beamsplitter 10 and the mirrors 11, 12, 13) is longer than the pulse length, then the pulses delivered to the mirror 14 through the dielectric beamsplitter 10 will have no temporal overlap. FIG. 3 shows the output-pulse power as a function of time for a circulator in which the output pulses have no temporal overlap.

[0040] For example, if the pulse width &dgr; is 10 nsec, the pulse length is 3 m. If the optical path length of the circulator is greater than 3 m, then the recombined pulses have no temporal overlap. FIG. 3 shows that the circulator extends the optical pulse width and the optical power (energy per unit of time) is significantly reduced.

[0041] Even if the optical path length of the circulator is less than or equal to the pulse length, if each pulse is sufficiently delayed or advanced with respect to other pulses, then the peak power of the recombined beam is still smaller than the peak power of the original laser pulse entering the circulator. The peak optical power can be effectively reduced by setting the optical path difference to half the pulse length. As shown in FIG. 2, the pulse width is defined as the time during which the pulse has a power greater than one-half of its peak power. The half-pulse length is the distance light travels during a time equal to one-half pulse width.

[0042] FIG. 4 shows optical power as a function of time for a series of pulses exiting the circulator when the optical path length is one-half of the pulse length. FIG. 4 shows that the peak power of each pulse occurs at times for which the peak powers of adjacent pulses have fallen to less than one-half of their peak values. This demonstrates that, even when the optical path is equal to one-half the pulse length, the optical power is significantly reduced.

[0043] The power in each pulse formed by the dielectric beamsplitter 10 depends on the reflectivity of the dielectric beamsplitter 10. The beamsplitter 10 has a dielectric multi-layer film that is partially transmitting; absorption and other losses in the beamsplitter are negligible. If R is the reflectivity of the dielectric beamsplitter 10, then transmissivity T is T=1−R. The optical power of each pulse is found using the following equations:

E1=E·R   (1)

E2=E·(1−R)·(1−R)   (2)

E3=E·(1−R)·R·(1−R)   (3)

En=E·(1−R)·Rn-2·(1−R)   (4)

[0044] wherein E is the power of the pulse emitted by the laser; E1 is the power of the first output pulse; E2 is the power of the second output pulse formed by transmission of the first circulating pulse through the beamsplitter; E3 is the power of the third output pulse formed by transmission of the second circulating pulse through the beamsplitter; En is the power of the nth output pulse formed by transmission of the (n-1)th circulating pulse.

[0045] As shown in FIGS. 3 and 4, the powers of the first and second output pulses are the largest. As is apparent from the foregoing equations (1)-(4), the relative magnitudes of the pulses depend on the reflectivity of the beamsplitter 10. In order to minimize the maximum optical power of the combined pulses, the reflectivity R of the dielectric beamsplitter 10 should be chosen so that E1 (the power of the first output pulse) and E2 (the power of the second output pulse) are nearly equal. Using the foregoing equations (1)-(4), the reflectivity R is determined by the following equation:

E·R=E·(1−R)·(1−R)

[0046] Therefore, the reflectivity R of the dielectric beamsplitter 10 should be about 38.2 percent. With this value of reflectivity R, the ratio of E (the power of the pulse emitted by the laser) to En (the power in the nth output pulse) is given by the following equations:

first output pulse E1/E=38.2%   (5)

second output pulse E2/E=38.2%   (6)

third output pulse E3/E=14.6%   (7)

fourth output pulse E4/E=05.6%   (8)

fifth output pulse E5/E=02.1%   (9)

[0047] It is difficult to keep the powers of the first and second pulses exactly equal because the reflectivity R will generally vary slightly from the ideal value due to manufacturing errors. If the pulse powers are chosen so that the first and second output pulses have powers less than 50 percent of the power of the original laser pulse, then the reflectivity R can have a broad range of values. Using the foregoing equations (1)-(4) and setting both E1 and E2 to be less than 50 percent of E, the reflectivity R must satisfy the following conditions:

E·R<0.5E   (10)

E·(1−R)·(1−R)<0.5E   (11)

[0048] These inequalities are readily solved to find the appropriate range of values for the reflectivity R of the dielectric beamsplitter 10:

29.3% <R<50%   (12)

[0049] Furthermore, in the first example embodiment, the laser pulses were assumed to be linearly polarized light, but they could be unpolarized, circularly polarized, or randomly polarized light. However, in these cases, the reflectivity of the dielectric beamsplitter 10 should be the same for all polarizations. For example, the reflectivity for both s-polarization and p-polarization should be equal. However, even if the s-polarization and p-polarization reflectivities are different, a similar reduction in power is obtained if the average of these reflectivities satisfies the inequality (12). The relative percentage of s-polarization and p-polarization in the first pulse of light will differ from the percentage of s-polarization and p-polarization in the second pulse of light, but the optical power will be reduced.

[0050] FIG. 5 shows a block diagram of a pulse-width extending optical system according to a second example embodiment of the invention. This embodiment is similar to the first example embodiment, but the action of the transmissivity and the reflectivity of the half mirror comprising the means for splitting light and the means for synthesizing light are reversed. The second example embodiment is explained below pointing out the differences with respect to the first example embodiment.

[0051] FIG. 5 shows certain features of the second example embodiment. A laser 1 emits a light pulse that strikes a dielectric beamsplitter 20 comprising a partially reflecting dielectric multi-layer film. The beamsplitter 20 splits the laser pulse into a first transmitted pulse and a first circulating pulse. The first transmitted pulse is output. The first circulating pulse is then sequentially reflected by mirrors 21, 22, 23, 24. The mirror 24 reflects the first circulating pulse to the dielectric beamsplitter 20.

[0052] The dielectric beamsplitter 20 then splits the first circulating pulse. The transmitted portion of the first circulating pulse becomes a second circulating pulse; the reflected portion is a second output pulse that is directed to the output. The second circulating pulse follows the same optical path as the first circulating pulse and is sequentially reflected by the mirrors 21, 22, 23, 24. The mirror 24 reflects the second circulating pulse to the dielectric beamsplitter 20.

[0053] The dielectric beamsplitter 20 then splits the second circulating pulse into a third output pulse and a third circulating pulse. The third output pulse is the portion of the second circulating pulse reflected by the dielectric beamsplitter 20; the third output pulse is directed to the output. The portion of the second circulating pulse transmitted by the beamsplitter 20 becomes the third circulating pulse. The third circulating pulse follows the same optical path as the first and second circulating pulses and returns to the dielectric beamsplitter 20.

[0054] The dielectric beamsplitter 20 again divides the circulating pulse into a fourth output pulse and a fourth circulating pulse. The fourth output pulse is reflected to the output; the fourth circulating pulse follow the same optical path as the other circulating pulses before returning to the beamsplitter 20.

[0055] As will be readily apparent, there are still more circulating pulses and output pulses than the four discussed above. The circulating optical path of the circulator is formed by the disposition of the four mirrors 21, 22, 23, 24 so as to provide a predetermined optical-path-length difference or form a pulse-delay optical path. The mirrors 21, 22, 23, 24 have the function of an optical system that provides an optical-path-length difference or forms a pulse-delay optical system. The magnitude of the output pulses decreases with every reflection by the dielectric beamsplitter 20 because reflection by the dielectric beamsplitter 20 directs a portion of each circulating pulse to the output. If the dielectric beamsplitter 20 exhibits no loss and the mirrors 21, 22, 23, 24 are perfect (i.e., 100-percent reflective), then the energy of the original laser pulse is delivered to the output without any loss.

[0056] In the second example embodiment, the action of the transmission and reflection of the dielectric beamsplitter 20 is opposite that of the first example embodiment. In the second example embodiment, the transmissivity T of the dielectric beamsplitter 20 needed to make the power of the first output pulse and the power of the second output pulse equal is equal to the reflectivity R of the dielectric beamsplitter 10 needed to make the powers of the first and second output pulses equal. Therefore, the transmissivity T of dielectric beamsplitter 20 is 38.2 percent.

[0057] Similarly, to make the power E1 of the first output pulse and the power E2 of the second pulse of light less than or equal to 50 percent of the power E of the original laser pulse, the transmissivity T of the dielectric beamsplitter 20 should satisfy the following condition:

29.3%<T<50%   (13)

[0058] As in the first example embodiment, if the pulses of light from the laser 1 of the second example embodiment are unpolarized, circularly polarized, or randomly polarized, then approximately the same effect is achieved if the transmissivity averaged over the s- and p-polarizations satisfies condition (13), above.

[0059] FIG. 6 shows a block diagram of a pulse-width extending optical system corresponding to a third example embodiment of the invention. In contrast to the first and second example embodiments in which a single beamsplitter both divides light pulses and directs multiple pulses to the output, the third example embodiment utilizes a first polarizing beamsplitter 30 for splitting light and a second polarizing beamsplitter 33 for directing light to an output. The third example embodiment is explained below while pointing out differences relative to the first and second example embodiments.

[0060] In the pulse-width extending optical system in FIG. 6, a light pulse emitted by the laser 1 is split into p-polarized and s-polarized components by the first polarizing beamsplitter 30. The first polarizing beamsplitter 30 completely transmits p-polarized light while completely reflecting s-polarized light. The p-polarized component of the pulse transmitted by the first polarizing beamsplitter 30 is also transmitted by the second polarizing beamsplitter 33 and is directed to the output. In contrast, the s-polarized component of the pulse is reflected by the first polarizing beamsplitter 30 and is then reflected sequentially by mirrors 31, 32 before reaching the second polarizing beamsplitter 33. The second polarizing beamsplitter 33 then reflects the s-polarized pulse portion to the output.

[0061] In this way, the first polarizing beamsplitter 30 serves to divide the input light pulse along two optical paths. The second polarizing beamsplitter 33 serves to recombine the beams and direct the recombined beam to the output.

[0062] The p-polarized and the s-polarized portions of the original laser pulse travel different optical paths. As stated above, if this optical path difference between the two portions is longer than the laser pulse length, then the two split pulses will have no temporal overlap at the output. Also, as noted above, even if the optical path difference is set to one-half the pulse length, the power at the output is significantly reduced.

[0063] Unlike the first and second example embodiments, the original laser pulse in the third example embodiment is split into two pulses and each of these pulses becomes one of only two output pulses. There is no series of output pulses obtained from a series of circulating pulses.

[0064] The third example embodiment splits input pulses that are either unpolarized, circularly polarized, or randomly polarized into two pulses having pulse powers that are approximately equal, each having 50 percent of the power of the input laser pulse.

[0065] If the original laser pulse is linearly or elliptically polarized, then the power in the p-polarized and s-polarized pulses will not generally be equal. It is desirable to arrange the polarization axis of the first polarizing beamsplitter 30 so that the powers of the pulses are nearly equal. If the original laser pulse is linearly polarized and its polarization orientation is either parallel or perpendicular to the plane of the page of FIG. 6, then it is desirable to orient the polarizing axis of the first polarizing beamsplitter 30 at an angle of 45 from the plane of the page and perpendicular to the emission direction of the laser 1.

[0066] In the third example embodiment, two non-polarizing beamsplitters can be used instead of the polarizing beamsplitters 30, 33, respectively. However, in such an alternative case, some optical power would likely be lost. Referring to FIG. 6, the pulse portion that would be transmitted by a non-polarizing beamsplitter at 30 generally would not be fully transmitted by a non-polarizing beamsplitter at 33; a portion of the pulse would be reflected downward (i.e., toward the bottom of the drawing) away from the output and thus would be lost. Similarly, the pulse portion reflected by a non-polarizing beamsplitter at 30 would not be fully reflected by the non-polarizing beamsplitter at 33; the transmitted portion would continue toward the bottom of the drawing and thus would be lost.

[0067] FIG. 7 is an optical block diagram of the pulse-width extending optical system according to the fourth example embodiment of this invention. The fourth example embodiment is similar to the first example embodiment, except that the fourth example embodiment has a halfwave retarder 41 in the optical path of the circulating optical system. The fourth example embodiment is explained below pointing out the differences relative to the first example embodiment.

[0068] The pulse-width extending optical system used in the FIG.-7 embodiment comprises a laser 1 that emits a nearly linearly polarized light pulse. For purposes of describing this embodiment, the direction of polarization of the laser pulses is parallel to the plane of the page of FIG. 7. Light polarized in this direction will be referred to as “p-polarized.” It will be readily apparent to those skilled in the art that other polarization directions can be accommodated.

[0069] A p-polarized pulse from the laser 1 enters a dielectric beamsplitter 40 that splits the pulse into a reflected pulse and a transmitted pulse. The reflected pulse is reflected by a mirror 14 to an output. The transmitted pulse is reflected sequentially by mirrors 11, 12 before entering the halfwave retarder 41.

[0070] The halfwave retarder 41 is made of an optically anisotropic material and can rotate the orientation of linearly polarized light. Linearly polarized light, polarized at an angle with respect to the axis of a halfwave retarder, exits the halfwave retarder linearly polarized at an angle—with respect to the axis of the halfwave retarder. This is equivalent to a rotation of the direction of polarization by 2. For example, if light enters a halfwave retarder polarized at +45 degrees with respect to the axis of the retarder, then the light exits polarized at −45 degrees, or equivalently, with its polarization rotated by 90 degrees. This and other properties of halfwave retarders are well-known.

[0071] The halfwave retarder 41 is oriented so that its axis is at an angle of 45 degrees with respect to the plane of the drawing and to the path of the pulse between mirror 40 and the mirror 13. The halfwave retarder 41 therefore rotates the direction of polarization of light passing through it by 90 degrees. Thus, every pulse entering the halfwave retarder 41 as p-polarized exits as s-polarized; s-polarized pulses entering the halfwave retarder 41 similarly exit as p-polarized. Therefore, the first circulating pulse is rotated from p-polarization to s-polarization by halfwave retarder 41 before the first circulating pulse returns to the dielectric beamsplitter 40.

[0072] The dielectric beamsplitter 40 then transmits a portion of the first circulating pulse. This portion is the second output pulse. The mirror 14 reflects the second output pulse toward the output. The dielectric beamsplitter 40 reflects a portion of the first circulating pulse, forming a second circulating pulse. The mirrors 11, 12, 13 reflect the second circulating pulse, returning it to the beamsplitter 40 after the second circulating pulse passes through the halfwave retarder 41 (which changes the polarization of the pulse from s-polarization back to p-polarization).

[0073] The dielectric beamsplitter 40 transmits a portion of the second circulating pulse, forming a third output pulse. The mirror 14 reflects the third output pulse to the output. The portion of the second circulating pulse reflected by the dielectric beamsplitter 40 becomes a third circulating pulse. The third circulating pulse is reflected by the mirrors 11, 12, 13 and transmitted by the halfwave retarder 41 which changes the third circulating pulse from p-polarization to s-polarization and then returns to the dielectric beamsplitter 40.

[0074] In this way the pulses that are reflected by the dielectric beamsplitter 40 travel the same optical path via the mirrors 11, 12, 13, and the halfwave retarder 41. The light pulses reflected by the dielectric beamsplitter 40 alternate polarization between p-polarization and s-polarization. After a pulse has traveled the optical path, a portion of the pulse is transmitted to the output by the dielectric beamsplitter 40. The magnitude of a circulating pulse declines with each reflection by the dielectric beamsplitter 40 because a portion of the pulse is transmitted to the output. Eventually, the energy in the original laser pulse is delivered to the output.

[0075] The power of the circulating and output pulses depends upon the reflectivity of the dielectric beamsplitter 40. The dielectric beamsplitter 40 generally has different reflectivities for s-polarized and p-polarized pulses. For purposes of explanation, the reflectivity of the dielectric beamsplitter 40 to p-polarized pulses is Rp and the reflectivity to s-polarized pulses is Rs. The powers E1, E2, and E3 of the first three output pulses is given by equations (14)-(16):

E1=E·Rp   (14)

E2=E·(1−Rp)·(1−Rp)   (15)

E3=E·(1−Rp)·Rs·(1−Rp)   (16)

[0076] In the fourth example embodiment, the halfwave retarder 41 is placed in the optical path of the circulating optical system. The halfwave retarder 41 alternately changes the polarization of the pulses so that the power E1 of the first output pulse, the power E2 of the second output pulse, and the power E3 of the third output pulse can be made early equal. If equations (14)-(16) are solved such that E1=E2=E3, then the reflectivities Rs and Rp required may be determined. The solution is Rp=29.3% and Rs=58.6%.

[0077] With these reflectivities, the powers E1, E2, and E3 of the first three output pulses are approximately 29.3 percent of the power E of the original laser pulse. In this way, the fourth example embodiment achieves lower peak power in the output pulses than the first example embodiment in which the powers E1 and E2 of the first two output pulses are approximately 38.2 percent of the power E of the original laser pulse.

[0078] It is also possible to provide for errors in the reflectivities of the dielectric beamsplitter 40. For example, the reflectivities can be selected such that the powers E1, E2, and E3 of the first three output pulses are 40 percent or less than the power E of the original laser pulse. Using the foregoing equations (14)-(16) to determine the magnitudes of E1, E2, and E3, the reflectivities Rs and Rp must satisfy the following inequalities:

E·Rp<0.4E   (17)

E·(1−Rp)·(1−Rs)<0.4E   (18)

E·(1−Rp)·Rs·(1−Rp)<0.4E   (19)

[0079] It will be readily apparent that, if the original laser pulse is s-polarized instead of p-polarized, interchanging Rs and Rp in expressions (14)-(19) gives the correct expression.

[0080] FIG. 8 is an optical block diagram of a pulse-width extending optical system according to a fifth example embodiment of the invention.

[0081] The pulse-width extending optical system of the fifth example embodiment is similar to that of the second example embodiment of FIG. 5, differing primarily in the placement of a halfwave retarder 51 in the optical path of the circulating optical system. In the fifth example embodiment, as in the fourth example embodiment, the powers E1, E2, and E3 of the first three output pulses can be made nearly equal. The fifth example embodiment is explained below pointing out the differences relative to the second and fourth example embodiments.

[0082] A laser 1 emits a p-polarized laser pulse. As defined above, p-polarization is the polarization direction in the plane of the page of FIG. 8 and perpendicular to the direction of propagation of the laser pulse. The equations describing the magnitudes of the output pulses are readily found by substituting Ts and Tp for Rs and Rp, respectively, in the equations pertaining to the fourth example embodiment. Ts and Tp are the transmissivities of a dielectric beamsplitter 50 for the s- and p-polarized pulses, respectively. This is apparent by noting that the first output pulse of the fifth example embodiment is transmitted by the dielectric beamsplitter 50 and subsequent output pulses are formed by reflection of circulating pulses. In contrast, in the fourth example embodiment, the first output pulse is reflected by a beamsplitter and subsequent output pulses are the transmitted portions of circulating pulses. Therefore, the powers E1, E2, and E3 of the first three output pulses are equal if the dielectric beamsplitter 50 has transmissivities Tp=29.3 percent and Ts=58.6 percent.

[0083] It will be readily apparent that, if the original laser pulses are s-polarized, the transmissivities Tp and Ts of the dielectric beamsplitter 50 should be interchanged.

[0084] FIG. 9 is an optical block diagram of a pulse-width extending optical system according to the sixth example embodiment of the invention. The pulse-width extending optical system of the sixth example embodiment is similar to that of the second example embodiment as shown in FIG. 5, differing primarily from the second example embodiment in the placement of a relay system 61, 62 (preferably a Keplerian relay system) in the optical path of the circulating optical system. The sixth example embodiment is explained below pointing out the differences relative to the second example embodiment.

[0085] As shown in FIG. 9 the relay system 61, 62 is placed in the optical path of a circulating optical system formed by mirrors 21, 22, 23, 24. The relay system 61, 62 controls the tendency of the beam cross-section of the laser pulses to increase. As is well-known, beams of light naturally diverge. The relay system 61, 62 is arranged so that the beamsplitting surface of a dielectric beamsplitter 20 and the beam-combining surface of the dielectric beamsplitter 20 are conjugate, i.e., the beamsplitting surface and the beam combining surfaces are imaged onto each other. In general, surfaces imaged onto each other are conjugate surfaces.

[0086] When the laser 1 has a large beam divergence such as is common with excimer lasers, the circulating pulses tend to diverge and spread out as they propagate around the circulating optical system.

[0087] FIG. 10 illustrates the divergence of the circulating pulses. FIG. 10 shows the intensity of the pulses as function of a coordinate perpendicular to the propagation direction. As shown in FIG. 10, the first pulse is narrowest; the second pulse is wider than the first pulse and narrower than the third pulse. It is apparent that the cross-section of pulses gradually enlarges as the pulses propagate.

[0088] The relay system 61, 62 confines the pulses and prevents them from spreading out, regardless of the number of times they have propagated through the circulating optical system. Furthermore, the magnification of the relay system 61, 62 is set so that the first pulse of light and the second pulse of light are rotated just 180 degrees relative to each other before the beamsplitter 20 directs them to the output.

[0089] As shown in FIG. 11, even if an excimer laser emits a pulse having a non-uniform cross-section, the odd-numbered pulses and the even-numbered pulses are rotated 180 degrees relative to each other and directed to the output as shown in FIG. 12. In this way, not only is beam-spreading controlled but the optical power delivered to the output is delivered with a more uniform distribution.

[0090] In the sixth example embodiment of FIG. 9, the optical path joining the laser 1 and the dielectric beamsplitter 20 crosses the optical path joining the mirrors 22 and 23. If it is undesirable to have these paths cross, crossing may be avoided by arranging the optical path formed by the mirrors 21, 22, 23, 24 and the relay system 61, 62 in a plane other than the plane of the page of FIG. 9. Furthermore, it is generally desirable that the relay system 61, 62 have a magnification of either 1 or −1. The focal point is at the mid-point of the relay system, so optical elements (such as the mirrors 21, 22, 23, 24) are preferably sufficiently distant from the focal point so that they are not damaged by the high light intensity at the focal point.

[0091] FIG. 13 is an optical block diagram of a pulse-width extending optical system according to a seventh example embodiment of the invention.

[0092] The pulse-width extending optical system used in the seventh example embodiment is similar to that of the first example embodiment of FIG. 1, differing primarily from the first example only in the placement of a relay system 71, 72 (preferably Keplerian) in the optical path of the circulating optical system. In the seventh example embodiment, as in the sixth example embodiment, the beamsplitting surface of the beamsplitter 10 and the beam combining surface are nearly conjugate by means of the relay system 71, 72 which preferably has a magnification of −1. In this example embodiment, both beam divergence and beam uniformity are improved.

[0093] FIG. 14 is an optical block diagram of a pulse-width extending optical system according to an eighth example embodiment of the invention.

[0094] The pulse-width extending optical system of the eighth example embodiment is similar to that of the third example embodiment, differing from the third example embodiment primarily in the placement of a relay system 81, 82 (preferably Keplerian) in the longer of the two optical paths. In the eighth example embodiment, as in the sixth and seventh example embodiments, the beamsplitting surface of the first beamsplitter 30 and the directing (combining) surface of the directing component are nearly conjugate by means of the relay system 81, 82 which has a magnification of −1.

[0095] FIG. 15 is an optical block diagram of a projection-exposure apparatus according to a ninth example embodiment of the invention, the apparatus comprising a pulse-width extending optical system as described above.

[0096] The projection-exposure apparatus of the ninth example embodiment comprises an excimer laser 60 that emits laser pulses. The laser pulses emitted by the excimer laser 60 enter a dielectric beamsplitter 20 through a relay system 91, 92 (preferably Keplerian). The relay system 91, 92 is configured so that the output aperture of the excimer laser 60 and the beamsplitting surface of the dielectric beamsplitter 20 are nearly conjugate.

[0097] The magnification of the relay system 91, 92 depends on the size of the dielectric beamsplitter 20 and the beam cross-section of the laser emission. Even if the laser 60 emits pulses at an angle to the optical axis of the relay system 91, 92 and not along the axis, the relay system 91, 92 still guides the pulses from the laser 60 to the dielectric beamsplitter 20.

[0098] As in the pulse-width extending optical system in the sixth example embodiment shown in FIG. 9, the pulses entering the dielectric beamsplitter 20 shown in FIG. 15 are split into pulses transmitted by the dielectric beamsplitter 20 (output pulses) and pulses reflected by the dielectric beamsplitter 20 (circulating pulses). The mirrors 21, 22, 23, 24 define a circulating optical path; the circulating optical path comprises a second relay system 93, 94. The circulating pulses return to the dielectric beamsplitter 20 after propagating around the circulating path. The circulating pulses return to the dielectric beamsplitter 20, and portions are reflected by the beamsplitter 20. The output portions are generally directed along the same optical path. The relay system 93, 94 preferably has a magnification of −1 and is configured so that the beamsplitting surface of the dielectric beamsplitter 20 (which acts as a both a splitting mechanism and an output mechanism) is conjugate to itself with respect to the circulating path, i.e., the relay system 93, 94 images the beamsplitter onto itself with a magnification of −1.

[0099] The relay system 91, 92, the dielectric beamsplitter 20, the mirrors 21, 22, 23, 24, and the relay system 93, 94 form a pulse-width extending optical system for the laser 60. The pulse-width extending optical system of the projection-exposure apparatus of FIG. 15 also prevents beam spatial divergence with the relay system 93, 94. As discussed previously, this relay system improves the spatial uniformity of the beam as well.

[0100] If the optical path length of the circulating optical system is larger than one-half the pulse length, then the pulse-width is extended and the peak power is reduced. As a result, the performance degradation of optical elements and systems following the pulse-width extending system is reduced and component life is extended.

[0101] The output pulses of this pulse-width extending system are directed along a common optical path through the dielectric beamsplitter 20 and to a third keplerian relay system 95 and 96. A mirror 97 then reflects the pulses into, for example, a beam-correcting optical system 2 comprising both cylindrical and spherical lenses. This beam-correcting optical system 2 changes the beam cross-section; typically, elliptical cross-sections are reshaped to be more nearly circular. The corrected beam enters a fly-eye lens 3. The fly-eye lens 3, as known in the art, has multiple lens elements arranged in parallel along the optical axis of the optical system. Pulses incident to the fly-eye lens 3 are formed into several secondary images (secondary light sources) at the rear focal point of the fly-eye lens 3. (The secondary images of the incident radiation received by the fly-eye lens 3 produce more uniform irradiation.)

[0102] The beam-correcting optical system 2 is arranged so that the surface of the fly-eye lens 3 into which the radiation enters and the dielectric beamsplitter 20 are nearly conjugate. Even where there are slight angular differences between the optical axis of the illumination optical system and the exit direction of the output pulses from the dielectric beamsplitter 20, the light pulses from the beamsplitter 20 are accurately guided to the entrance surface of the fly-eye lens 3.

[0103] If a cylindrical lens is included in the beam-correcting optical system 2, as indicated in the detailed summary and drawings of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 08/603,001 (filed on Feb. 16, 1996; incorporated herein by reference), it is desirable to have the dielectric beamsplitter 20 and the entrance surface of the fly-eye lens 3 configured so that they are nearly conjugate in both horizontal and vertical directions.

[0104] Light from the multiple secondary light sources formed by the fly-eye lens 3 is limited by aperture 4 and is focused by a condenser lens 5. The condenser lens 5 directs the light to a mirror 98 that reflects the beam to a mask 6 that is thereby nearly uniformly irradiated. The mask 6 contains patterns such as those of a semiconductor integrated circuit. A projection optical system 7 projects the pattern of the mask 6 (as reduced or enlarged) onto a wafer 8 that has been coated with a resist sensitive to the radiation from the laser. Radiation from the laser exposes the resist coating on the wafer 8. After being exposed in the projection-exposure apparatus shown in FIG. 15, the wafer 8 undergoes further processing, including development and etching, in which all but the resist pattern are removed. Following the etching process, other processes such as a resist-removal process are performed to conclude the process. After the wafer 8 is fully processed, it is diced (cut into chips), bonded (wires are attached), and then packaged. The chip is then ready to use.

[0105] The foregoing example refers to the manufacture of large scale integration (LSI) semiconductor devices, but projection-exposure apparatus according to the present invention can be used in other manufacturing processes. For example, the projection-exposure apparatus can be used in the manufacture of liquid-crystal-display elements, thin-film magnetic heads, imaging elements (such as CCDs), and other semiconductor devices.

[0106] The laser 60, the pulse-width extending optical system, the relay system 95, 96, the beam-correcting optical system 2, the fly-eye lens 3, the aperture 4, the condenser lens 5, and the turning mirror 98 form an illumination system that illuminates the mask 6 spatially uniformly and with reduced peak optical power. By splitting the laser pulses into multiple pulses, the total laser power delivered to the wafer 8 is (neglecting losses) the same as the total power delivered without splitting the pulses. Splitting the laser pulses and extending the laser pulse-width reduces the peak optical power, reducing degradation of optical elements.

[0107] In the ninth example embodiment shown in FIG. 15, the beam-correcting optical system 2 is situated upstream of the fly-eye lens 3. However, the beam-correcting optical system 2 may be in other locations. As stated above, as long as the laser 60, the dielectric beamsplitter 20, and the fly-eye lens 3 are conjugate, it is possible, for example, to place the beam-correcting optical system 2 directly behind the laser 60 or in the optical path between the dielectric beamsplitter 20 and the lens 95 of the relay system 95, 96.

[0108] Whereas the invention has been described in connection with multiple example embodiments, it will be understood that the invention is not limited to those embodiments. On the contrary, the invention is intended to encompass all alternatives, modifications, and equivalents as may be included within the spirit and scope of the invention as defined by the appended claims.

Claims

1. A light source apparatus comprising:

a light source unit supplying a light pulse having a wavelength not more than 193 nm; and

a pulse-width extending optical system arranged in an optical path of the light pulse supplied from the light source unit, which extends a duration of the light pulse supplied from the light source unit while decreasing a peak power of the light pulse, the pulse-width extending optical system including an optical surface having a multi-layer coating to divide the light pulse into at least two light pulses.

2. A light source apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the pulse-width extending optical system comprises a beam dividing member to divide the light pulse into multiple pulse portions, and a beam deflecting system disposed to direct at least one of the pulse portions to the beam dividing member,

wherein the beam dividing member includes the optical surface having the multi-layer coating.

3. A light source apparatus according to claim 2, wherein the beam deflecting system comprises a relay optical system to form an image of the optical surface on the optical surface.

4. A light source apparatus according to claim 2, wherein the beam deflecting system comprises a relay optical system disposed to produce a magnification of about +1 or −1.

5. A light source apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the pulse-width extending optical system comprises a relay optical system to form an image of the optical surface on the optical surface.

6. A light source apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the pulse-width extending optical system comprises a relay optical system disposed to produce a magnification of about +1 or −1.

7. A light source apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the light source unit comprises an excimer laser source.

8. A light source apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the pulse-width extending optical system provides a pulse length of at least 3 m with respect to the divided pulse portions.

9. A light source apparatus comprising:

a light source unit supplying a light pulse having a wavelength not more than 193 nm; and

a pulse-width extending optical system arranged in an optical path of the light pulse supplied from the light source unit, which extends a duration of the light pulse supplied from the light source unit while decreasing a peak power of the light pulse, the pulse-width extending optical system including a polarizing beam splitter to divide the light pulse into at least two light pulses.

10. A light source apparatus according to claim 9, wherein:

the pulse-width extending optical system further comprises a beam converting member changing a polarized beam condition and at least one reflecting member.

11. A light source apparatus according to claim 9, wherein the pulse-width extending optical system further comprises a beam deflecting system disposed to direct at least one of the pulse portions to the polarizing beam splitter,

wherein the polarizing beam splitter includes an optical dividing surface having a multi-layer coating.

12. A light source apparatus according to claim 11, wherein the beam deflecting system comprises a relay optical system to form an image of the optical dividing surface on the optical dividing surface.

13. A light source apparatus according to claim 11, wherein the beam deflecting system comprises a relay optical system disposed to produce a magnification of about +1 or −1.

14. A light source apparatus according to claim 9, wherein the pulse-width extending optical system comprises a relay optical system to form an image of an optical surface on the optical surface.

15. A light source apparatus according to claim 9, wherein the pulse-width extending optical system comprises a relay optical system disposed to produce a magnification of about +1 or −1.

16. A light source apparatus according to claim 9, wherein the light source unit comprises an excimer laser source.

17. A light source apparatus according to claim 9, wherein the pulse-width extending optical system provides a pulse length of at least 3 m with respect to the divided pulse portions.

18. A light source apparatus comprising:

a light source unit supplying a light pulse having a wavelength not more than 193 nm; and

a pulse-width extending optical system arranged in an optical path of the light pulse supplied from the light source unit, which extends a duration of the light pulse supplied from the light source unit while decreasing a peak power of the light pulse, the pulse-width extending optical system including a beam converting member changing a polarized beam condition.

19. A light source apparatus according to claim 18, wherein the beam converting member includes a half wavelength plate.

20. A light source apparatus according to claim 18, wherein the light source unit comprises an excimer laser source.

21. A light source apparatus according to claim 18, wherein the pulse-width extending optical system provides a pulse length of at least 3 m with respect to divided pulse portions.

22. A light source apparatus comprising:

a light source unit supplying a light pulse having a wavelength not more than 193 nm; and

a pulse-width extending optical system arranged in an optical path of the light pulse supplied from the light source unit, which extends a duration of the light pulse supplied from the light source unit while decreasing a peak power of the light pulse, the pulse-width extending optical system including a light split member having a light split surface with a reflectance R such that 29.3%<R<50% or a transmittance T such that 29.3%<T<50%.

23. A light source apparatus according to claim 22, wherein the pulse-width extending optical system comprises a beam dividing member to divide the light pulse into multiple pulse portions, and a beam deflecting system disposed to direct at least one of the pulse portions to the beam dividing member,

wherein the beam dividing member includes the light split surface having a multi-layer coating.

24. A light source apparatus according to claim 23, wherein the beam deflecting system comprises a relay optical system to form an image of the light split surface on the light split surface.

25. A light source apparatus according to claim 23, wherein the beam deflecting system comprises a relay optical system disposed to produce a magnification of about +1 or −1.

26. A light source apparatus according to claim 22, wherein the pulse-width extending optical system comprises a relay optical system to form an image of the light split surface on the light split surface.

27. A light source apparatus according to claim 22, wherein the pulse-width extending optical system comprises a relay optical system disposed to produce a magnification of about +1 or −1.

28. A light source apparatus according to claim 22, wherein the light source unit comprises an excimer laser source.

29. A light source apparatus according to claim 22, wherein the pulse-width extending optical system provides a pulse length of at least 3 m with respect to divided pulse portions.