FIELD OF INVENTION This application deals with a class of metal alloys with advanced property combinations applicable to metallic sheet production. More specifically, the present application identifies the formation of metal alloys of relatively high strength and ductility and the use of one or more cycles of elevated temperature treatment and cold deformation to produce metallic sheet at reduced thickness with relatively high strength and ductility.
BACKGROUND Steels have been used by mankind for at least 3,000 years and are widely utilized in industry comprising over 80% by weight of all metallic alloys in industrial use. Existing steel technology is based on manipulating the eutectoid transformation. The first step is to heat up the alloy into the single phase region (austenite) and then cool or quench the steel at various cooling rates to form multiphase structures which are often combinations of ferrite, austenite, and cementite. Depending on steel compositions and thermal processing, a wide variety of characteristic microstructures (i.e. polygonal ferrite, pearlite, bainite, austenite and martensite) can be obtained with a wide range of properties. This manipulation of the eutectoid transformation has resulted in the wide variety of steels available nowadays.
Currently, there are over 25,000 worldwide equivalents in 51 different ferrous alloy metal groups. For steel produced in sheet form, broad classifications may be employed based on tensile strength characteristics. Low-Strength Steels (LSS) may be defined as exhibiting ultimate tensile strengths less than 270 MPa and include types such as interstitial free and mild steels. High-Strength Steels (HSS) may be steel defined as exhibiting ultimate tensile strengths from 270 to 700 MPa and include types such as high strength low alloy, high strength interstitial free and bake hardenable steels. Advanced High-Strength Steels (AHSS) steels may have ultimate tensile strengths greater than 700 MPa and include types such as martensitic steels (MS), dual phase (DP) steels, transformation induced plasticity (TRIP) steels, complex phase (CP) steels and twin induced plasticity (TWIP) steels. As the strength level increases, the ductility of the steel generally decreases. For example, LSS, HSS and AHSS may indicate tensile elongations at levels of 25% to 55%, 10% to 45% and 4% to 50%, respectively.
AHSS have been developed for automotive applications. See, e.g., U.S. Pat. Nos. 8,257,512 and 8,419,869. These steels are characterized by improved formability and crash-worthiness compared to conventional steel grades. Current AHSS are produced in processes involving thermo-mechanical processing followed by controlled cooling. To achieve the desired final microstructures in either uncoated or coated automotive products requires a control of a large number of variable parameters with respect to alloy composition and processing conditions.
Further developments of AHSS steels, designed for specific applications, will require careful control of alloying, microstructure and thermo-mechanical processing routes to optimize the specific strengthening and plasticity mechanisms responsible, respectively, for the desirable final strength and ductility characteristics.
SUMMARY The present disclosure is directed at alloys and their associated methods of production. The method comprises:
-
- a. supplying a metal alloy comprising Fe at a level of 55.0 to 88.0 atomic percent, B at a level of 0.50 to 8.0 atomic percent, Si at a level of 0.5 to 12.0 atomic percent and Mn at a level of 1.0 to 19.0 atomic percent;
- b. melting said alloy and solidifying to provide a matrix grain size of 200 nm to 200,000 nm;
- c. heating said alloy to form a refined matrix grain size of 50 nm to 5000 nm where the alloy has a yield strength of 200 MPa to 1225 MPa;
- d. stressing said alloy that exceeds said yield strength of 200 MPa to 1225 MPa wherein said alloy indicates tensile strength of 400 MPa to 1825 MPa and an elongation of 1.0% to 59.2%.
Optionally, one may then apply the following steps:
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- e. heating to a temperature in the range 700° C. and below the melting point of said alloy wherein said alloy has grains of 100 nm to 50,000 nm, borides of 20 nm to 10,000 nm in size, precipitations of 1 nm to 200 nm in size, and said alloy has a yield strength of 200 MPa to 1650 MPa; and
- f. stressing said alloy above said yield strength and forming an alloy having grain sizes of 10 nm to 2500 nm, boride grains of 20 nm to 10000 nm, precipitation grains of 1 nm to 200 nm, results in yield strength of 200 MPa to 1650 MPa, tensile strength of 400 MPa to 1825 MPa and an elongation of 1.0% to 59.2%.
In the above, the solidified alloy in step (b) and step (c) may have a thickness in the range of 1 mm to 500 mm. In steps (d), (e) and (f), the thickness may be reduced to a desired level, without compromising the mechanical properties.
The present disclosure also relates to a method comprising:
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- a. supplying metal alloy comprising Fe at a level of 55.0 to 88.0 atomic percent, B at a level of 0.50 to 8.0 atomic percent, Si at a level of 0.5 to 12.0 atomic percent and Mn at a level of 1.0 to 19.0 atomic percent, wherein said alloy indicates a yield strength of 200 MPa to 1650 MPa, and said alloy has a first thickness;
- b. heating said alloy to a temperature in the range 700° C. and below the melting point of said alloy and stressing said alloy and forming an alloy having grain sizes of 10 nm to 2500 nm, borides of 20 nm to 10000 nm in size, precipitations of 1 nm to 200 nm in size, wherein said alloy indicates a yield strength of 200 MPa to 1650 MPa, tensile strength of 400 MPa to 1825 MPa and an elongation of 1.0% to 59.2%, and said alloy has a second thickness less than said first thickness.
In the above embodiment the heating and stressing of the alloy (step b) may be repeated in order to achieve a particular reduced thickness for the alloy that is targeted for a selected application. Accordingly, the alloys of the present disclosure have application to continuous casting processes including belt casting, thin strip/twin roll casting, thin slab casting and thick slab casting. The alloys find particular application in vehicles, drill collars, drill pipe, pipe casing, tool joint, wellhead, compressed gas storage tanks or liquefied natural gas canisters.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS The detailed description below may be better understood with reference to the accompanying FIGS which are provided for illustrative purposes and are not to be considered as limiting any aspect of this invention.
FIG. 1 illustrates the formation of Class 1 Steel.
FIG. 2 is a stress v. strain diagram illustrating mechanical response of Class 1 Steel with Modal Nanophase Structure.
FIG. 3A illustrates the formation of Class 2 Steel.
FIG. 3B illustrates the application of Recrystallization and Nanophase Refinement & Strengthening as applied to Structure 3 (Class 2 Steel) and the formation of Refined High Strength Nanomodal Structure.
FIG. 4 is a stress v. strain diagram illustrating mechanical response of Class 2 Steel with High Strength Nanomodal Structure.
FIG. 5 is a stress v. strain diagram illustrating mechanical response of steel alloys with Refined High Strength Nanomodal Structure.
FIG. 6 illustrates Thin Strip Casting showing that the process can be broken up into 3 key process stages.
FIG. 7 illustrates an example of commercial sheet sample from Alloy 260 taken from a coil produced by the Thin Strip Casting process.
FIG. 8 illustrates tensile properties of industrial sheet from (a) Alloy 260 at different steps of sheet production and (b) Alloy 284 after post-processing with different parameters.
FIG. 9 illustrates backscattered SEM micrographs of the as-solidified microstructure in the laboratory cast sheet from Alloy 260 with cast thickness of 1.8 mm in: (a) Outer layer region; (b) Central layer region.
FIG. 10 illustrates backscattered SEM micrographs of the as-solidified microstructure in Alloy 260 industrial sheet: (a) Outer layer region; (b) Central layer region.
FIG. 11 illustrates backscattered SEM micrographs of the microstructure in the industrial sheet from Alloy 260 after heat treatment at 1150° C. for 2 hr: (a) Outer layer region; (b) Central layer region.
FIG. 12 illustrates bright-field TEM images of the microstructure in the industrial sheet from Alloy 260 after heat treatment at 1150° C. for 2 hr.
FIG. 13 illustrates backscattered SEM micrographs of the microstructure in the cold-rolled sheet from Alloy 260 with 50% reduction: (a) Outer layer region; (b) Central layer region.
FIG. 14 illustrates bright-field TEM images of the microstructure in the cold-rolled sheet from Alloy 260 with 50% reduction.
FIG. 15 illustrates x-ray diffraction data (intensity vs two-theta) for Alloy 260 sheet in the cold rolled condition; a) Measured pattern, b) Rietveld calculated pattern with peaks identified.
FIG. 16 illustrates backscattered SEM micrographs of the microstructure in the cold-rolled sheet from Alloy 260 after heat treatment at 1150° C. for 5 minutes: (a) Outer layer region; (b) Central layer region.
FIG. 17 illustrates backscattered SEM micrographs of the microstructure in the cold-rolled sheet from Alloy 260 after heat treatment at 1150° C. for 2 hr: (a) Outer layer region; (b) Central layer region.
FIG. 18 illustrates bright-field TEM micrographs of the microstructure in the cold-rolled sheet from Alloy 260 after heat treatment at 1150° C. for 5 minutes.
FIG. 19 illustrates bright-field TEM micrographs of the microstructure in the cold-rolled sheet from Alloy 260 after heat treatment at 1150° C. for 2 hr.
FIG. 20 illustrates x-ray diffraction data (intensity vs two theta) for Alloy 260 sheet in the cold rolled and heat treated condition; (a) measured pattern; (b) Rietveld calculated pattern with peaks identified.
FIG. 21 illustrates backscattered SEM micrographs of the microstructure in the gage section of tensile specimen from Alloy 260: (a) Outer layer region; (b) Central layer region.
FIG. 22 illustrates bright-field (a) and dark-field (b) TEM micrographs of the microstructure in the gage section of tensile specimen from Alloy 260.
FIG. 23 illustrates x-ray diffraction data (intensity vs two-theta) for Alloy 260 sheet in the tensile gage of deformed sample; a) Measured pattern, b) Rietveld calculated pattern with peaks identified.
FIG. 24 illustrates recovery of tensile properties in the industrial sheet from Alloy 260 after overaging at 1150° C. for 8 hours.
FIG. 25 illustrates recovery of tensile properties in the industrial sheet from Alloy 260 after overaging at 1150° C. for 16 hours.
FIG. 26 illustrates recovery of tensile properties tensile properties in the industrial sheet from Alloy 284 after over aging at 1150° C. for 8 hours.
FIG. 27 illustrates property recovery in Alloy 260 after multiple steps of cold rolling and annealing.
FIG. 28 illustrates tensile properties of Alloy 260 sheet after each step of processing described in Table 15 showing that tensile properties fall into two distinct groups determined by the structure in the Alloy 260 sheet prior to tensile testing and that the process may be applied cyclically to transition between the structures utilizing the mechanisms shown.
FIG. 29 illustrates continuous slab casting process flow diagram showing slab production steps.
FIG. 30 illustrates thin slab casting process flow diagram showing steel sheet production steps that can be broken up into 3 process stages similar to Thin Strip Casting.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION The steel alloys herein are such that they are initially capable of formation of what is described herein as Class 1 or Class 2 Steel which are preferably crystalline (non-glassy) with identifiable crystalline grain size morphology and mechanical properties. The present disclosure focuses upon improvements to the Class 2 Steel and the discussion below regarding Class 1 is intended to provide clarifying context.
Class 1 Steel The formation of Class 1 Steel herein is illustrated in FIG. 1. As shown therein, a Modal Structure (Structure #1, FIG. 1) is initially formed as a result of starting with a liquid melt of the alloy and solidifying by cooling, which provides nucleation and growth of particular phases having particular grain sizes. Reference herein to “modal” may therefore be understood as a structure having at least two grain size distributions. Grain size herein may be understood as the size of a single crystal of a specific particular phase preferably identifiable by methods such as scanning electron microscopy or transmission electron microscopy. Accordingly, Structure #1 of the Class 1 Steel may be preferably achieved by processing through either laboratory scale procedures as shown and/or through industrial scale methods involving chill surface processing methodology such as twin roll processing, thick or thin slab casting.
The Modal Structure of Class 1 Steel will therefore initially possess, when cooled from the melt, the following grain sizes: (1) matrix grain size of 500 nm to 20,000 nm containing austenite and/or ferrite; (2) boride size of 25 nm to 5000 nm (i.e. non-metallic grains such as M2B where M is the metal and is covalently bonded to B). The borides may also preferably be “pinning” type phases which is reference to the feature that the matrix grains will effectively be stabilized by the pinning phases which resist coarsening at elevated temperature. Note that the metal borides have been identified as exhibiting the M2B stoichiometry but other stoichiometry's are possible and may provide pinning including M3B, MB (M1B1), M23B6, and M7B3.
The Modal Structure of Class 1 Steel may be deformed by thermomechanical deformation and through heat treatment, resulting in some variation in properties, but the Modal Structure may be maintained.
When the Class 1 Steel noted above is exposed to a mechanical stress, the observed stress versus strain diagram is illustrated in FIG. 2. It is therefore observed that the Modal Structure undergoes what is identified as Dynamic Nanophase Precipitation (Mechanism #1, FIG. 1) leading to a Modal Nanophase Structure (Structure #2, FIG. 1). Such Dynamic Nanophase Precipitation is therefore triggered when the alloy experiences a yield under stress, and it has been found that the yield strength of Class 1 Steels which undergo Dynamic Nanophase Precipitation may preferably occur at 300 MPa to 840 MPa. Accordingly, it may be appreciated that Dynamic Nanophase Precipitation occurs due to the application of mechanical stress that exceeds such indicated yield strength. Dynamic Nanophase Precipitation itself may be understood as the formation of a further identifiable phase in the Class 1 Steel which is termed a precipitation phase with an associated grain size. That is, the result of such Dynamic Nanophase Precipitation is to form an alloy with Modal Nanophase Structure (Structure #2, FIG. 1), which still possesses identifiable matrix grain size of 500 nm to 20,000 nm, boride pinning phases of 20 nm to 10000 nm in size, along with the formation of precipitations of hexagonal phases with 1.0 nm to 200 nm in size. As noted above, the matrix grains therefore do not coarsen when the alloy is stressed, but do lead to the development of the precipitation as noted.
Reference to the hexagonal phases may be understood as a dihexagonal pyramidal class hexagonal phase with a P63mc space group (#186) and/or a ditrigonal dipyramidal class with a hexagonal P6bar2C space group (#190). In addition, the mechanical properties of such second type structure of the Class 1 Steel are such that the tensile strength is observed to fall in the range of 630 MPa to 1100 MPa, with an elongation of 10-40%. Furthermore, the second structure type of the Class 1 Steel is such that it exhibits a strain hardening coefficient between 0.1 to 0.4 that is nearly flat after undergoing the indicated yield. The strain hardening coefficient is reference to the value of n in the formula σ=K εn, where a represents the applied stress on the material, ε is the strain and K is the strength coefficient. The value of the strain hardening exponent n lies between 0 and 1. A value of 0 means that the alloy is a perfectly plastic solid (i.e. the material undergoes non-reversible changes to applied force), while a value of 1 represents a 100% elastic solid (i.e. the material undergoes reversible changes to an applied force). Table 1 below provides a summary on structures and mechanisms in Class 1 Steel herein.
TABLE 1
Comparison of Structure and Performance for Class 1 Steel
Class 1 Steel
Property/ Structure Type #1 Structure Type #2
Mechanism Modal Structure Modal Nanophase Structure
Structure Starting with a liquid melt, Dynamic Nanophase Precipitation
Formation solidifying this liquid melt occurring through the application
and forming directly of mechanical stress
Transformations Liquid solidification Stress induced transformation
followed by nucleation and involving phase formation and
growth precipitation
Enabling Phases Austenite and/or ferrite Austenite, optionally ferrite,
with boride pinning boride pinning phases, and
hexagonal phase(s) precipitation
Matrix Grain 500 to 20,000 nm 500 to 20,000 nm
Size Austenite and/or ferrite Austenite optionally ferrite
Boride Sizes 25 to 5000 nm 25 to 500 nm
Non metallic (e.g. metal Non-metallic (e.g. metal
boride) boride)
Precipitation — 1 nm to 200 nm
Sizes Hexagonal phase(s)
Tensile Response Intermediate structure; Actual with properties achieved
transforms into Structure #2 based on structure type #2
when undergoing yield
Yield Strength 300 to 600 MPa 300 to 840 MPa
Tensile Strength — 630 to 1100 MPa
Total Elongation — 10 to 40%
Strain Hardening — Exhibits a strain hardening
Response coefficient between 0.1 to 0.4 and
a strain hardening coefficient as a
function of strain which is nearly
flat or experiencing a slow
increase until failure
Class 2 Steel The formation of Class 2 Steel herein is illustrated in FIG. 3A. Class 2 steel may also be formed herein from the identified alloys, which involves two new structure types after starting with Modal Structure (Structure #1, FIG. 3A) followed by two new mechanisms identified herein as Nanophase Refinement (Mechanism #1, FIG. 3A) and Dynamic Nanophase Strengthening (Mechanism #2, FIG. 3A). The structure types for Class 2 Steel are described herein as Nanomodal Structure (Structure #2, FIG. 3A) and High Strength Nanomodal Structure (Structure #3, FIG. 3A). Accordingly, Class 2 Steel herein may be characterized as follows: Structure #1—Modal Structure (Step #1), Mechanism #1—Nanophase Refinement (Step #2), Structure #2—Nanomodal Structure (Step #3), Mechanism #2—Dynamic Nanophase Strengthening (Step #4), and Structure #3—High Strength Nanomodal Structure (Step #5).
As shown therein, Modal Structure (Structure #1) is initially formed as the result of starting with a liquid melt of the alloy and solidifying by cooling, which provides nucleation and growth of particular phases having particular grain sizes. Grain size herein may again be understood as the size of a single crystal of a specific particular phase preferably identifiable by methods such as scanning electron microscopy or transmission electron microscopy. Accordingly, Structure #1 of the Class 2 Steel may be preferably achieved by processing through either laboratory scale procedures as shown and/or through industrial scale methods involving chill surface processing methodology such as twin roll processing, thick or thin slab casting.
The Modal Structure of Class 2 Steel will therefore initially indicate, when cooled from the melt, the following grain sizes: (1) matrix grain size of 200 nm to 200,000 nm containing austenite and/or ferrite; (2) boride sizes of 20 nm to 10000 nm (i.e. non-metallic grains such as M2B where M is the metal and is covalently bonded to B). The borides may also preferably be “pinning” type phases which are referenced to the feature that the matrix grains will effectively be stabilized by the pinning phases which resist coarsening at elevated temperature. Note that the metal borides have been identified as exhibiting the M2B stoichiometry but other stoichiometry's are possible and may provide pinning including M3B, MB (M1B1), M23B6, and M7B3 and which are unaffected by Mechanisms #1 or #2 noted above). Furthermore, Structure #1 of Class 2 steel herein includes austenite and/or ferrite along with such boride phases.
The Modal Structure is preferably first created (Structure #1, FIG. 3A) and then after the creation, the Modal Structure may now be uniquely refined through Mechanism #1, which is a Nanophase Refinement, leading to Structure #2. Nanophase Refinement is reference to the feature that the matrix grain sizes of Structure #1 which initially fall in the range of 200 nm to 200,000 nm are reduced in size to provide Structure #2 which has matrix grain sizes that typically fall in the range of 50 nm to 5000 nm. Note that the boride pinning phase can change size significantly in some alloys, while it is designed to resist matrix grain coarsening during the heat treatments. Due to the presence of these boride pinning sites, the motion of a grain boundaries leading to coarsening would be expected to be retarded by a process called Zener pinning or Zener drag. Thus, while grain growth of the matrix may be energetically favorable due to the reduction of total interfacial area, the presence of the boride pinning phase will counteract this driving force of coarsening due to the high interfacial energies of these phases.
Characteristic of the Nanophase Refinement (Mechanism #1, FIG. 3A) in Class 2 steel, the micron scale austenite phase (gamma-Fe) which was noted as falling in the range of 200 nm to 200,000 nm is partially or completely transformed into new phases (e.g. ferrite or alpha-Fe). The volume fraction of ferrite (alpha-iron) initially present in the Modal Structure (Structure #1, FIG. 3A) of Class 2 steel is 0 to 45%. The volume fraction of ferrite (alpha-iron) in Structure #2 as a result of Nanophase Refinement (Mechanism #1, FIG. 3A) is typically from 20 to 80%. The static transformation (Mechanism #1, FIG. 3A) preferably occurs during elevated temperature heat treatment (optionally with pressure) and thus involves a unique refinement mechanism since grain coarsening rather than grain refinement is the conventional material response at elevated temperature. Preferably, one heats to a temperature of 700° C. and less than the Tm of the alloy. Such temperature may therefore fall within the range of, e.g., 700° C. to 1200° C. depending upon a particular alloy. The pressure applied is such at the elevated temperature yield strength of the material is exceeded which may be in the range of 5 MPa to 1000 MPa
Accordingly, grain coarsening does not occur with the alloys of Class 2 Steel herein during the Nanophase Refinement. Structure #2 is uniquely able to transform to Structure #3 during Dynamic Nanophase Strengthening (Mechanism #2, FIG. 3A) and indicates tensile strength values in the range from 400 to 1825 MPa with 1.0% to 59.2% total elongation.
Depending on alloy chemistries, nano-scale precipitates can form during Nanophase Refinement and the subsequent thermal process in some of the non-stainless high-strength steels. The nano-precipitates are in the range of 1 nm to 200 nm in size, with the majority (>50%) of these phases 10˜20 nm in size, which are much smaller than the boride pinning phase formed in Structure #1 for retarding matrix grain coarsening. The borides are found to be in a range from 20 to 10000 nm in size.
Expanding upon the above, in the case of the alloys herein that provide Class 2 Steel, when such alloys exceed their yield point, plastic deformation at constant stress occurs followed by a dynamic phase transformation leading toward the creation of Structure #3. More specifically, after enough strain is induced, an inflection point occurs where the slope of the stress versus strain curve changes and increases. In FIG. 4, a stress strain curve is shown that represents the steel alloys herein which undergo a deformation behavior of Class 2 steel. The strength increases with strain indicating an activation of Mechanism #2 (Dynamic Nanophase Strengthening).
With further straining during Dynamic Nanophase Strengthening, the strength continues to increase but with a gradual decrease in strain hardening coefficient value up to nearly failure. Some strain softening occurs but only near the breaking point which may be due to reductions in localized cross sectional area at necking. Note that the strengthening transformation that occurs at the material straining under the stress generally defines Mechanism #2 as a dynamic process, leading to Structure #3. By “dynamic”, it is meant that the process may occur through the application of a stress which exceeds the yield point of the material. The tensile properties that can be achieved for alloys that achieve Structure #3 include tensile strength values in the range from 400 MPa to 1825 MPa and 1.0% to 59.2% total elongation. The level of tensile properties achieved is also dependent on the amount of transformation occurring as the strain increases corresponding to the characteristic stress strain curve for a Class 2 steel.
With regards to this dynamic mechanism, new and/or additional precipitation phase or phases are observed that possesses identifiable grain sizes of 1 nm to 200 nm. In addition, there is the further identification in said precipitation phase of a dihexagonal pyramidal class hexagonal phase with a P63mc space group (#186), a ditrigonal dipyramidal class with a hexagonal P6bar2C space group (#190), and/or a M3Si cubic phase with a Fm3m space group (#225). Accordingly, the dynamic transformation can occur partially or completely and results in the formation of a microstructure with novel nanoscale/near nanoscale phases providing relatively high strength in the material. That is, Structure #3 may be understood as a microstructure having matrix grains sized generally from 25 nm to 2500 nm which are pinned by boride phases which are in the range of 20 nm to 10000 nm and with precipitate phases which are in the range of 1 nm to 200 nm. The initial formation of the above referenced precipitation phase with grain sizes of 1 nm to 200 nm starts at Nanophase Refinement and continues during Dynamic Nanophase Strengthening leading to Structure #3 formation. The volume fraction of the precipitation phase/grains of 1 nm to 200 nm in size in Structure #2 increases during transformation into Structure #3 and assists with the identified strengthening mechanism. It should also be noted that in Structure #3, the level of gamma-iron is optional and may be eliminated depending on the specific alloy chemistry and austenite stability.
Note that dynamic recrystallization is a known process but differs from Mechanism #2 (FIG. 3A) since it involves the formation of large grains from small grains so that it is not a refinement mechanism but a coarsening mechanism. Additionally, as new undeformed grains are replaced by deformed grains no phase changes occur in contrast to the mechanisms presented here and this also results in a corresponding reduction in strength in contrast to the strengthening mechanism here. Note also that metastable austenite in steels is known to transform to martensite under mechanical stress but, preferably, no evidence for martensite or body centered tetragonal iron phases are found in the new steel alloys described in this application. Table 2 below provides a summary on structures and mechanisms in Class 2 Steel herein.
TABLE 2
Comparison Of Structure and Performance of Class 2 Steel
Class 2 Steel
Structure Type #3
Property/ Structure Type #1 Structure Type #2 High Strength
Mechanism Modal Structure Nanomodal Structure Nanomodal Structure
Structure Starting with a liquid melt, Nanophase Refinement Dynamic Nanophase
Formation solidifying this liquid melt mechanism occurring during Strengthening mechanism
and forming directly heat treatment occurring through
application of mechanical
stress
Transformations Liquid solidification Solid state phase Stress induced
followed by nucleation and transformation of transformation involving
growth supersaturated gamma iron phase formation and
precipitation
Enabling Phases Austenite and/or ferrite Austenite, optionally ferrite, Ferrite, optionally austenite,
with boride pinning phases boride pinning phases, and boride pinning phases,
hexagonal phase precipitation hexagonal and additional
phases precipitation
Matrix Grain 200 nm to 200,000 nm Grain Refinement Grain size remains refined
Size Austenite (50 nm to 5000 nm) at 25 nm to 2500 nm/
Austenite to ferrite and Additional precipitation
precipitation phase formation
transformation
Boride Sizes 20 nm to 10000 nm 20 nm to 10000 nm 20 to 10000 nm
borides (e.g. metal boride) borides (e.g. metal boride) borides (e.g. metal boride)
Precipitation — 1 nm to 200 nm 1 nm to 200 nm
Sizes
Tensile Actual with properties Intermediate structure; Actual with properties
Response achieved based on structure transforms into Structure #3 achieved based on
type #1 when undergoing yield formation of structure type
#3 and fraction of
transformation.
Yield Strength 300 to 600 MPa 200 to 1225 MPa 200 to 1225 MPa
Tensile Strength — — 400 to 1825 MPa
Total Elongation — — 1.0% to 59.2%
Strain — After yield point, exhibit a Strain hardening coefficient
Hardening strain softening at initial may vary from 0.2 to 1.0
Response straining as a result of phase depending on amount of
transformation, followed by a deformation and
significant strain hardening transformation
effect leading to a distinct
maxima
Recrystallization and Cold Forming of Class 2 Steel As noted above, the steel alloys herein are such that they are capable of formation of High Strength Nanomodal Structure (Structure #3, FIG. 3A and Table 2). It should be noted that in FIG. 3A, Structure #1 can be formed at solidification of material at thicknesses range from 1 mm to 500 mm, Structure #2 (after Nanophase Refinement) relates to a thicknesses from 1 mm to 500 mm, and Structure #3 (after Dynamic Nanophase Strengthening) forms at a reduced thickness of 0.1 mm to 25 mm.
With reference to FIG. 3B, it has now been recognized that the indicated High Strength Nanomodal Structure (Structure #3) can undergo recrystallization to provide Recrystallized Modal Structure (Structure #4, FIG. 3B) which during subsequent deformation undergoes Nanophase Refinement and Strengthening (Mechanism #3, FIG. 3B) leading to transformation into Refined High Strength Nanomodal Structure (Structure #5, FIG. 3B). The thickness of the alloys during these steps is in the range of 0.1 mm to <25 mm. As can be seen, however, heating resulting in recrystallization followed by stressing above the yield point, which are steps that would be realized during alloy processing to provide reduced thickness sheet, does not compromise the mechanical properties of Structure #3. That is, Structure #3, when undergoing heating and recrystallization, followed by stress above yield, which may be realized in sheet processing aimed at reducing thickness, does not, herein, compromise the alloy mechanical strength characteristics (e.g. reductions of more than 10%). Resultant Structure #5 provides similar behavior (FIG. 5) and mechanical properties as initial Structure #3 and depending on the specific alloy and processing conditions can result in improvements in properties.
In addition, as illustrated in FIG. 3B, recrystallization (step 6) and subsequent deformation (step 8) can be repeatedly applied to the High Strength Nanomodal Structure, as explained herein. Note that after at least one cycle of going through developmental processes in FIG. 3A and FIG. 3B up to step 9, further cycles may be considered and one can end either at Step 7, Step 8, or Step 9 depending on the requirements of a particular end-user application, desired thickness objective (i.e. targeting a final thickness in the range of 0.1 mm to 25 mm) and final tailoring of properties such as cold rolling to an intermediate level without applying subsequent annealing.
Expanding upon the above, when steel alloys with full or partial High Strength Nanomodal Structure (Structure #3) are subjected to high temperature exposure (temperatures greater than or equal to 700° C. but less than the melting point) recrystallization takes place leading to formation of Recrystallized Modal Structure (Structure #4, FIG. 3B). Such recrystallization occurs after the alloys were previously subjected to a significant amount of plastic deformation (i.e. stress above the yield point). An example of such deformation is represented by cold rolling but can occur with a wide variety of cold processing steps including cold stamping, hydroforming, roll forming etc. Cold rolling into the plastic range introduces high densities of dislocations in the matrix grains with strengthening occurring through the identified Dynamic Nanophase Strengthening (Mechanism #2, FIG. 3A) creating the High Strength Nanomodal Structure (Structure #3, FIG. 3A). The High Strength Nanomodal Structure with high densities of dislocations stored in the matrix grains has been now shown to undergo recrystallization upon exposure to elevated temperature, which causes dislocation removal, phase changes, and matrix grain growth leading to the formation of the Recrystallized Modal Structure (Structure #4, FIG. 3B). Note that while matrix grain growth occurs, the extent of growth is limited by the pinning effect of boride phase at grain boundaries.
The Recrystallized Modal Structure (Structure #4, FIG. 3B) is thus characterized by matrix grain growth to the size of 100 nm to 50,000 nm which are pinned by boride phases with the size in the range of 20 nm to 10000 nm and precipitate phases randomly distributed in the matrix which are in the range of 1 nm to 200 nm in size. Structure analysis shows gamma-Fe (Austenite) is the primary matrix phase (25% to 90%) and that it coincides with a complex mixed transitional metal boride phase typically with the M2B1 stoichiometry present. Depending on the initial status of High Strength Nanomodal Structure (Structure #3) in the material, parameters of cold rolling and heat treatment and specific chemistry, additional phases can be represented by alpha-Fe (ferrite) (0 to 50%) and residual nanoprecipitates (0 to 30%).
Expanding upon the above, in the case of straining of the alloys herein with the Recrystallized Modal Structure (Structure #4, FIG. 3B), when such alloys exceed their yield point, plastic deformation at constant stress occurs followed by a dynamic phase transformation through Nanophase Refinement and Strengthening (Mechanism #3, FIG. 3B) leading toward the creation of Refined High Strength Nanomodal Structure (Structure #5, FIG. 3B). More specifically, after enough strain is induced, an inflection point occurs where the slope of the stress versus strain curve changes and increases. In FIG. 5, a stress strain curve is shown that represents the steel alloys herein which undergo a deformation behavior of Class 2 steel with the Recrystallized Modal Structure (Structure #4, FIG. 3B). The strength increases with strain indicating an activation of Mechanism #3 (Nanophase Refinement and Strengthening). With further straining, the strength continues to increase but with a gradual decrease in strain hardening coefficient value up to nearly failure. Some strain softening occurs but only near the breaking point which may be due to reductions in localized cross sectional area at necking. The tensile properties that can be achieved in the alloys herein along with formation of Refined High Strength Nanomodal Structure (Structure #5, FIG. 3B) include tensile strength values in the range from 400 to 1825 MPa and 1.0% to 59.2% total elongation. The level of tensile properties achieved is also dependent on the amount of transformation occurring as the strain increases corresponding to the characteristic stress strain curve for a Class 2 steel.
With regards to Mechanism #3) (FIG. 3B), new and/or additional precipitation phase or phases are observed that possesses identifiable grain sizes of 1 nm to 200 nm. In addition, there is the further identification in said precipitation phase of a dihexagonal pyramidal class hexagonal phase with a P63mc space group (#186), a ditrigonal dipyramidal class with a hexagonal P6bar2C space group (#190), and/or a M3Si cubic phase with a Fm3m space group (#225). Accordingly, the dynamic transformation can occur partially or completely and results in the formation of a microstructure with novel nanoscale/near nanoscale phases providing relatively high strength in the material. That is, Structure #5 (FIG. 3B) may be understood as a microstructure having matrix grains sized generally from 10 nm to 2000 nm which are pinned by boride phases which are in the range of 20 nm to 10000 nm and with precipitate phases which are in the range of 1 nm to 200 nm. The volume fraction of the precipitation phase of 1 nm to 200 nm in size in Structure #5 increases during transformation through Mechanism #3. It should also be noted that in Structure #5, the level of gamma-iron is optional and may be eliminated depending on the specific alloy chemistry and austenite stability.
As shown by the arrows in FIG. 3B, the newly identified structure and mechanisms can be applied cyclically in a sequential manner. For example, once the High Strength Nanomodal Structure (Structure #3) is formed either partially or completely, it can be recrystallized through high temperature exposure to form the Recrystallized Modal Structure (Structure #4). This structure has the unique ability to be subsequently transformed by cold deformation by a range of processes including cold rolling, cold stamping, hydroforming, roll forming etc. into the Refined High Strength Nanomodal Structure (Structure #5). Once this cycle is complete, the cycle can then be repeated as many times as necessary (i.e. additional cycles including Structure #3 formation, recrystallizing into Structure #4, subsequently cold deformation through Nanophase Refinement and Strengthening (Mechanism #3) to produce Refined High Strength Nanomodal Structure (Structure #5). For example, it is contemplated that one may undergo 2 to 20 cycles.
There are many examples regarding the use of the cyclic nature of these transformations in industrial processing. For example, consider a sheet with the chemistries and operable mechanisms and enabling microstructures which is cast initially at 50 mm thick by the thin slab process and then hot rolled through several steps to produce a 3 mm sheet. However, the sheet targeted gauge thickness is ˜1 mm for a particular application in an automobile. Thus, the as-hot rolled 3 mm thick sheet must then be cold rolled down to the targeted gauge. After 30% of reduction the 3 mm sheet is now ˜2.1 mm thick and has formed the High Strength Nanomodal Structure (Structure #3 in FIGS. 3A and 3B). Further cold reduction would result in breakage of the sheet in this example as the ductility is too low.
The sheet is now heat treated (heating above 700° C. but below the Tm) and the Recrystallized Modal Structure (Structure #4) is formed. This sheet is then cold rolled another 30% of reduction to a gauge thickness of ˜1.5 mm and the formation of the Refined High Strength Nanomodal Structure (Structure #5). Further cold reduction would again result in breakage of the sheet. A heat treatment is then applied to recrystallize the sheet resulting in a high ductility Recrystallized Modal Structure (Structure #4). The sheet is then cold rolled another 30% to yield a gauge thickness of ˜1.0 mm thickness with a Refined High Strength Nanomodal Structure (Structure #5) obtained. After the gauge thickness target is reached, no further cold rolling reduction is necessary. Depending on the specific application, the sheet may or may not be heated again to be recrystallized. For example, for subsequent cold stamping of parts, it would be advantageous to recrystallize the sheet to form the high ductility Recrystallized Modal Structure (Structure #4). This resulting sheet may then be cold stamped by the end user and during the stamping process, would partially or completely transform into the Refined High Strength Nanomodal Structure (Structure #5).
Another example after forming the Recrystallized Modal Structure (Structure #4), in one or multiple steps, would be to expose this structure to cold deformation through cold rolling and after exceeding the yield strength to Nanophase Refinement and Strengthening (Mechanism #3). As a variant, however, the material could be only partially cold rolled and then not annealed (i.e. recrystallized). For example, a particular sheet material with the Recrystallized Modal Structure (Structure #4) which can be cold rolled up to 40% before breaking for example could instead be only cold rolled 10%, 20% or 30% and then not annealed. This would results in partial transformation through Nanophase Refinement and Strengthening (Mechanism #3) and would result in unique combinations of yield strength, ultimate tensile strength, and ductility which could be tailored for specific applications with different requirements. For example, high yield strength and high tensile strength is needed in a passenger compartment of an automobile to avoid impingement during a crash event while low yield strength and high tensile strength with high ductility might be quite attractive in use in the front or back end of the automobile in what is often termed the crash energy management zones.
It should now be appreciated that a specific feature herein is the ability of the steel alloys herein to undergo Nanophase Refinement & Strengthening (Mechanism #3) after forming the Recrystallized Modal Structure (Structure #4). An example of mechanical behavior of the steel alloys herein with Recrystallized Modal Structure (Structure #4) is schematically shown in FIG. 5. The mechanical behavior is similar to that for the steel alloys herein with Nanomodal Structure (Structure #2) shown in FIG. 4. When such alloys with Recrystallized Modal Structure exceed their yield point, plastic deformation at constant stress occurs followed by a dynamic phase transformation with simultaneous structural refinement leading to the formation of Refined High Strength Nanomodal Structure (Structure #5). More specifically, after enough strain is induced, an inflection point occurs where the slope of the stress versus strain curve changes and increases (FIG. 5) and the strength increases with strain indicating an activation of Nanophase Refinement & Strengthening (Mechanism #3). Table 3 below provides a summary on the structure and mechanisms in steel alloys herein.
TABLE 3
Structure and Performance of Steel Alloys
Structure Type #4 Structure Type #5
Property/ Recrystallized Refined High Strength
Mechanism Modal Structure Nanomodal Structure
Structure Recrystallization of High Strength Stress above yield of Recrystallized Modal
Formation Nanomodal Structure occurring during heat Structure
treatment
Transformations Solid state phase transformation back to Stress induced transformation involving
austenite and/or ferrite phase formation and precipitation
Enabling Phases Austenite and/or ferrite with boride Ferrite, optionally austenite, boride pinning
pinning phases phases, hexagonal and additional phase
precipitation
Matrix Grain Grain growth to 100 nm to 50,000 nm Grain size refined at 10 nm to 2500 nm
Size Additional precipitation formation
Boride Sizes 20 nm to 10000 nm 20 nm to 10000 nm
Borides (e.g. metal boride) (Borides (e.g metal boride)
Precipitation 1 nm to 200 nm 1 nm to 200 nm
Sizes
Tensile Intermediate structure; transforms into Actual with properties achieved based on
Response Structure #5 when undergoing yield formation of Structure # 5 and fraction of
transformation
Yield Strength 200 MPa to 1650 MPa 200 MPa to 1650 MPa
Tensile Strength — 400 MPa to 1825 MPa
Total Elongation — 1.0% to 59.2%
Strain After yield point, may exhibit a strain Strain hardening coefficient may vary from
Hardening softening at initial straining as a result of 0.2 to 1.0 depending upon amount of
Response phase transformation, followed by a deformation and transformation
significant strain hardening effect leading
to distinct maxima
Preferred Alloy Chemistries and Sample Preparation The chemical composition of the alloys studied is shown in Table 4 which provides the preferred atomic ratios utilized. Initial studies were done by sheet casting in a Pressure Vacuum Caster (PVC). Using high purity elements (>99 wt %), four 35 g alloy feedstock's of the targeted alloys were weighed out according to the atomic ratios provided in Table 4. The feedstock material was then placed into the copper hearth of an arc-melting system. The feedstock was arc-melted into an ingot using high purity argon as a shielding gas. The ingots were flipped several times and re-melted to ensure homogeneity. After mixing, the ingots were then placed in a PVC chamber, melted using RF induction and then ejected onto a copper die designed for casting 3 inch by 4 inch sheets with thickness of 3.3 mm.
TABLE 4
Chemical Composition of the Alloys
Alloy Fe Cr Ni Mn B Si Cu Ti C
Alloy 1 72.98 3.66 6.16 5.25 5.24 6.71 — — —
Alloy 2 77.23 3.66 3.52 3.63 5.23 6.73 — — —
Alloy 3 76.89 1.83 4.84 4.48 5.24 6.72 — — —
Alloy 4 79.42 1.47 2.64 4.51 5.23 6.73 — — —
Alloy 5 77.99 2.93 2.64 4.48 5.23 6.73 — — —
Alloy 6 77.93 2.34 2.63 4.47 5.21 7.42 — — —
Alloy 7 77.06 2.34 3.51 4.46 5.21 7.42 — — —
Alloy 8 77.13 2.18 3.50 4.44 5.80 6.95 — — —
Alloy 9 76.88 1.09 4.82 4.45 5.81 6.95 — — —
Alloy 10 74.27 2.18 8.29 2.76 4.70 7.80 — — —
Alloy 11 69.52 1.79 5.28 11.28 4.78 7.35 — — —
Alloy 12 67.59 1.78 3.51 15.01 4.77 7.34 — — —
Alloy 13 65.64 1.78 1.75 18.74 4.76 7.33 — — —
Alloy 14 69.85 3.37 5.27 9.39 4.77 7.35 — — —
Alloy 15 67.88 3.37 3.51 13.13 4.77 7.34 — — —
Alloy 16 65.95 3.36 1.75 16.85 4.76 7.33 — — —
Alloy 17 70.15 4.96 5.27 7.51 4.77 7.34 — — —
Alloy 18 68.21 4.95 3.51 11.24 4.76 7.33 — — —
Alloy 19 66.27 4.94 1.75 14.97 4.75 7.32 — — —
Alloy 20 70.46 6.54 5.27 5.63 4.76 7.34 — — —
Alloy 21 68.50 6.54 3.51 9.36 4.76 7.33 — — —
Alloy 22 66.58 6.52 1.75 13.09 4.75 7.31 — — —
Alloy 23 70.78 8.12 5.26 3.75 4.76 7.33 — — —
Alloy 24 68.85 8.10 3.50 7.48 4.75 7.32 — — —
Alloy 25 66.89 8.09 1.75 11.21 4.75 7.31 — — —
Alloy 26 65.86 6.93 4.82 10.30 4.76 7.33 — — —
Alloy 27 64.41 6.92 3.50 13.10 4.75 7.32 — — —
Alloy 28 62.96 6.91 2.19 15.88 4.75 7.31 — — —
Alloy 29 68.70 5.94 4.83 8.44 4.76 7.33 — — —
Alloy 30 67.22 5.94 3.51 11.24 4.76 7.33 — — —
Alloy 31 65.78 5.93 2.19 14.03 4.75 7.32 — — —
Alloy 32 66.77 7.91 4.82 8.42 4.76 7.32 — — —
Alloy 33 65.31 7.90 3.50 11.22 4.75 7.32 — — —
Alloy 34 63.85 7.89 2.19 14.01 4.75 7.31 — — —
Alloy 35 71.53 4.96 4.83 6.57 4.77 7.34 — — —
Alloy 36 70.08 4.95 3.51 9.37 4.76 7.33 — — —
Alloy 37 68.61 4.95 2.19 12.17 4.76 7.32 — — —
Alloy 38 69.60 6.93 4.82 6.56 4.76 7.33 — — —
Alloy 39 68.14 6.92 3.50 9.36 4.76 7.32 — — —
Alloy 40 66.69 6.91 2.19 12.15 4.75 7.31 — — —
Alloy 41 67.65 8.90 4.82 6.55 4.76 7.32 — — —
Alloy 42 66.20 8.89 3.50 9.35 4.75 7.31 — — —
Alloy 43 64.76 8.88 2.18 12.14 4.74 7.30 — — —
Alloy 44 72.42 5.95 4.83 4.69 4.77 7.34 — — —
Alloy 45 70.97 5.94 3.51 7.49 4.76 7.33 — — —
Alloy 46 69.51 5.93 2.19 10.29 4.76 7.32 — — —
Alloy 47 73.33 6.93 4.83 2.81 4.76 7.34 — — —
Alloy 48 71.85 6.93 3.51 5.62 4.76 7.33 — — —
Alloy 49 70.40 6.92 2.19 8.42 4.75 7.32 — — —
Alloy 50 59.35 18.87 5.06 4.61 5.51 6.60 — — —
Alloy 51 57.45 18.84 3.32 8.30 5.50 6.59 — — —
Alloy 52 55.56 18.81 1.58 11.98 5.49 6.58 — — —
Alloy 53 60.70 12.70 4.94 4.50 5.39 11.77 — — —
Alloy 54 58.84 12.68 3.24 8.11 5.38 11.75 — — —
Alloy 55 56.98 12.66 1.55 11.71 5.37 11.73 — — —
Alloy 56 65.10 13.05 5.08 4.62 5.53 6.62 — — —
Alloy 57 63.18 13.03 3.33 8.33 5.52 6.61 — — —
Alloy 58 61.24 13.01 1.59 12.03 5.52 6.61 — — —
Alloy 59 67.21 4.95 3.51 11.24 5.76 7.33 — — —
Alloy 60 69.21 4.95 3.51 11.24 3.76 7.33 — — —
Alloy 61 69.21 4.95 3.51 11.24 4.76 6.33 — — —
Alloy 62 70.21 4.95 3.51 11.24 3.76 6.33 — — —
Alloy 63 69.66 3.50 3.51 11.24 4.76 7.33 — — —
Alloy 64 66.21 4.95 3.51 11.24 4.76 7.33 2.00 — —
Alloy 65 66.71 4.95 3.51 11.24 4.76 7.33 — — 1.50
Alloy 66 66.65 8.90 4.82 6.55 5.76 7.32 — — —
Alloy 67 68.65 8.90 4.82 6.55 3.76 7.32 — — —
Alloy 68 68.65 8.90 4.82 6.55 4.76 6.32 — — —
Alloy 69 69.65 8.90 4.82 6.55 3.76 6.32 — — —
Alloy 70 71.60 4.95 4.82 6.55 4.76 7.32 — — —
Alloy 71 73.05 3.50 4.82 6.55 4.76 7.32 — — —
Alloy 72 65.65 8.90 4.82 6.55 4.76 7.32 2.00 — —
Alloy 73 66.15 8.90 4.82 6.55 4.76 7.32 — — 1.50
Alloy 74 67.73 4.95 3.51 9.72 4.76 7.33 2.00 — —
Alloy 75 65.21 4.95 3.51 11.24 4.76 7.33 3.00 — —
Alloy 76 67.49 4.95 3.51 8.96 4.76 7.33 3.00 — —
Alloy 77 70.32 4.95 4.10 6.55 4.76 7.32 2.00 — —
Alloy 78 68.60 4.95 4.82 6.55 4.76 7.32 3.00 — —
Alloy 79 69.68 4.95 3.74 6.55 4.76 7.32 3.00 — —
Alloy 80 68.73 4.95 3.51 9.72 3.76 7.33 2.00 — —
Alloy 81 66.21 4.95 3.51 11.24 3.76 7.33 3.00 — —
Alloy 82 68.49 4.95 3.51 8.96 3.76 7.33 3.00 — —
Alloy 83 71.32 4.95 4.10 6.55 3.76 7.32 2.00 — —
Alloy 84 69.60 4.95 4.82 6.55 3.76 7.32 3.00 — —
Alloy 85 70.68 4.95 3.74 6.55 3.76 7.32 3.00 — —
Alloy 86 67.21 4.95 3.51 11.24 3.76 7.33 2.00 — —
Alloy 87 71.32 4.95 4.10 6.55 3.76 7.32 2.00 — —
Alloy 88 69.60 4.95 4.82 6.55 3.76 7.32 3.00 — —
Alloy 89 70.68 4.95 3.74 6.55 3.76 7.32 3.00 — —
Alloy 90 71.82 4.95 4.10 6.55 3.26 7.32 2.00 — —
Alloy 91 70.10 4.95 4.82 6.55 3.26 7.32 3.00 — —
Alloy 92 71.18 4.95 3.74 6.55 3.26 7.32 3.00 — —
Alloy 93 72.32 4.95 4.10 6.55 2.76 7.32 2.00 — —
Alloy 94 70.60 4.95 4.82 6.55 2.76 7.32 3.00 — —
Alloy 95 71.68 4.95 3.74 6.55 2.76 7.32 3.00 — —
Alloy 96 72.82 3.45 4.10 6.55 3.76 7.32 2.00 — —
Alloy 97 71.10 3.45 4.82 6.55 3.76 7.32 3.00 — —
Alloy 98 72.18 3.45 3.74 6.55 3.76 7.32 3.00 — —
Alloy 99 70.32 4.95 4.10 6.55 3.76 7.32 3.00 — —
Alloy 100 71.82 4.95 4.10 6.55 3.76 7.32 1.50 — —
Alloy 101 71.10 4.95 4.82 6.55 3.76 7.32 1.50 — —
Alloy 102 72.18 4.95 3.74 6.55 3.76 7.32 1.50 — —
Alloy 103 71.82 4.95 4.10 6.05 3.76 7.32 2.00 — —
Alloy 104 72.32 4.95 4.10 5.55 3.76 7.32 2.00 — —
Alloy 105 71.62 4.95 4.10 6.55 3.76 7.02 2.00 — —
Alloy 106 71.92 4.95 4.10 6.55 3.76 6.72 2.00 — —
Alloy 107 72.12 4.95 4.10 6.05 3.76 7.02 2.00 — —
Alloy 108 69.62 4.95 2.10 10.55 3.76 7.02 2.00 — —
Alloy 109 70.62 4.95 2.10 9.55 3.76 7.02 2.00 — —
Alloy 110 71.62 4.95 2.10 8.55 3.76 7.02 2.00 — —
Alloy 111 72.62 4.95 2.10 7.55 3.76 7.02 2.00 — —
Alloy 112 69.62 4.95 2.10 6.55 3.76 7.02 6.00 — —
Alloy 113 70.62 4.95 2.10 6.55 3.76 7.02 5.00 — —
Alloy 114 71.62 4.95 2.10 6.55 3.76 7.02 4.00 — —
Alloy 115 72.62 4.95 2.10 6.55 3.76 7.02 3.00 — —
Alloy 116 69.62 6.95 2.10 8.55 3.76 7.02 2.00 — —
Alloy 117 73.62 2.95 2.10 8.55 3.76 7.02 2.00 — —
Alloy 118 71.12 4.95 2.60 8.55 3.76 7.02 2.00 — —
Alloy 119 72.12 4.95 1.60 8.55 3.76 7.02 2.00 — —
Alloy 120 71.12 4.95 2.10 8.55 4.26 7.02 2.00 — —
Alloy 121 72.12 4.95 2.10 8.55 3.26 7.02 2.00 — —
Alloy 122 70.92 4.95 2.10 8.55 3.76 7.72 2.00 — —
Alloy 123 72.32 4.95 2.10 8.55 3.76 6.32 2.00 — —
Alloy 124 71.12 4.95 2.10 8.55 3.76 7.02 2.50 — —
Alloy 125 72.12 4.95 2.10 8.55 3.76 7.02 1.50 — —
Alloy 126 70.12 4.95 1.60 10.55 3.76 7.02 2.00 — —
Alloy 127 70.62 4.95 1.10 10.55 3.76 7.02 2.00 — —
Alloy 128 66.62 7.95 2.10 10.55 3.76 7.02 2.00 — —
Alloy 129 68.12 6.45 2.10 10.55 3.76 7.02 2.00 — —
Alloy 130 68.22 4.95 2.10 10.55 3.76 8.42 2.00 — —
Alloy 131 68.92 4.95 2.10 10.55 3.76 7.72 2.00 — —
Alloy 132 68.62 4.95 2.10 10.55 3.76 7.02 3.00 — —
Alloy 133 70.62 4.95 2.10 10.55 3.76 7.02 1.00 — —
Alloy 134 69.12 4.95 1.60 10.55 3.76 7.02 3.00 — —
Alloy 135 69.62 4.95 1.10 10.55 3.76 7.02 3.00 — —
Alloy 136 65.62 7.95 2.10 10.55 4.76 7.02 2.00 — —
Alloy 137 66.62 6.95 2.10 10.55 4.76 7.02 2.00 — —
Alloy 138 67.62 5.95 2.10 10.55 4.76 7.02 2.00 — —
Alloy 139 65.42 7.95 2.10 10.55 4.26 7.72 2.00 — —
Alloy 140 66.42 6.95 2.10 10.55 4.26 7.72 2.00 — —
Alloy 141 67.42 5.95 2.10 10.55 4.26 7.72 2.00 — —
Alloy 142 68.97 7.95 1.25 10.55 4.76 5.52 1.00 — —
Alloy 143 69.47 6.95 1.25 10.55 4.76 6.02 1.00 — —
Alloy 144 69.97 5.95 1.25 10.55 4.76 6.52 1.00 — —
Alloy 145 71.67 3.55 1.25 10.55 4.26 7.72 1.00 — —
Alloy 146 72.17 3.05 1.25 10.55 4.26 7.72 1.00 — —
Alloy 147 72.37 3.55 1.25 10.55 4.26 7.02 1.00 — —
Alloy 148 69.22 4.95 1.75 10.55 3.76 7.77 2.00 — —
Alloy 149 69.27 4.95 2.10 10.55 3.76 7.77 1.60 — —
Alloy 150 68.02 4.95 2.10 10.55 4.61 7.77 2.00 — —
Alloy 151 68.29 5.53 2.10 10.55 3.76 7.77 2.00 — —
Alloy 152 68.43 4.95 2.10 10.99 3.76 7.77 2.00 — —
Alloy 153 69.31 4.95 2.10 10.11 3.76 7.77 2.00 — —
Alloy 154 68.52 4.95 2.45 10.55 3.76 7.77 2.00 — —
Alloy 155 68.17 4.95 2.80 10.55 3.76 7.77 2.00 — —
Alloy 156 68.37 4.95 2.10 10.55 3.76 7.77 2.50 — —
Alloy 157 72.20 4.37 2.10 8.55 3.76 7.02 2.00 — —
Alloy 158 71.27 4.95 2.45 8.55 3.76 7.02 2.00 — —
Alloy 159 72.06 4.95 2.10 8.11 3.76 7.02 2.00 — —
Alloy 160 70.77 4.95 2.10 8.55 4.61 7.02 2.00 — —
Alloy 161 70.97 4.95 2.10 8.55 3.76 7.67 2.00 — —
Alloy 162 70.62 4.95 2.10 8.55 3.76 7.02 3.00 — —
Alloy 163 70.69 4.66 2.28 8.33 4.19 7.35 2.50 — —
Alloy 164 70.19 5.53 2.10 8.55 4.61 7.02 2.00 — —
Alloy 165 71.12 4.95 1.75 8.55 4.61 7.02 2.00 — —
Alloy 166 70.42 4.95 2.45 8.55 4.61 7.02 2.00 — —
Alloy 167 71.65 4.95 2.10 7.67 4.61 7.02 2.00 — —
Alloy 168 69.92 4.95 2.10 8.55 5.46 7.02 2.00 — —
Alloy 169 70.12 4.95 2.10 8.55 4.61 7.67 2.00 — —
Alloy 170 70.27 4.95 2.10 8.55 4.61 7.02 2.50 — —
Alloy 171 69.91 5.24 2.10 8.11 5.04 7.35 2.25 — —
Alloy 172 68.40 4.95 2.10 8.55 6.98 7.02 2.00 — —
Alloy 173 69.29 4.95 2.10 8.55 6.09 7.02 2.00 — —
Alloy 174 70.20 4.95 2.10 8.55 5.18 7.02 2.00 — —
Alloy 175 70.79 4.95 2.10 8.55 6.09 5.52 2.00 — —
Alloy 176 72.29 4.95 2.10 8.55 6.09 4.02 2.00 — —
Alloy 177 73.79 4.95 2.10 8.55 6.09 2.52 2.00 — —
Alloy 178 68.29 5.95 2.10 8.55 6.09 7.02 2.00 — —
Alloy 179 70.29 3.95 2.10 8.55 6.09 7.02 2.00 — —
Alloy 180 70.30 4.95 2.10 8.55 5.50 6.60 2.00 — —
Alloy 181 71.29 4.95 2.10 6.55 6.09 7.02 2.00 — —
Alloy 182 67.29 4.95 2.10 10.55 6.09 7.02 2.00 — —
Alloy 183 70.29 4.95 2.10 8.55 6.09 7.02 1.00 — —
Alloy 184 71.29 4.95 2.10 8.55 6.09 7.02 0.00 — —
Alloy 185 68.54 4.95 2.10 8.55 6.09 7.02 2.00 0.75 —
Alloy 186 68.29 4.95 2.10 8.55 6.09 7.02 2.00 1.00 —
Alloy 187 68.79 4.95 2.10 9.30 6.09 7.02 1.00 0.75 —
Alloy 188 72.79 4.95 2.10 8.55 6.09 4.02 1.50 — —
Alloy 189 71.79 5.95 2.10 8.55 6.09 4.02 1.50 — —
Alloy 190 72.42 4.95 2.10 8.92 6.09 4.02 1.50 — —
Alloy 191 71.42 5.95 2.10 8.92 6.09 4.02 1.50 — —
Alloy 192 73.17 6.13 2.28 9.77 4.52 4.13 — —
Alloy 193 70.42 6.95 2.10 8.92 6.09 4.02 1.50 — —
Alloy 194 70.80 4.95 2.10 8.55 5.50 6.60 1.50 — —
Alloy 195 69.80 5.95 2.10 8.55 5.50 6.60 1.50 — —
Alloy 196 70.43 4.95 2.10 8.92 5.50 6.60 1.50 — —
Alloy 197 69.43 5.95 2.10 8.92 5.50 6.60 1.50 — —
Alloy 198 68.43 6.95 2.10 8.92 5.50 6.60 1.50 — —
Alloy 199 71.79 4.95 2.10 6.55 6.09 7.02 1.50 — —
Alloy 200 72.29 4.95 2.10 5.55 6.09 7.02 2.00 — —
Alloy 201 73.29 4.95 2.10 4.55 6.09 7.02 2.00 — —
Alloy 202 71.48 5.45 2.10 8.92 6.53 4.02 1.50 — —
Alloy 203 71.03 5.45 2.10 8.92 6.98 4.02 1.50 — —
Alloy 204 72.18 5.45 2.10 8.92 6.53 3.32 1.50 — —
Alloy 205 71.73 5.45 2.10 8.92 6.98 3.32 1.50 — —
Alloy 206 70.98 5.45 2.10 9.42 6.53 4.02 1.50 — —
Alloy 207 70.53 5.45 2.10 9.42 6.98 4.02 1.50 — —
Alloy 208 71.68 5.45 2.10 9.42 6.53 3.32 1.50 — —
Alloy 209 71.23 5.45 2.10 9.42 6.98 3.32 1.50 — —
Alloy 210 72.45 5.45 2.10 8.92 6.76 2.82 1.50 — —
Alloy 211 72.95 5.45 2.10 8.92 6.76 2.32 1.50 — —
Alloy 212 72.07 5.45 2.10 9.30 6.76 3.32 1.00 — —
Alloy 213 72.57 5.45 2.10 9.30 6.76 2.82 1.00 — —
Alloy 214 73.07 5.45 2.10 9.30 6.76 2.32 1.00 — —
Alloy 215 71.58 5.45 2.10 9.79 6.76 3.32 1.00 — —
Alloy 216 72.08 5.45 2.10 9.79 6.76 2.82 1.00 — —
Alloy 217 72.58 5.45 2.10 9.79 6.76 2.32 1.00 — —
Alloy 218 71.08 5.45 2.10 10.29 6.76 3.32 1.00 — —
Alloy 219 71.58 5.45 2.10 10.29 6.76 2.82 1.00 — —
Alloy 220 72.08 5.45 2.10 10.29 6.76 2.32 1.00 — —
Alloy 221 73.33 5.45 2.10 9.30 5.50 3.32 1.00 — —
Alloy 222 73.83 5.45 2.10 9.30 5.50 2.82 1.00 — —
Alloy 223 74.33 5.45 2.10 9.30 5.50 2.32 1.00 — —
Alloy 224 72.57 5.45 2.10 8.80 6.76 3.32 1.00 — —
Alloy 225 73.07 5.45 2.10 8.80 6.76 2.82 1.00 — —
Alloy 226 73.57 5.45 2.10 8.80 6.76 2.32 1.00 — —
Alloy 227 73.07 5.45 2.10 8.30 6.76 3.32 1.00 — —
Alloy 228 73.57 5.45 2.10 8.30 6.76 2.82 1.00 — —
Alloy 229 74.07 5.45 2.10 8.30 6.76 2.32 1.00 — —
Alloy 230 71.03 5.45 — 12.44 6.76 3.32 1.00 — —
Alloy 231 71.53 5.45 — 12.44 6.76 2.82 1.00 — —
Alloy 232 72.03 5.45 — 12.44 6.76 2.32 1.00 — —
Alloy 233 65.07 12.45 2.10 9.30 6.76 3.32 1.00 — —
Alloy 234 65.57 12.45 2.10 9.30 6.76 2.82 1.00 — —
Alloy 235 66.07 12.45 2.10 9.30 6.76 2.32 1.00 — —
Alloy 236 65.29 12.45 — 12.44 5.50 3.32 1.00 — —
Alloy 237 65.79 12.45 — 12.44 5.50 2.82 1.00 — —
Alloy 238 66.29 12.45 — 12.44 5.50 2.32 1.00 — —
Alloy 239 55.82 18.90 — 13.18 5.50 6.60 — — —
Alloy 240 57.95 18.90 — 11.05 5.50 6.60 — — —
Alloy 241 69.83 4.89 — 13.18 5.50 6.60 — — —
Alloy 242 71.96 4.89 — 11.05 5.50 6.60 — — —
Alloy 243 63.55 14.45 — 13.18 5.50 3.32 — — —
Alloy 244 66.55 11.45 — 13.18 5.50 3.32 — — —
Alloy 245 69.55 8.45 — 13.18 5.50 3.32 — — —
Alloy 246 72.55 5.45 — 13.18 5.50 3.32 — — —
Alloy 247 68.05 9.95 — 13.18 5.50 3.32 — — —
Alloy 248 68.71 9.95 2.10 8.92 5.50 3.32 1.50 — —
Alloy 249 70.21 8.45 2.10 8.92 5.50 3.32 1.50 — —
Alloy 250 69.55 9.95 — 13.18 4.00 3.32 — — —
Alloy 251 71.05 8.45 — 13.18 4.00 3.32 — — —
Alloy 252 70.21 9.95 2.10 8.92 4.00 3.32 1.50 — —
Alloy 253 71.71 8.45 2.10 8.92 4.00 3.32 1.50 — —
Alloy 254 68.85 9.95 — 13.18 4.00 4.02 — — —
Alloy 255 70.35 8.45 — 13.18 4.00 4.02 — — —
Alloy 256 69.51 9.95 2.10 8.92 4.00 4.02 1.50 — —
Alloy 257 71.01 8.45 2.10 8.92 4.00 4.02 1.50 — —
Alloy 258 68.52 9.95 2.10 9.91 4.00 4.02 1.50 — —
Alloy 259 70.02 8.45 2.10 9.91 4.00 4.02 1.50 — —
Alloy 260 67.36 10.70 1.25 10.56 5.00 4.13 1.00 — —
Alloy 261 66.74 10.70 — 12.43 5.00 4.13 1.00 — —
Alloy 262 74.50 10.70 1.25 2.17 5.00 4.13 1.00 — 1.25
Alloy 263 72.64 10.70 1.25 4.03 5.00 4.13 1.00 — 1.25
Alloy 264 70.77 10.70 1.25 5.90 5.00 4.13 1.00 — 1.25
Alloy 265 68.90 10.70 1.25 7.77 5.00 4.13 1.00 — 1.25
Alloy 266 67.04 10.70 1.25 9.63 5.00 4.13 1.00 — 1.25
Alloy 267 72.29 5.45 1.25 9.63 5.00 4.13 1.00 — 1.25
Alloy 268 67.86 10.70 1.25 10.06 5.00 4.13 1.00 — —
Alloy 269 68.37 10.70 1.25 9.55 5.00 4.13 1.00 — —
Alloy 270 68.86 10.70 1.25 9.06 5.00 4.13 1.00 — —
Alloy 271 66.46 10.70 1.25 10.06 5.00 5.53 1.00 — —
Alloy 272 66.97 10.70 1.25 9.55 5.00 5.53 1.00 — —
Alloy 273 67.46 10.70 1.25 9.06 5.00 5.53 1.00 — —
Alloy 274 66.86 10.70 1.25 11.06 5.00 4.13 1.00 — —
Alloy 275 65.96 10.70 1.25 10.56 5.00 5.53 1.00 — —
Alloy 276 65.46 10.70 1.25 11.06 5.00 5.53 1.00 — —
Alloy 277 64.01 10.95 0.75 10.56 4.76 7.72 1.25 — —
Alloy 278 64.51 10.95 0.75 10.06 4.76 7.72 1.25 — —
Alloy 279 65.02 10.95 0.75 9.55 4.76 7.72 1.25 — —
Alloy 280 67.24 10.70 0.50 12.43 5.00 4.13 — — —
Alloy 281 68.17 10.70 0.50 11.50 5.00 4.13 — — —
Alloy 282 66.77 10.70 0.50 11.50 5.00 5.53 — — —
Alloy 283 66.37 10.70 0.50 11.50 5.40 5.53 — — —
Alloy 284 67.90 10.80 0.80 10.12 5.00 4.13 1.25 — —
Alloy 285 68.50 10.80 0.80 9.52 5.00 4.13 1.25 — —
Alloy 286 68.63 10.80 0.80 9.89 5.00 4.13 0.75 — —
Alloy 287 67.40 11.30 0.80 10.12 5.00 4.13 1.25 — —
Alloy 288 68.40 10.30 0.80 10.12 5.00 4.13 1.25 — —
Alloy 289 67.40 10.80 0.80 10.12 5.00 4.13 1.25 — 0.50
Alloy 290 66.90 10.80 0.80 10.12 5.00 4.13 1.25 — 1.00
Alloy 291 78.07 — — 12.80 5.00 4.13 — — —
Alloy 292 69.36 10.70 1.25 10.56 3.00 4.13 1.00 — —
Alloy 293 74.69 3.00 — 13.18 3.00 6.13 — — —
Alloy 294 78.07 — — 12.80 3.00 6.13 — — —
Alloy 295 74.99 2.13 4.38 11.84 1.94 2.13 1.55 — 1.04
Alloy 296 67.63 6.22 8.55 6.49 2.52 4.13 0.90 3.56
Alloy 297 66.00 11.30 0.77 9.30 7.88 1.20 3.55 —
Alloy 298 87.05 — 4.58 1.74 3.05 3.07 0.25 — 0.26
Alloy 299 80.69 3.00 — 11.18 2.00 2.13 — — 1.00
Alloy 300 77.39 2.13 2.38 11.84 1.54 2.13 1.55 — 1.04
Alloy 301 70.47 10.70 7.58 1.12 5.00 4.13 1.00 — —
Alloy 302 75.88 1.06 1.09 13.77 5.23 0.65 0.36 — 1.96
Alloy 303 80.19 — 0.95 13.28 2.25 0.88 1.66 — 0.79
Alloy 304 67.67 6.22 1.15 11.52 0.65 8.55 1.09 — 3.15
From the above it can be seen that the alloys herein that are susceptible to the transformations illustrated in FIGS. 3A and 3B fall into the following groupings: (1) Fe/Cr/Ni/Mn/B/Si (alloys 1 to 63, 66 to 71, 184, 192, 280 to 283); (2) Fe/Cr/Ni/Mn/B/Si/Cu (alloys 64, 72, 74 to 183, 188 to 191, 193 to 229, 233 to 235, 248, 249, 252, 253, 256 to 260, 268 to 279, 284 to 288, 292 to 297, 301); (3) Fe/Cr/Ni/Mn/B/Si/C (alloys 65, 73); (4) Fe/Cr/Ni/Mn/B/Si/Cu/Ti (alloys 185 to 187); (5) Fe/Cr/Mn/B/Si/Cu (alloys 230 to 232, 236 to 238, 261); (6) Fe/Cr/Mn/B/Si (alloys 239 to 247, 250, 251, 254, 255, 293); (7) Fe/Cr/Ni/Mn/B/Si/Cu/C (alloys 262 to 267, 289 to 290, 295, 296, 300, 302, 304); (8) Fe/Mn/B/Si (alloys 291, 294); (9) Fe/Ni/Mn/B/Si/Cu/C (alloy 298, 303); (10) Fe/Cr/Mn/B/Si/C (alloy 299).
From the above, one of skill in the art would understand the alloy composition herein to include the following four elements at the following indicated atomic percent: Fe (55.0 to 88.0 at. %); B (0.50 to 8.0 at. %); Si (0.5 to 12.0 at. %); Mn (1.0 to 19.0 at. %). In addition, it can be appreciated that the following elements are optional and may be present at the indicated atomic percent: Ni (0.1 to 9.0 at. %); Cr (0.1 to 19.0 at. %); Cu (0.1 to 6.00 at. %); Ti (0.1 to 1.00 at. %); C (0.1 to 4.0 at. %). Impurities may be present including atoms such as Al, Mo, Nb, S, O, N, P, W, Co, Sn, Zr, Pd and V, which may be present up to 10 atomic percent.
Accordingly, the alloys may herein also be more broadly described as Fe-based alloys (with Fe content greater than 50.0 atomic percent) and further including B, Si and Mn, and capable of forming Class 2 steel (FIG. 3A) and further capable of undergoing recrystallization (heat treatment to 700° C. but below Tm) followed by stress above yield to provide Refined High Strength Nanomodal Structure (Structure #5, FIG. 3B), which steps of recrystallization and stress above yield may be repeated. The alloys may be further defined by the mechanical properties that are achieved for the identified structures with respect to yield strength, tensile strength, and tensile elongation characteristics.
Steel Alloy Properties Thermal analysis was performed on material in the as cast state for all alloys of interest. Measurements were taken on a Netzsch Pegasus 404 Differential Scanning calorimeter (DSC). Measurement profiles consisted of a rapid ramp up to 900° C., followed by a controlled ramp to 1400° C. at a rate of 10° C./minute, a controlled cooling from 1400° C. to 900° C. at a rate of 10° C./min, and a second heating to 1400° C. at a rate of 10° C./min. Measurements of solidus, liquidus, and peak temperatures were taken from the final heating stage, in order to ensure a representative measurement of the material in an equilibrium state with the best possible measurement contact. In the alloys listed in Table 4, melting occurs in one or multiple stages with initial melting from ˜1120° C. depending on alloy chemistry and final melting temperature exceeding 1425° C. in some instances (marked N/A in Table 5). Accordingly, the melting point range for the alloys herein capable of Class 2 Steel formation and subsequent recrystallization and cold forming (FIG. 3B) may be from 1000° C. to 1500° C. Variations in melting behavior reflect a complex phase formation at solidification of the alloys depending on their chemistry.
TABLE 5
Differential Thermal Analysis Data for Melting Behavior
Solidus Liquidus Peak #1 Peak #2 Peak #3 Peak #4
Alloy (° C.) (° C.) (° C.) (° C.) (° C.) (° C.)
Alloy 1 1163 1358 1187 1319 — —
Alloy 2 1171 1368 1194 1353 — —
Alloy 3 1152 1365 1173 1351 — —
Alloy 4 1157 1375 1177 1350 — —
Alloy 5 1152 1369 1179 1351 — —
Alloy 6 1156 1366 1178 1212 1344 —
Alloy 7 1161 1362 1181 1216 1319 1342
Alloy 8 1153 1357 1176 1214 1330 —
Alloy 9 1150 1351 1170 1315 1333 —
Alloy 10 1152 1369 1173 1349 — —
Alloy 11 1142 1325 1169 1290 — —
Alloy 12 1140 1325 1168 — — —
Alloy 13 1142 1321 1162 1291 — —
Alloy 14 1154 1353 1181 1320 — —
Alloy 15 1155 1356 1181 1343 — —
Alloy 16 1159 1329 1182 1312 — —
Alloy 17 1162 1349 1201 1339 — —
Alloy 18 1166 1333 1194 1315 — —
Alloy 19 1164 1333 1201 1318 — —
Alloy 20 1176 1360 1211 1342 — —
Alloy 21 1175 1353 1199 1320 — —
Alloy 22 1181 1351 1205 1293 — —
Alloy 23 1192 1359 1228 1345 — —
Alloy 24 1189 1369 1225 1363 — —
Alloy 25 1193 1351 1229 1337 — —
Alloy 26 1167 1329 1203 1305 — —
Alloy 27 1168 1312 1194 1296 — —
Alloy 28 1158 1300 1197 1292 — —
Alloy 29 1164 1327 1192 1310 — —
Alloy 30 1162 1323 1193 1306 — —
Alloy 31 1163 1310 1199 1300 — —
Alloy 32 1172 1325 1214 1313 — —
Alloy 33 1164 1318 1209 1306 — —
Alloy 34 1172 1315 1212 1302 — —
Alloy 35 1156 1333 1188 1321 — —
Alloy 36 1160 1330 1185 1315 — —
Alloy 37 1158 1319 1191 1312 — —
Alloy 38 1171 1333 1207 1315 — —
Alloy 39 1165 1330 1206 1312 — —
Alloy 40 1160 1322 1207 1307 — —
Alloy 41 1180 1332 1225 1315 — —
Alloy 42 1176 1324 1217 1311 — —
Alloy 43 1165 1339 1215 1304 — —
Alloy 44 1171 1349 1206 1337 — —
Alloy 45 1163 1340 1205 1321 — —
Alloy 46 1161 1329 1200 1320 — —
Alloy 47 1175 1352 1208 1310 — —
Alloy 48 1172 1344 1209 1334 — —
Alloy 49 1176 1346 1212 1323 — —
Alloy 50 1232 1338 1261 1311 — —
Alloy 51 1223 1330 1234 1260 1306 —
Alloy 52 1209 1337 1220 1254 1303 —
Alloy 53 1158 1276 1209 1225 1263 —
Alloy 54 1138 1275 1144 1223 1247 —
Alloy 55 1181 1260 1227 1250 — —
Alloy 56 1224 1332 1254 1317 — —
Alloy 57 1223 1336 1252 1308 — —
Alloy 58 1218 1315 1248 1306 — —
Alloy 59 1153 1315 1188 1288 — —
Alloy 60 1163 1354 1191 1337 — —
Alloy 61 1163 1347 1187 1326 — —
Alloy 62 1171 1365 1191 1352 — —
Alloy 63 1153 1337 1182 1312 — —
Alloy 64 1152 1317 1187 1301 — —
Alloy 65 1120 1320 1169 1302 — —
Alloy 66 1181 1324 1210 1304 — —
Alloy 67 1193 1371 1215 1338 — —
Alloy 68 1178 1350 1213 1329 — —
Alloy 69 1187 1371 1217 1353 — —
Alloy 70 1159 1376 1189 1334 — —
Alloy 71 1145 1356 1175 1335 — —
Alloy 72 1176 1354 1217 1304 — —
Alloy 73 1143 1330 1196 1307 — —
Alloy 74 1163 1336 1197 1308 — —
Alloy 75 1150 1310 1185 1293 — —
Alloy 76 1150 1316 1184 1295 — —
Alloy 77 1159 1340 1189 1317 — —
Alloy 78 1156 1331 1188 1303 — —
Alloy 79 1159 1330 1188 1312 — —
Alloy 80 1156 1343 1192 1333 — —
Alloy 81 1154 1324 1191 1314 — —
Alloy 82 1157 1335 1196 1325 — —
Alloy 83 1159 1354 1196 1343 — —
Alloy 84 1156 1346 1194 1337 — —
Alloy 85 1159 1349 1198 1339 — —
Alloy 86 1152 1336 1189 1324 — —
Alloy 87 1153 1347 1181 1340 — —
Alloy 88 1155 1327 1181 1327 — —
Alloy 89 1160 1347 1185 1330 — —
Alloy 90 1162 1368 1184 1352 — —
Alloy 91 1157 1359 1182 1351 — —
Alloy 92 1161 1358 1183 1349 — —
Alloy 93 1158 1375 1185 1364 — —
Alloy 94 1163 1368 1183 1358 — —
Alloy 95 1162 1364 1180 1356 — —
Alloy 96 1151 1352 1172 1347 — —
Alloy 97 1147 1344 1170 1340 — —
Alloy 98 1148 1353 1170 1342 — —
Alloy 99 1156 1348 1181 1328 — —
Alloy 100 1159 1353 1181 1343 — —
Alloy 101 1151 1353 1177 1346 — —
Alloy 102 1157 1352 1181 1338 — —
Alloy 103 1160 1354 1184 1343 — —
Alloy 104 1162 1355 1187 1342 — —
Alloy 105 1160 1363 1197 1348 — —
Alloy 106 1164 1353 1185 1343 — —
Alloy 107 1162 1355 1187 1338 — —
Alloy 108 1166 1356 1187 1315 — —
Alloy 109 1166 1349 1183 1319 — —
Alloy 110 1169 1351 1186 1330 — —
Alloy 111 1170 1356 1186 1330 — —
Alloy 112 1177 1334 1187 1309 — —
Alloy 113 1173 1343 1191 1329 — —
Alloy 114 1173 1354 1186 1332 — —
Alloy 115 1171 1350 1191 1332 — —
Alloy 116 1184 1361 1214 1299 1345 —
Alloy 117 1156 1365 1182 1354 — —
Alloy 118 1174 1362 1199 1346 — —
Alloy 119 1170 1359 1196 1347 — —
Alloy 120 1175 1348 1202 1337 — —
Alloy 121 1181 1371 1200 1335 1358 —
Alloy 122 1170 1346 1307 1338 — —
Alloy 123 1178 1363 1198 1351 — —
Alloy 124 1172 1355 1194 1323 1334 —
Alloy 125 1173 1359 1203 1332 — —
Alloy 126 1184 1361 1214 1299 1345 —
Alloy 127 1156 1365 1182 1354 — —
Alloy 128 1174 1362 1199 1346 — —
Alloy 129 1170 1359 1196 1347 — —
Alloy 130 1175 1348 1202 1337 — —
Alloy 131 1181 1371 1200 1335 1358 —
Alloy 132 1170 1346 1307 1338 — —
Alloy 133 1178 1363 1198 1351 — —
Alloy 134 1172 1355 1194 1323 1334 —
Alloy 135 1173 1359 1203 1332 — —
Alloy 136 1188 1322 1218 1304 — —
Alloy 137 1184 1323 1213 1312 — —
Alloy 138 1176 1325 1206 1314 — —
Alloy 139 1197 1329 1222 1275 1317 —
Alloy 140 1186 1327 1212 1293 1316 —
Alloy 141 1168 1327 1205 1310 — —
Alloy 142 1197 1348 1224 1324 1338 —
Alloy 143 1195 1349 1219 1336 — —
Alloy 144 1174 1340 1207 1326 — —
Alloy 145 1153 1337 1180 1323 — —
Alloy 146 1156 1342 1180 1330 — —
Alloy 147 1163 1347 1186 1339 — —
Alloy 148 1168 1351 1197 1294 1338 —
Alloy 149 1168 1344 1192 1328 — —
Alloy 150 1161 1319 1198 1309 — —
Alloy 151 1170 1340 1202 1314 — —
Alloy 152 1172 1338 1194 1322 — —
Alloy 153 1160 1335 1188 1325 — —
Alloy 154 1163 1338 1190 1326 — —
Alloy 157 1169 1357 1194 1349 — —
Alloy 158 1172 1353 1199 1344 — —
Alloy 159 1169 1354 1196 1346 — —
Alloy 160 1163 1332 1197 1321 — —
Alloy 161 1171 1347 1191 1301 1337 —
Alloy 162 1170 1348 1199 1339 — —
Alloy 163 1158 1338 1192 1330 — —
Alloy 164 1171 1338 1204 1323 — —
Alloy 165 1168 1341 1202 1332 — —
Alloy 166 1168 1341 1202 1329 — —
Alloy 167 1164 1343 1197 1324 — —
Alloy 168 1162 1319 1198 1307 — —
Alloy 169 1157 1329 1195 1307 — —
Alloy 170 1162 1335 1197 1325 —
Alloy 171 1162 1325 1199 1309 —
Alloy 172 1169 1287 1201 1264 — —
Alloy 173 1160 1304 1199 1288 — —
Alloy 174 1162 1320 1193 1309 — —
Alloy 175 1170 1320 1202 1301 — —
Alloy 176 1164 1327 1198 1317 — —
Alloy 177 1175 1350 1206 1333 — —
Alloy 178 1168 1303 1203 1291 — —
Alloy 179 1145 1297 1188 1278 — —
Alloy 180 1166 1321 1204 1309 — —
Alloy 181 1172 1314 1206 1296 — —
Alloy 182 1135 1285 1187 — — —
Alloy 183 1163 1308 1197 1290 — —
Alloy 184 1165 1316 1197 1298 — —
Alloy 185 1164 1296 1192 1282 — —
Alloy 186 1153 1286 1187 1210 1269 —
Alloy 187 1160 1295 1189 1274 — —
Alloy 188 1171 1339 1205 1322 — —
Alloy 189 1182 1335 1212 1324 — —
Alloy 190 1173 1334 1207 1324 — —
Alloy 191 1181 1335 1214 1320 — —
Alloy 192 1175 1365 1202 1356 — —
Alloy 193 1183 1333 1217 1318 — —
Alloy 194 1170 1323 1195 1306 — —
Alloy 195 1175 1322 1209 1307 — —
Alloy 196 1165 1322 1198 1308 — —
Alloy 197 1175 1319 1208 1307 — —
Alloy 198 1178 1316 1215 1304 — —
Alloy 199 1162 1310 1199 1299 — —
Alloy 200 1162 1314 1200 1294 — —
Alloy 201 1166 1314 1202 1284 1302 —
Alloy 202 1170 1323 1202 1312 — —
Alloy 203 1174 1324 1207 1298 — —
Alloy 204 1175 1334 1205 — — —
Alloy 205 1176 1334 1209 1307 — —
Alloy 206 1175 1324 1206 — — —
Alloy 207 1174 1317 1207 1296 — —
Alloy 208 1173 1329 1207 — — —
Alloy 209 1178 1327 1208 — — —
Alloy 210 1177 1333 1206 1314 — —
Alloy 211 1173 1336 1204 1320 — —
Alloy 212 1167 1332 1200 1307 — —
Alloy 213 1174 1331 1207 1317 — —
Alloy 214 1175 1337 1202 1322 — —
Alloy 215 1177 1327 1206 1318 — —
Alloy 216 1168 1326 1202 1310 — —
Alloy 217 1178 1328 1206 1318 — —
Alloy 218 1168 1321 1206 1312 — —
Alloy 219 1170 1327 1206 1307 — —
Alloy 220 1174 1338 1208 1318 — —
Alloy 221 1180 1356 1207 1339 — —
Alloy 222 1174 1358 1204 1347 — —
Alloy 223 1175 1362 1201 1350 — —
Alloy 224 1177 1333 1208 1310 — —
Alloy 225 1179 1330 1205 1322 — —
Alloy 226 1170 1331 1202 1318 — —
Alloy 227 1177 1328 1205 1317 — —
Alloy 228 1173 1333 1206 1323 — —
Alloy 229 1177 1339 1205 1325 — —
Alloy 230 1167 1323 1302 1302 — —
Alloy 231 1174 1329 1206 1305 — —
Alloy 232 1175 1337 1203 1300 — —
Alloy 233 1210 1315 1245 1293 — —
Alloy 234 1207 1310 1245 1297 — —
Alloy 235 1208 1316 1248 1304 — —
Alloy 236 1208 1335 1244 1315 — —
Alloy 237 1214 1340 1247 1323 — —
Alloy 238 1216 1349 1246 1331 — —
Alloy 239 1185 1309 1196 1253 1297 —
Alloy 240 1190 1323 1197 1261 1311 —
Alloy 241 1160 1315 1189 1298 —
Alloy 242 1163 1329 1194 1279 1308
Alloy 243 1214 1341 1236 1320 —
Alloy 244 1210 1341 1235 1327 —
Alloy 245 1195 1351 1221 1319 1332
Alloy 246 1174 1352 1198 1338 —
Alloy 247 1199 1340 1227 1294 1326
Alloy 248 1202 1343 1233 1326 —
Alloy 249 1192 1347 1221 1329 —
Alloy 250 1199 1372 1228 1305 1362
Alloy 251 1194 1377 1219 1319 1366
Alloy 252 1206 1367 1233 1354 —
Alloy 253 1200 1375 1226 1361 —
Alloy 254 1199 1369 1227 1288 1356
Alloy 255 1193 1373 1219 1308 1359
Alloy 256 1204 1365 1231 1339 1356
Alloy 257 1196 1371 1221 1358 —
Alloy 258 1194 1354 1224 1346 —
Alloy 259 1191 1360 1220 1354 —
Alloy 260 1208 1343 1234 1283 1332 —
Alloy 261 1203 1343 1234 1268 1329 —
Alloy 262 1189 1366 1225 1298 1355 —
Alloy 263 1195 1365 1229 1289 1348 —
Alloy 264 1192 1352 1228 1303 1336 —
Alloy 265 1169 1332 1216 1322 — —
Alloy 266 1184 1331 1222 1320 — —
Alloy 267 1165 1344 1192 1336 — —
Alloy 268 1202 1343 1233 1303 1333 —
Alloy 269 1194 1341 1229 1304 1328 —
Alloy 270 1208 1354 1235 1281 1339 —
Alloy 271 1202 1338 1232 1319 — —
Alloy 272 1203 1342 1231 1319 — —
Alloy 273 1203 1344 1235 1321 — —
Alloy 274 1202 1342 1230 1292 1342 —
Alloy 275 1197 1334 1228 1258 1313 —
Alloy 276 1189 1327 1225 1269 1309 —
Alloy 277 1193 1318 1205 1222 1308 —
Alloy 278 1193 1321 1205 1222 1309 —
Alloy 279 1192 1329 1226 1310 — —
Alloy 280 1201 1347 1229 1269 1330 —
Alloy 281 1199 1352 1231 1270 1334 —
Alloy 282 1201 1343 1227 1322 — —
Alloy 283 1188 1327 1221 1308 — —
Alloy 284 1206 1348 1233 1282 1333 —
Alloy 285 1207 1355 1235 1269 1338 —
Alloy 286 1207 1357 1233 1263 1343 —
Alloy 287 1199 1340 1231 1283 1326 —
Alloy 288 1203 1346 1231 1285 1332 —
Alloy 289 1200 1343 1228 1284 1326 —
Alloy 290 1189 1338 1224 1292 1321 —
Alloy 291 1142 1364 1162 1349 — —
Alloy 292 1208 1392 1230 1290 1377 —
Alloy 293 1158 >1400 1178 1332 1376 1395
Alloy 294 1137 1383 1156 1371 —
Alloy 295 1131 1398 1151 1389 — —
Alloy 296 1100 1339 1133 1328 — —
Alloy 297 1206 1286 1241 1273 — —
Alloy 298 1147 NA 1160 — — —
Alloy 299 1170 NA 1185 >1425 — —
Alloy 300 1157 NA 1173 >1425
Alloy 301 1200 1392 1228 1380 — —
Alloy 302 1131 1376 1154 1359 — —
Alloy 303 1146 1439 1158 1430 1436 —
Alloy 304 1083 1346 1108 1137 1385 —
The density of the alloys was measured on arc-melt ingots using the Archimedes method in a specially constructed balance allowing weighing in both air and distilled water. The density of each alloy is tabulated in Table 6 and was found to vary from 7.30 g/cm3 to 7.89 g/cm3. Experimental results have revealed that the accuracy of this technique is ±0.01 g/cm3.
TABLE 6
Average Alloy Densities
Density
Alloy [g/cm3]
Alloy 1 7.53
Alloy 2 7.51
Alloy 3 7.52
Alloy 4 7.52
Alloy 5 7.51
Alloy 6 7.50
Alloy 7 7.49
Alloy 8 7.50
Alloy 9 7.52
Alloy 10 7.54
Alloy 11 7.60
Alloy 12 7.60
Alloy 13 7.57
Alloy 14 7.61
Alloy 15 7.59
Alloy 16 7.57
Alloy 17 7.57
Alloy 18 7.60
Alloy 19 7.59
Alloy 20 7.55
Alloy 21 7.61
Alloy 22 7.57
Alloy 23 7.49
Alloy 24 7.54
Alloy 25 7.58
Alloy 26 7.58
Alloy 27 7.55
Alloy 28 7.54
Alloy 29 7.57
Alloy 30 7.58
Alloy 31 7.56
Alloy 32 7.56
Alloy 33 7.58
Alloy 34 7.54
Alloy 35 7.53
Alloy 36 7.56
Alloy 37 7.58
Alloy 38 7.55
Alloy 39 7.58
Alloy 40 7.58
Alloy 41 7.56
Alloy 42 7.57
Alloy 43 7.55
Alloy 44 7.49
Alloy 45 7.52
Alloy 46 7.57
Alloy 47 7.48
Alloy 48 7.48
Alloy 49 7.52
Alloy 50 7.51
Alloy 51 7.46
Alloy 52 7.35
Alloy 53 7.33
Alloy 54 7.31
Alloy 55 7.30
Alloy 56 7.56
Alloy 57 7.55
Alloy 58 7.54
Alloy 59 7.58
Alloy 60 7.62
Alloy 61 7.65
Alloy 62 7.65
Alloy 63 7.62
Alloy 64 7.58
Alloy 65 7.58
Alloy 66 7.59
Alloy 67 7.62
Alloy 68 7.62
Alloy 69 7.66
Alloy 70 7.61
Alloy 71 7.58
Alloy 72 7.60
Alloy 73 7.56
Alloy 74 7.62
Alloy 75 7.60
Alloy 76 7.63
Alloy 77 7.60
Alloy 78 7.65
Alloy 79 7.61
Alloy 80 7.64
Alloy 81 7.59
Alloy 82 7.66
Alloy 83 7.59
Alloy 84 7.64
Alloy 85 7.60
Alloy 86 7.64
Alloy 87 7.60
Alloy 88 7.65
Alloy 89 7.61
Alloy 90 7.61
Alloy 91 7.65
Alloy 92 7.61
Alloy 93 7.61
Alloy 94 7.67
Alloy 95 7.63
Alloy 96 7.61
Alloy 97 7.62
Alloy 98 7.61
Alloy 99 7.62
Alloy 100 7.60
Alloy 101 7.61
Alloy 102 7.59
Alloy 103 7.61
Alloy 104 7.58
Alloy 105 7.60
Alloy 106 7.61
Alloy 107 7.61
Alloy 108 7.64
Alloy 109 7.64
Alloy 110 7.60
Alloy 111 7.59
Alloy 112 7.60
Alloy 113 7.60
Alloy 114 7.58
Alloy 115 7.56
Alloy 116 7.64
Alloy 117 7.60
Alloy 118 7.63
Alloy 119 7.60
Alloy 120 7.61
Alloy 121 7.63
Alloy 122 7.59
Alloy 123 7.63
Alloy 124 7.64
Alloy 125 7.60
Alloy 126 7.65
Alloy 127 7.62
Alloy 128 7.63
Alloy 129 7.65
Alloy 130 7.58
Alloy 131 7.62
Alloy 132 7.67
Alloy 133 7.65
Alloy 134 7.66
Alloy 135 7.67
Alloy 136 7.58
Alloy 137 7.60
Alloy 138 7.62
Alloy 139 7.55
Alloy 140 7.57
Alloy 141 7.60
Alloy 142 7.64
Alloy 143 7.64
Alloy 144 7.63
Alloy 145 7.60
Alloy 146 7.60
Alloy 147 7.63
Alloy 148 7.59
Alloy 149 7.60
Alloy 150 7.59
Alloy 151 7.59
Alloy 152 7.59
Alloy 153 7.60
Alloy 154 7.60
Alloy 155 7.60
Alloy 156 7.60
Alloy 157 7.60
Alloy 158 7.62
Alloy 159 7.58
Alloy 160 7.60
Alloy 161 7.58
Alloy 162 7.65
Alloy 163 7.61
Alloy 164 7.61
Alloy 165 7.61
Alloy 166 7.64
Alloy 167 7.58
Alloy 168 7.62
Alloy 169 7.61
Alloy 170 7.64
Alloy 171 7.61
Alloy 172 7.58
Alloy 173 7.60
Alloy 174 7.58
Alloy 175 7.65
Alloy 176 7.69
Alloy 177 7.69
Alloy 178 7.58
Alloy 179 7.60
Alloy 180 7.64
Alloy 181 7.53
Alloy 182 7.58
Alloy 183 7.57
Alloy 184 7.56
Alloy 185 7.53
Alloy 186 7.51
Alloy 187 7.53
Alloy 188 7.68
Alloy 189 7.67
Alloy 190 7.69
Alloy 191 7.70
Alloy 193 7.70
Alloy 194 7.61
Alloy 195 7.60
Alloy 196 7.64
Alloy 197 7.63
Alloy 198 7.62
Alloy 199 7.54
Alloy 200 7.51
Alloy 201 7.51
Alloy 202 7.71
Alloy 203 7.70
Alloy 204 7.71
Alloy 205 7.73
Alloy 206 7.71
Alloy 207 7.71
Alloy 208 7.74
Alloy 209 7.74
Alloy 210 7.74
Alloy 211 7.74
Alloy 212 7.73
Alloy 213 7.72
Alloy 214 7.75
Alloy 215 7.72
Alloy 216 7.73
Alloy 217 7.75
Alloy 218 7.70
Alloy 219 7.73
Alloy 220 7.74
Alloy 221 7.75
Alloy 222 7.77
Alloy 223 7.79
Alloy 224 7.73
Alloy 225 7.74
Alloy 226 7.75
Alloy 227 7.68
Alloy 228 7.72
Alloy 229 7.73
Alloy 230 7.71
Alloy 232 7.76
Alloy 233 7.66
Alloy 234 7.66
Alloy 235 7.70
Alloy 236 7.66
Alloy 237 7.68
Alloy 238 7.70
Alloy 239 7.41
Alloy 240 7.39
Alloy 241 7.62
Alloy 242 7.62
Alloy 243 7.64
Alloy 244 7.67
Alloy 245 7.73
Alloy 246 7.76
Alloy 247 7.68
Alloy 248 7.73
Alloy 249 7.75
Alloy 250 7.71
Alloy 251 7.76
Alloy 252 7.74
Alloy 253 7.75
Alloy 254 7.67
Alloy 255 7.71
Alloy 256 7.72
Alloy 257 7.72
Alloy 258 7.69
Alloy 259 7.72
Alloy 260 7.66
Alloy 261 7.62
Alloy 262 7.57
Alloy 263 7.68
Alloy 264 7.66
Alloy 265 7.65
Alloy 266 7.64
Alloy 267 7.69
Alloy 268 7.66
Alloy 269 7.68
Alloy 270 7.68
Alloy 271 7.62
Alloy 272 7.62
Alloy 273 7.64
Alloy 274 7.68
Alloy 275 7.62
Alloy 276 7.62
Alloy 277 7.54
Alloy 278 7.53
Alloy 279 7.52
Alloy 280 7.65
Alloy 281 7.66
Alloy 282 7.60
Alloy 283 7.60
Alloy 284 7.67
Alloy 285 7.69
Alloy 286 7.66
Alloy 287 7.67
Alloy 288 7.69
Alloy 289 7.64
Alloy 290 7.63
Alloy 291 7.74
Alloy 292 7.77
Alloy 293 7.70
Alloy 294 7.70
Alloy 295 7.73
Alloy 296 7.80
Alloy 297 7.69
Alloy 298 7.72
Alloy 299 7.85
Alloy 300 7.87
Alloy 301 7.75
Alloy 302 7.80
Alloy 303 7.89
Alloy 304 7.55
Plates from each alloy from Alloy 1 to Alloy 283 was subjected to Hot Isostatic Pressing (HIP) using an American Isostatic Press Model 645 machine with a molybdenum furnace and with a furnace chamber size of 4 inch diameter by 5 inch height. The plates were heated at 10° C./min until the target temperature was reached and were exposed to gas pressure for specified time which was held at 1 hour for these studies. HIP cycle parameters are listed in Table 7. The key aspect of the HIP cycle was to remove macrodefects such as pores and small inclusions by mimicking hot rolling during sheet production by Thin Strip/Twin Roll Casting process or Thick/Thin Slab Casting process. The HIP cycle, which is a thermomechanical process allows the elimination of some fraction of internal and external macrodefects while smoothing the surface of the plate.
TABLE 7
HIP Cycle Parameters
HIP Temperature HIP Time HIP Pressure
[° C.] [min] [ksi]
HIP 1 1000 60 30
HIP 2 1100 60 30
HIP 3 1125 60 30
HIP 4 1150 60 30
HIP 5 1100 60 45
HIP 6 1125 60 45
HIP 7 1140 60 45
HIP 8 1150 60 45
HIP 9 1165 60 45
HIP 10 1175 60 45
After HIP cycle, the plates were heat treated at parameters specified in Table 8. In the case of air cooling, the specimens were held at the target temperature for a target period of time, removed from the furnace and cooled down in air, modeling coiling conditions at commercial sheet production. In cases of controlled cooling, the furnace temperature was lowered at a specified rate, with samples loaded, allowing for a control of the sample cooling rate.
TABLE 8
Heat Treatment Parameters
Stage 1 Stage 1 Stage 2 Stage 2
Temperature Dwell Temperature Dwell
[° C.] [min] Stage 1 Cooling [° C.] [min] Stage 2 Cooling
HT1 700 60 Air Normalized — — —
HT2 700 — 1° C./min to < 300° C. — — —
HT3 850 60 Air Normalized — — —
HT4 850 240 Air Normalized — — —
HT5 850 360 0.75° C./min to < 300° C. — — —
HT6 700 — 1° C./min to < 300° C. 850 240 Air Normalized
HT7 900 60 Air Normalized — — —
HT8 950 360 Air Normalized — — —
HT9 1150 120 Air Normalized — — —
HT10 1100 120 Air Normalized — — —
HT11 1050 120 Air Normalized — —
HT12 1075 120 Air Normalized
HT13 950 360 0.75 ° C./min to < 500° C.
HT14 850 5 Air Normalized
The tensile specimens were cut from the plates after HIP cycle and heat treatment using wire electrical discharge machining (EDM). Tensile properties were measured on an Instron mechanical testing frame (Model 3369), utilizing Instron's Bluehill control and analysis software. All tests were run at room temperature in displacement control with the bottom fixture held rigid and the top fixture moving; the load cell is attached to the top fixture. Tensile properties of the alloys after HIPing are listed in Table 9 and this relates to Structure 3 noted above. The ultimate tensile strength values vary from 403 to 1810 MPa with tensile elongation from 1.0 to 33.6%. The yield strength is in a range from 205 to 1223 MPa. The mechanical characteristic values in the steel alloys herein will depend on alloy chemistry and processing/treatment condition.
TABLE 9
Tensile Properties of Alloys Subjected HIP Cycle
Ultimate
Yield Tensile Tensile
HIP Heat Strength Strength Elongation
Alloy Cycle Treatment (MPa) (MPa) (%)
Alloy 1 HIP 1 HT1 485 836 3.35
525 1436 8.23
493 1019 4.44
HT2 880 1058 1.66
756 1040 1.59
926 1072 2.01
HT3 526 1487 5.11
563 1404 3.32
471 1372 3.13
HIP 2 HT1 346 1466 10.51
344 1365 6.88
HT2 623 808 1.74
661 1059 5.62
HT3 622 1497 7.31
563 1490 6.23
590 1420 3.58
Alloy 2 HIP 1 HT1 878 1240 2.76
HT2 1061 1174 2.02
1011 1175 1.77
HT3 1142 1450 3.20
HIP 2 HT2 930 1092 1.56
1041 1223 3.32
964 1107 1.74
HT3 1025 1443 6.86
1113 1453 6.09
1067 1432 3.59
Alloy 3 HIP 1 HT1 538 1023 3.18
471 903 2.62
HT2 863 1051 1.75
944 1014 1.02
939 1060 1.64
HT3 820 1650 3.14
881 1532 2.02
879 1118 1.02
HIP 2 HT1 447 1419 6.60
395 950 2.23
HT2 1014 1186 4.37
1025 1083 1.79
1000 1214 5.33
HT3 1097 1421 3.8
977 1405 2.57
Alloy 4 HIP 1 HT1 810 984 2.8
849 1155 4.23
831 1135 4.12
HIP 2 HT1 772 1337 7.98
HT2 1055 1185 2.07
1030 1088 1.5
HT3 911 1474 4.63
1193 1491 4.53
Alloy 5 HIP 1 HT1 809 1075 2.53
769 1387 8.2
823 1017 2.28
HT2 1184 1223 1.01
1179 1200 1.07
HT3 1174 1549 4.49
1038 1502 2.44
1223 1549 5.71
Alloy 6 HIP 1 HT1 844 1093 2.92
427 1010 2.61
877 1074 2.64
HT3 1067 1400 2.4
939 1457 4.9
Alloy 7 HIP 1 HT1 859 1231 4.21
763 992 2.02
HT3 941 1527 3.94
961 1477 2.33
945 1423 3.76
Alloy 8 HIP 1 HT1 634 1051 3.22
795 1037 2.59
840 1016 2.72
HT3 1106 1549 3.15
1004 1427 1.94
HIP 2 HT1 652 1284 4.42
630 1418 8.03
651 970 2.15
HT3 1135 1443 2.3
1081 1497 3.46
Alloy 9 HIP 1 HT1 609 1398 5.14
530 1182 3.19
527 1241 3.35
HT3 1057 1394 3.31
1124 1436 2.98
1149 1445 4.41
Alloy 10 HIP 1 HT1 577 1221 2.1
606 1478 3.8
580 1225 2.2
567 1075 1.7
HT3 1117 1485 3.7
994 1467 3.3
846 1165 2.4
1052 1368 1.8
1127 1487 4.1
HIP 2 HT1 550 1345 2.8
627 1470 4.1
617 1225 2
HT3 958 1441 3.9
1043 1448 8.5
1013 1423 7.1
Alloy 11 HIP 1 HT2 477 767 4.97
487 1117 21.05
445 917 13.43
HT3 449 1057 19.24
456 875 10.3
HT7 412 793 8.64
436 894 13.47
396 809 9.91
HIP 2 HT2 390 934 15.5
349 762 8.76
361 998 18.96
HT3 390 937 15.28
397 794 8.87
388 1125 25
HT7 373 987 17.76
Alloy 12 HIP 1 HT2 454 888 7.49
493 968 12.64
418 854 6.69
HT3 429 999 15.37
444 1041 17.25
HT7 443 879 10.05
Alloy 13 HIP 1 HT2 473 938 8.11
HT3 468 941 8.73
444 765 2.48
HT7 443 809 3.16
459 971 9.41
460 854 4.19
Alloy 14 HIP 1 HT2 464 902 11.54
HT3 450 1051 14.37
HIP 2 HT2 400 1251 19.73
374 1194 18.29
413 1241 19.56
384 1209 18.65
HT3 331 1042 16.08
HT7 394 980 14.03
394 865 10.89
415 933 13.29
Alloy 15 HIP 1 HT2 466 761 3.03
HT3 495 977 11.73
488 1053 15.13
HIP 2 HT2 370 1071 22.28
380 1014 17.84
359 831 7.95
345 904 11.12
HT3 363 813 7.6
398 1132 28.98
363 908 12.25
Alloy 16 HIP 1 HT2 533 1061 11.71
517 1025 7.76
510 908 4.32
HT3 557 1032 10.09
523 1037 13.36
HT7 559 1042 10.69
515 1044 11.27
Alloy 17 HIP 1 HT2 479 1004 9.2
HT3 444 578 2.31
461 1124 10.78
HT7 515 805 6.59
HIP 2 HT2 366 758 8.3
362 1093 11.96
360 1218 13.41
HT3 355 796 8.4
399 1362 15.43
HT7 394 1117 12.59
409 1258 13.95
HIP 4 HT2 404 1245 14.05
387 1079 11.93
HT3 367 747 8.25
362 1055 12.13
HT7 374 962 11.03
358 638 6.04
Alloy 18 HIP 1 HT2 505 922 7.88
HT3 510 1019 11.4
521 791 3.44
HT7 472 917 8.32
HIP 2 HT2 388 1141 17.95
472 1124 16.96
410 1172 18.82
376 973 14.48
316 687 6.07
HT7 425 1171 21.24
430 1235 23.39
439 1160 19.47
453 1135 21.15
HIP 4 HT2 360 999 12.3
347 956 14.92
342 861 10.31
375 926 11.56
315 986 16.2
326 1029 17.69
HT3 296 462 2.04
365 1137 21.85
323 858 13.41
342 835 11.64
352 972 16.07
HT7 378 1132 20.86
365 812 9.66
357 846 10.53
384 1066 17.58
412 723 5.81
415 890 10.86
462 1016 15.01
Alloy 19 HIP 1 HT2 513 1096 13.04
HT3 540 746 1.57
529 978 6.98
HT7 544 1087 13.3
HIP 4 HT2 445 918 10.3
469 1074 22.39
HT3 445 873 7.94
477 1001 14.49
HT7 469 927 11.41
455 947 12.96
Alloy 20 HIP 1 HT2 376 979 3.7
HT3 329 1000 4.75
326 587 3.02
HT7 325 911 3.54
321 860 3.68
HIP 2 HT2 399 1482 6.29
308 1165 4.84
HT3 327 1424 9.41
326 1340 8.92
HT7 289 1479 7.02
321 1559 15.07
294 1339 6.13
Alloy 21 HIP 1 HT2 455 948 7.15
424 1054 8.54
HT3 445 1191 12.1
HT7 429 1047 8.86
HIP 4 HT2 362 1085 11
373 1091 11.24
HT3 402 1382 18.45
413 1283 16.31
HT7 371 986 9.54
368 837 6.6
431 1347 18.39
Alloy 22 HIP 1 HT2 460 901 4.5
555 968 6.12
HT3 496 865 4.36
511 945 6.68
HT7 537 931 5.11
482 983 7.45
HIP 4 HT2 450 844 5.87
475 785 3.61
458 994 11.66
HT3 644 1052 11.35
464 1094 15.71
HT7 525 1087 14.32
476 1143 17.02
Alloy 23 HIP 1 HT2 737 1056 1.35
910 1063 1.03
HT3 557 1544 4.31
486 1130 1.82
HT7 741 1099 1.55
HIP 4 HT2 779 1432 4.51
HT7 651 1097 1.47
478 1543 4.54
Alloy 24 HIP 1 HT2 409 803 4.73
HT3 450 1154 7.59
431 1248 7.69
HT7 476 1185 9.07
445 757 4.19
HIP 2 HT2 369 1094 8.47
369 1230 10.39
HT7 383 849 6.26
Alloy 25 HIP 1 HT2 366 728 2.63
381 854 4.32
396 1130 9.25
HT3 374 744 2.78
379 500 1.01
HT7 401 868 4.55
HIP 2 HT2 338 991 6.87
347 1062 9.99
354 1208 12.11
HT3 364 1053 10.18
354 1101 10.15
338 1003 9.05
HT7 356 1053 9.41
388 1263 15.58
319 918 5.95
Alloy 26 HIP 2 HT2 412 911 14.5
464 775 4.83
HT3 426 757 5.75
404 995 17.44
HT7 425 801 5.95
442 1077 18.93
HIP 4 HT7 418 1090 23.96
391 1004 18.05
HIP 3 HT2 442 1102 24.5
Alloy 27 HIP 2 HT2 431 989 13.69
457 901 8.03
464 878 7.81
383 764 4.79
398 764 4.71
407 953 15.17
HT7 449 951 11.93
457 943 10.47
HIP 4 HT2 392 989 18.68
404 785 5.6
365 800 7.02
HT3 409 961 14.29
437 1113 25.13
454 1147 28.31
Alloy 28 HIP 2 HT2 405 915 9.78
393 1016 17.1
394 948 12.07
HT3 458 1033 14.41
480 1037 13.77
445 908 7.38
HIP 4 HT2 359 979 14.53
405 901 8.59
383 864 7.31
HT7 417 949 11.62
409 987 14.86
444 982 14.75
Alloy 29 HIP 2 HT2 365 1111 15.18
367 976 12.66
375 993 13.65
HT3 407 1061 14.26
367 995 13.38
373 885 10.79
HT7 403 1047 13.75
330 1037 13.92
403 1128 15.29
HIP 4 HT2 391 910 10.95
385 987 13.18
396 1019 13.36
HT3 409 946 11.5
432 972 12.18
HT7 386 1099 15.58
404 1060 15.13
Alloy 30 HIP 2 HT3 422 1080 15.49
450 1132 17.81
HT7 426 932 9.9
425 1124 19.76
441 1121 17.46
HT3 403 948 13.12
408 1026 15.48
388 952 12.29
HT7 422 1066 18.06
392 1127 21.01
Alloy 31 HIP 2 HT2 549 1004 12.6
497 942 9.94
411 842 6.21
HT3 580 1046 16.39
461 974 11.72
HT7 442 789 4.27
458 957 11.07
HIP 4 HT3 686 963 9.04
623 1082 16.87
437 990 12.25
Alloy 32 HIP 2 HT2 387 1072 16.87
395 883 12.46
376 755 7.7
HT3 405 1027 15.4
428 1134 18.66
407 700 6.59
HT7 410 818 9.53
425 855 10.61
401 838 10.47
400 985 14.54
HIP 4 HT2 380 1083 17.32
394 1043 16.64
356 722 6.32
HT3 390 968 13.88
373 879 11.89
Alloy 33 HIP 2 HT2 370 1002 16.4
359 782 8.27
350 1034 19.83
HT3 417 901 10.25
391 1023 17.56
383 980 18.54
HT7 374 966 15.17
361 916 12.33
HIP 3 HT2 375 1065 19.62
378 1115 22.56
379 1131 23.61
HT3 370 1036 17.8
387 953 13.28
379 1064 18.76
Alloy 34 HIP 2 HT2 505 1032 16.25
414 1003 14.17
HT7 450 941 10.23
449 1052 17.83
393 979 12.64
HIP 4 HT2 418 849 6.09
389 921 9.7
HT7 438 1021 16.59
422 1044 20.51
450 951 11.58
Alloy 35 HIP 2 HT2 316 1127 5.7
302 823 3.66
HT3 315 1077 6.3
328 1170 7.19
320 1074 6.84
HT7 320 1246 7.38
318 1210 7.29
HIP 4 HT3 284 1128 6.45
307 1462 9.62
314 1532 13.02
HT7 314 1454 10.68
Alloy 36 HIP 2 HT2 380 1141 10.29
331 616 3.9
384 986 8.12
HT7 358 1036 11.34
305 745 5.62
386 1245 14.86
HIP 4 HT2 350 1285 12.93
348 1189 10.25
HT3 378 1245 12.81
382 1195 11.43
Alloy 37 HIP 2 HT2 409 1175 18.85
385 1005 12.76
HT3 430 1154 15.67
436 1067 11.94
411 1204 17.28
HT7 433 1072 13.97
444 1026 11.55
437 1104 14.08
415 1058 14.89
HIP 4 HT2 398 976 9.83
428 1048 12.69
422 1056 12.1
343 891 10.04
358 1071 15.95
368 1069 16.33
349 959 12.05
HT3 429 1232 20.42
421 1060 13.59
411 1020 11.18
396 992 14.04
366 886 10.35
398 1009 13.39
HT7 415 885 8.8
414 1140 18.01
411 973 11.8
399 993 14.03
379 1076 16.39
Alloy 38 HIP 2 HT2 357 1215 9.68
HT7 399 1465 13.3
395 1235 8.64
HIP 4 HT2 358 1481 15.55
350 1182 9.96
HT3 348 1466 15.37
358 1124 9.22
369 1432 13.11
HT7 377 1380 13.19
355 1339 11.75
Alloy 39 HIP 2 HT2 380 1249 13.95
366 984 8.23
367 1216 13.79
HT3 387 1271 15
391 1175 12.19
HT7 399 1150 12.21
HIP 4 HT2 316 945 8.95
321 884 8.42
HT3 371 1131 12.55
341 1095 11.89
HT7 355 1052 10.83
361 981 10.04
Alloy 40 HIP 2 HT2 460 1153 17.67
447 1019 11.86
467 1067 12.71
HT3 461 1026 11.14
431 938 7.65
418 1009 9.73
HT7 418 974 10.36
417 1175 13.71
376 1233 14.17
HIP 4 HT3 448 1169 18.28
426 1045 14.44
429 969 11.42
HT7 432 1041 14.25
424 937 10.91
Alloy 41 HIP 2 HT2 376 1000 10.64
387 1197 12.99
381 1174 12.8
372 1228 15.14
372 956 11.03
376 979 11.3
HT3 439 1396 18.32
455 984 11.34
HT7 394 1317 15.35
425 1187 13.07
464 1111 13.41
458 1084 12.86
427 931 10.86
HIP 4 HT2 374 1204 14.49
396 1250 14.61
HT7 415 757 7.33
424 1369 18.23
402 845 9.26
413 792 8.24
Alloy 42 HIP 2 HT2 366 804 8.05
362 757 6.72
HT3 387 1105 17.42
406 1170 18.23
HT7 409 1145 18.05
HIP 4 HT2 438 919 11.2
442 1042 14.71
HT3 417 996 14.3
379 907 11.7
HT7 431 917 11.71
414 1115 18.38
Alloy 43 HIP 2 HT2 466 929 9.56
442 888 8.06
HT3 416 1009 12.7
464 1140 19.4
HT7 444 795 4.65
HIP 4 412 1038 15.53
444 1051 15.35
HIP 3 HT2 438 1158 22.88
438 1118 20.27
HT3 433 856 7.16
446 1143 19.35
436 991 11.68
Alloy 44 HIP 4 HT3 745 1485 3.09
720 1479 3.24
HT7 622 1375 2.61
590 1367 2.09
Alloy 45 HIP 2 HT2 392 1290 4.78
384 1250 4.41
383 1229 4.63
HT3 347 1388 7.03
356 1390 7.22
364 1402 7.36
HIP 4 HT2 293 1171 5.25
323 1190 5.85
318 1456 7.45
HT3 320 1177 5.95
336 1410 8.63
HT7 327 1154 6.23
351 1347 8.76
351 1561 13.31
Alloy 46 HIP 2 HT2 320 808 5.00
347 1209 11.42
348 758 4.59
HT7 310 851 5.53
354 1110 9.95
325 970 6.8
338 1078 8.63
HIP 4 HT2 384 1281 12.25
HT3 372 971 7.12
399 1270 11.8
HT7 322 810 4.69
Alloy 47 HIP 2 HT2 1016 1465 3.64
1036 1461 2.71
1013 1384 1.68
HT3 847 1474 3.22
970 1531 7.67
1026 1477 5.17
Alloy 48 HIP 2 HT2 686 1340 4.47
HT3 350 1426 3.93
392 1583 5.46
HT7 395 1269 2.62
505 1085 1.69
HIP 4 HT7 599 1521 3.93
HIP 3 HT3 530 1514 3.75
Alloy 49 HIP 2 HT2 421 1347 5.41
423 1452 7.01
403 1443 8.90
HT3 417 1596 10.89
382 1384 7.03
HT7 372 1458 7.92
391 1537 9.51
360 1302 6.4
HIP 4 HT2 410 1423 8.39
428 1356 6.43
HT3 447 1310 6.53
396 1268 5.89
HT7 362 1453 8.61
385 1404 8.17
Alloy 50 HIP 2 HT2 528 959 11.74
467 943 11.79
HT3 470 968 11.59
507 1079 14.9
HT7 493 900 9.08
522 984 11.85
477 999 12.73
HIP 4 HT2 470 1160 20.81
488 1193 21.8
442 1160 20.13
HT3 436 1208 22.93
449 1175 20.99
482 1215 23.2
HT7 409 1039 18.52
431 953 14.35
Alloy 51 HIP 2 HT2 556 936 8.4
546 909 7.02
HT7 524 947 11.3
HIP 4 HT2 450 830 6.24
505 1002 14.39
HT3 498 966 11.92
487 987 12.83
491 1025 16.23
HT7 510 1110 20.02
522 984 12.59
Alloy 52 HIP 2 HT2 552 1036 10.25
572 993 5.93
HT3 533 997 7.08
549 1020 8.79
HT7 544 991 6.39
Alloy 56 HIP 2 HT2 479 798 6.01
429 1007 9.25
458 1052 9.65
HT3 458 751 6.72
448 1187 11.98
450 1163 11.22
460 1173 11.2
HT7 437 892 8.73
453 1199 12.14
434 1219 13.16
HIP 4 HT2 446 1252 13.37
464 1239 13.05
445 1231 12.92
HT7 441 1290 15.8
401 888 8.92
417 1186 13.79
Alloy 57 HIP 2 HT2 471 1061 12.48
465 837 6.53
466 1011 11.61
HT3 444 1238 17.04
448 1210 16.54
HT7 427 1015 12.89
439 1053 13.32
416 1175 17.07
HT3 428 1141 15.48
440 1146 15.56
HT7 406 933 11.09
Alloy 58 HIP 2 HT2 393 939 9.04
430 1033 12.67
HT3 469 1143 16.64
472 1163 16.99
452 983 9.13
HT7 454 987 11.27
433 1134 18.2
354 938 9.75
HIP 4 HT2 433 957 9.14
399 1084 15.54
390 1060 14.18
HT3 440 1144 17.95
408 886 6.42
456 1141 17.1
HT7 430 1023 13.34
416 973 11.43
419 1070 16.47
Alloy 59 HIP 2 HT2 350 793 6.02
359 941 11.23
375 842 7.7
HT3 378 1126 18.3
391 905 10.25
381 1024 14.34
HT7 377 1079 17.22
384 1023 14.95
370 967 12.89
HIP 3 HT2 445 1017 12.44
426 1005 12.4
430 941 9.91
460 1024 12.42
HT7 432 1140 17.82
446 1140 18.17
388 1107 17.4
399 1142 18.79
401 1107 17.13
Alloy 60 HIP 2 HT2 330 817 11.36
329 915 14.38
320 897 13.61
320 832 11.42
HT3 321 865 12.86
325 793 10.45
373 1005 15.94
423 1036 18.15
381 1053 19.07
HT7 388 864 11.88
393 999 17.87
340 986 17.3
349 929 15.35
338 1068 20.94
HIP 3 HT2 398 853 10.07
370 960 14.7
423 890 11.31
401 885 11.25
387 868 11.06
HT3 357 869 11.2
375 969 15.59
368 837 11.24
380 1019 18.86
348 1017 18.42
353 1024 19.65
Alloy 61 HIP 2 HT2 326 1020 17.22
351 1008 17.42
HT7 387 775 7.27
383 850 11.42
425 1031 17.99
HIP 3 HT3 379 1064 18.76
386 1067 19.45
371 1035 17.95
HT7 380 906 11.42
373 923 12.63
400 957 14.01
Alloy 62 HIP 2 HT2 321 700 7.19
329 805 10.81
329 878 13.93
316 832 12.35
HT3 383 1055 20.22
375 897 14.4
322 986 18.01
HT7 319 1019 20.45
390 998 17.28
395 839 10.63
HIP 3 HT2 345 963 16.53
334 959 16.53
322 995 17.48
HT3 354 949 16.79
362 872 13.21
HT7 388 957 15.23
372 1103 20.43
Alloy 63 HIP 2 HT2 332 778 8.17
359 939 13.5
HT3 382 930 12.68
337 863 11.6
354 951 14.79
HT7 372 823 9.39
411 1011 15.59
377 1019 15.98
HIP 3 HT2 438 905 12.73
427 943 11.67
400 1024 16.72
HT3 332 807 9.68
357 856 11.47
375 920 13.19
423 856 11.8
HT7 386 964 13.58
417 885 11.94
Alloy 64 HIP 2 HT2 400 880 14.93
393 1068 21.06
HT3 388 880 15.99
376 860 15.49
373 1056 31.48
448 933 18.46
480 958 20.51
HT7 416 964 22.91
440 966 22.76
429 906 18.16
Alloy 65 HIP 2 HT2 471 812 3.4
461 909 6.59
485 920 6.36
HT3 420 904 7.19
417 923 9.07
432 903 7.3
HT7 527 1003 11.75
498 959 10.35
Alloy 66 HIP 2 HT2 436 972 10.66
429 930 10.01
HT7 406 732 6.45
413 908 10.57
411 1130 14.74
HIP 4 HT2 445 739 5.23
446 888 9.21
452 957 10.44
HT3 434 969 9.94
454 982 10.18
428 968 10.45
HT7 421 1015 11.68
421 901 9.96
441 894 9.59
Alloy 67 HIP 2 HT2 360 1147 15.1
HT3 350 817 10.2
382 1257 16.72
341 1047 13.51
HT7 337 1075 15.19
341 970 13.43
HIP 4 HT2 406 1159 14.67
HT3 337 1055 13.26
HT7 325 1041 14.32
328 1029 13.63
Alloy 68 HIP 2 HT3 381 921 10.54
361 885 9.82
HT7 346 793 9.21
358 999 11.94
379 1012 12.15
HIP 4 HT2 419 1095 12.28
396 1190 13.76
HT3 394 1076 12.81
411 918 10.61
385 1109 12.74
406 924 10.43
HT7 398 1113 13.36
385 985 11.62
407 1233 16.76
Alloy 69 HIP 2 HT2 416 858 9.92
398 758 8.8
HT7 332 776 10.28
348 1060 13.41
339 1119 15.97
HIP 4 HT2 309 822 9.25
HT3 399 1235 14.98
336 1045 12.42
347 1357 18.63
Alloy 70 HIP 2 HT2 390 1233 9.05
366 754 6.42
389 1093 8.44
HT7 346 1315 10.65
HIP 3 HT2 411 711 6.45
404 1207 6.79
347 614 4.96
357 893 6.84
HT7 351 524 4.24
410 1182 8.96
326 1148 8.19
Alloy 71 HIP 2 HT2 272 1406 8.13
257 586 4.03
253 1293 6.61
HT3 239 1061 5.53
251 1151 5.95
HIP 3 HT2 248 981 4.22
257 1008 4.37
224 904 3.29
HT3 251 1099 5.18
HT7 250 1129 5.9
268 1222 6.73
Alloy 72 HIP 2 HT2 434 736 7.32
HT3 391 773 11.11
422 880 16
HT7 395 871 15.49
375 954 19.25
383 951 19.77
Alloy 73 HIP 2 HT2 523 943 7.66
488 989 9.1
HT3 427 703 4.16
426 817 7.37
410 976 10.27
HIP 3 HT2 455 688 2.65
471 914 8.11
466 919 8.43
HT3 455 724 4.07
449 845 7.41
469 960 9.11
Alloy 74 HIP 3 HT2 415 809 9.73
437 831 10.47
HT3 421 905 15.48
417 994 19.02
397 865 13.86
HT7 386 881 15.97
395 828 13.65
400 973 19.38
Alloy 75 HIP 3 HT2 463 826 8.08
HT3 411 788 7.66
403 858 14.18
HT7 401 911 18.72
412 730 6.67
Alloy 76 HIP 3 HT2 483 826 10.31
452 914 12.71
433 872 11.86
HT3 452 1024 17.57
469 906 14.57
417 855 12.71
HT7 420 973 17.71
399 838 13.92
407 766 10.71
Alloy 77 HIP 3 HT2 410 1044 7.13
HT3 369 930 8.26
401 1343 11.43
HT7 400 886 8.85
345 1255 11.38
Alloy 78 HIP 3 HT2 449 1108 12.09
451 982 10.71
461 1101 11.89
HT3 407 1059 14.63
390 915 12.04
396 969 12.4
HT7 392 934 13.51
379 641 8.22
390 1031 14.78
Alloy 79 HIP 3 HT2 406 880 6.44
410 991 7
413 890 6.56
HT3 390 875 7.59
388 1087 9.21
457 1278 11.19
HT7 378 1117 10.76
368 1240 12.06
Alloy 80 HIP 3 HT2 421 867 12.26
448 968 15.35
HT3 332 1026 22
HT7 372 904 18.44
Alloy 81 HIP 3 HT3 374 795 13.52
383 895 20.87
HT7 375 1013 33.61
362 815 16.84
Alloy 82 HIP 3 HT2 365 969 14.96
367 809 12.4
Alloy 83 HIP 2 HT2 396 1640 16.64
390 1627 13.78
308 1509 10.62
408 1467 13.14
396 1494 13.46
HT3 391 1450 17.97
410 1443 13.76
398 1395 14.41
368 1430 20.7
385 1438 22.03
HIP 3 HT2 339 1252 10.73
HT7 334 1251 14.57
343 1158 13.25
327 1321 16.07
367 1525 24.08
369 1398 16.23
Alloy 84 HIP 2 HT2 434 1074 10.82
HT3 371 911 11.9
395 1058 14.04
HT7 403 787 10.41
425 1328 17.9
HIP 3 HT2 427 894 10.4
430 1223 14.24
HT3 356 1208 20.23
HT7 397 1269 20.09
395 1088 16.33
Alloy 85 HIP 2 HT2 365 743 6.48
HT3 406 1261 12.59
HT7 405 1173 12.74
432 1290 13.18
395 1369 14.74
Alloy 86 HIP 3 HT2 380 845 14.82
HT3 383 900 20.47
382 860 19.09
Alloy 90 HIP 3 HT2 371 1255 10.16
387 1581 18.93
HT7 347 1405 18.47
321 661 6.98
337 1107 11.46
Alloy 92 HIP 3 HT2 386 1167 9.74
379 884 6.9
HT7 347 605 8.1
373 930 11.46
336 1121 14.64
Alloy 93 HIP 3 HT2 367 887 8.53
361 730 5.88
385 956 7.19
HT7 312 763 7.24
336 1325 13.44
Alloy 94 HIP 3 HT2 392 607 7.34
HT7 341 883 16
Alloy 95 HIP 3 HT7 345 756 8.19
296 403 5.61
Alloy 96 HIP 3 HT2 281 1353 8.07
271 1215 6.96
HT7 262 1281 8.31
264 1274 7.48
296 1372 11.64
266 933 5.56
278 1368 12.24
Alloy 97 HIP 3 HT7 334 584 6.1
345 499 5.21
342 1296 16.62
Alloy 98 HIP 3 HT2 329 1246 7.03
267 1290 6.14
HT7 360 1041 8.89
305 1340 10.04
340 1480 13.52
329 1393 12.11
322 1422 14.16
Alloy 99 HIP 3 HT2 351 1454 12.9
HT7 372 1362 23.38
347 483 4.3
343 982 12.39
365 669 9.94
Alloy 100 HIP 3 HT2 349 1178 8.94
350 1408 11.81
291 1475 18.74
HT7 331 820 6.05
362 1475 15.06
353 1469 18.85
353 1476 19.53
Alloy 101 HIP 3 HT2 394 1166 16.3
381 820 10.31
HT7 374 1193 18.13
366 1124 17.22
409 1291 21.21
365 1367 22.59
384 1245 20.1
Alloy 102 HIP 3 HT2 303 1069 6.9
291 1029 6.51
HT7 288 1423 13.31
320 1434 15
313 1406 12.04
Alloy 103 HIP 3 HT2 319 947 6.47
HT7 305 1455 15.72
300 1450 18.2
299 1441 11.66
409 1467 14.42
405 1487 15.74
Alloy 104 HIP 3 HT2 443 1598 5.8
523 1567 6.05
584 1502 6.08
610 1501 6.36
HT7 257 1509 13.39
258 1522 13.07
Alloy 105 HIP 2 HT2 358 1615 15.02
285 1545 11.23
380 1589 14.38
HT7 367 1432 21.8
362 1441 20.33
367 1408 19.83
363 1427 17.5
372 1405 17.83
363 1395 20.05
Alloy 106 HIP 2 HT2 368 1392 10.67
362 1380 10.74
353 1637 18.15
373 1629 16.75
HT7 331 1420 16.21
321 1423 14.53
363 1425 14.74
HIP 3 HT2 294 1555 16.83
283 1515 11.22
285 1527 14.91
299 1548 13.19
309 1588 15.39
HT7 334 1376 20.58
331 1375 17.97
292 1361 18.13
Alloy 107 HIP 3 HT2 353 1577 7.04
282 1620 11.21
HT7 307 1462 18.55
300 1467 18.55
Alloy 108 HIP 1 HT4 453 1098 18.69
458 1206 21.52
HT4 395 1110 19.16
401 1039 17.71
HT6 439 943 14.1
448 907 12.91
326 864 12.85
HIP 2 HT2 393 985 14.57
414 1134 17.58
HT3 392 1115 22.19
HT7 360 884 15.34
390 1193 25.47
HIP 3 HT2 402 1100 16.49
411 1115 16.22
360 1242 19.83
401 1267 19.98
365 1159 17.92
383 1202 18.08
HT4 395 1252 23.5
HT6 335 1152 22.67
354 1229 23.14
HT7 355 1265 30.75
347 1273 28.51
384 1262 27.92
373 1123 22.34
354 1143 22.42
Alloy 109 HIP 2 HT2 407 870 10.65
414 1036 12.58
HT3 393 901 12.55
406 1131 15.63
398 1365 21.56
HT7 407 1318 21.01
427 1192 17.65
395 1229 18.27
HIP 3 HT2 398 1269 15.94
410 948 11.92
415 1264 15.64
HT3 377 1154 17.55
329 1220 19.33
360 1021 15.79
HT7 346 1350 25.2
346 1269 23.24
356 1264 22.66
369 1242 21.57
Alloy 110 HIP 1 HT6 371 1362 11.19
401 1370 11.2
HT4 357 1489 14.91
335 1472 19.64
362 1500 17.03
HIP 2 HT2 339 1288 8.92
344 1200 8.21
HT3 333 1443 17.67
HT7 383 1426 18.71
353 1413 18.81
HIP 3 HT6 382 1286 14.85
HT4 333 1417 17.74
HT2 332 1453 17.82
361 1483 17.55
HT3 322 1159 11.11
346 1422 17.5
341 1413 17.04
HT7 343 1408 22.19
356 1391 21.16
368 1413 21.21
Alloy 111 HIP 2 HT2 288 1381 6.8
HT3 306 1500 18.29
316 1500 16.89
318 1315 10.57
HIP 3 HT2 284 966 5.39
HT3 282 1562 15.67
HT7 292 1507 16.58
Alloy 112 HIP 2 HT2 737 1257 3.26
HT3 295 1416 5.41
HT7 282 1456 8.83
294 1506 9.51
277 1456 8.85
HIP 3 HT2 616 1252 5.19
655 1305 5.08
HT3 402 1513 10.37
Alloy 113 HIP 2 HT2 754 1246 2.92
667 1202 2.82
601 1075 1.87
HT3 453 1548 5.11
HT7 419 1450 4.7
419 1497 8.55
HIP 3 HT2 536 1021 2.98
701 1046 2.86
703 1152 3.54
HT3 504 1466 4.4
534 1473 5.89
HT7 390 1493 7.37
397 1491 10.32
421 1501 11.76
Alloy 114 HIP 2 HT3 288 1518 9.2
HT7 289 1115 5.58
336 1139 6.74
HIP 3 HT2 460 1496 4.92
268 1346 3.56
HT3 482 1565 6.27
266 1611 9.9
HT7 343 1526 10.6
309 1592 14.16
Alloy 115 HIP 2 HT2 849 1418 6.48
HT3 421 1671 8.4
275 1162 4.55
410 1655 9.24
HT7 337 1619 11.78
409 1622 9.12
HIP 3 HT2 640 1357 7.16
711 1450 9.06
603 1153 4.03
600 1269 5.71
HT3 525 1616 10.4
551 1648 11.99
HT7 517 1514 12.39
415 1522 10.09
408 1562 8.45
Alloy 116 HIP 2 HT3 376 1280 18.4
HT7 401 1238 19.03
HT7 369 1078 16.72
434 1029 13.5
Alloy 117 HIP 2 HT2 317 832 6.2
HT3 300 1403 12.67
320 1276 10.96
HT7 324 1282 10.82
353 1308 11.42
HIP 3 HT3 320 1468 14.27
Alloy 118 HIP 2 HT2 381 1014 9.87
381 1067 9.82
HT7 406 1350 17.59
381 1003 12.23
430 1237 18.81
HIP 3 HT2 392 984 10.09
383 994 10.53
HT3 468 897 12.17
HT7 372 900 11.06
403 1344 18.53
385 1002 12.22
Alloy 119 HIP 2 HT2 313 1196 6.85
HT7 351 1408 12.05
HT3 322 934 11.26
312 985 11.49
HT7 364 1429 15.5
Alloy 120 HIP 2 HT2 371 1129 7.95
375 1415 10.54
HT3 349 1058 10.36
397 1456 21.36
HT7 369 1419 20.33
384 1417 18.78
427 1551 24.44
Alloy 121 HIP 2 HT2 324 1087 10.42
280 1341 12.55
HT3 372 1079 11.67
312 1314 14.34
HT7 344 1433 19.79
HIP 3 HT2 334 1186 9.95
304 871 8.38
309 800 6.65
HT7 284 1012 10.33
394 1354 15.92
359 1376 21.66
Alloy 122 HIP 2 HT2 417 957 10.29
412 1086 11.28
HT3 355 1448 18.06
291 1457 19.02
355 1422 17.92
HT7 475 1546 24.13
394 1396 16.92
HIP 3 HT2 366 957 9.21
HT3 348 1414 18.78
379 1385 17.12
404 1381 17.45
HT7 399 1357 15.83
422 1308 16.76
Alloy 123 HIP 2 HT2 349 1551 13.5
260 1522 11.66
HT3 345 1244 10.32
345 1317 11.28
375 1407 20.26
HT7 332 1374 19.91
324 1362 20.93
HIP 3 HT2 343 1083 10.42
HT3 358 1197 13.92
396 1099 12.79
HT7 387 1178 15.04
Alloy 124 HIP 2 HT3 348 1427 18.83
349 1409 15.97
374 1437 21.27
HT7 374 1387 22.64
390 1368 20.57
385 1383 22.91
HIP 3 HT2 383 906 8.53
392 1201 10.89
314 825 8.12
HT3 394 1291 14.11
360 836 8.5
390 991 11.54
HT7 364 572 6.14
381 1300 15.9
Alloy 125 HIP 1 HT6 382 1330 9.14
HT4 352 1432 10.74
372 1209 10.19
HT2 373 1509 12.16
383 1522 12.51
HIP 2 HT2 369 1246 11.2
HT7 369 1486 17.71
381 1403 14.75
390 1471 17.11
HIP 3 HT6 343 1397 12.51
HT4 374 1389 14.62
366 1098 10.83
394 1522 19.89
373 1517 18
HT2 311 890 6.03
352 1366 10.52
325 1289 7.84
335 1462 14.39
334 1141 10.89
389 1058 10.9
HT3 321 1457 19.3
328 1455 15.9
325 1443 17.95
370 1193 11.98
393 1430 16.04
HT7 335 1444 15.8
333 1457 16.85
344 1452 15.72
325 1409 14.8
353 1454 16.65
Alloy 126 HIP 2 HT2 413 887 11.82
382 992 13.24
HT3 379 1015 16.32
HT7 401 1013 16.36
HIP 3 HT2 400 994 13.19
397 991 13.5
HT3 401 1291 23.92
361 978 15.8
HT7 357 1224 22.57
363 1327 27.14
381 1109 18.78
375 1004 16.99
Alloy 127 HIP 1 HT6 439 1246 14.72
HT4 425 979 10.06
420 1004 10.98
413 979 11.62
HIP 2 HT2 313 929 10.81
HT7 407 1036 15.51
421 1016 14.25
HIP 3 HT6 355 1144 17.65
308 1049 15.8
373 1085 13.76
HT4 361 1133 16.17
344 1120 14.81
342 1055 15.47
385 1003 14.74
HT2 359 972 11.98
308 958 12.05
373 984 12.61
412 1300 15.07
388 900 9.51
405 1053 11.33
Alloy 128 HIP 2 HT2 377 901 14.22
HT3 463 1036 20.75
453 832 12.45
450 866 14.16
HT7 551 1020 17.66
437 1094 24.99
HIP 3 HT2 353 967 15.69
335 865 13.15
362 826 11.72
HT7 383 1150 27.79
362 1079 24.48
Alloy 129 HIP 2 HT2 344 690 7.41
HT7 405 1194 28.29
442 1014 19.12
419 754 10.74
HIP 3 HT2 357 1043 16.93
421 1094 17.69
373 953 14.67
HT3 409 1032 20.14
385 993 18.53
416 1170 25.01
HT7 424 1172 26.55
434 1127 24.28
427 1115 23.33
Alloy 130 HIP 1 HT6 455 834 10.59
473 857 11.28
438 937 13.97
HT4 434 945 13.68
456 1009 14.93
HT2 395 936 12.55
428 1027 14.45
408 1065 15.22
HIP 3 HT6 382 1109 18.89
395 1158 20.46
HT4 374 1073 17.8
400 1218 21.68
391 1153 20.3
HT3 413 1236 22.96
390 1173 20.83
HT7 285 1252 25.41
427 1335 29.62
396 1324 29.19
415 1253 23.74
Alloy 131 HIP 2 HT2 398 895 12.71
HT7 467 1113 20.44
HIP 3 HT2 354 911 13.23
366 957 13.76
HT3 363 1014 17.63
288 1141 21.76
HT7 417 1114 22.09
411 1027 19.55
415 998 17.52
437 1077 19.73
430 1250 25.64
424 1264 26.84
Alloy 132 HIP 2 HT2 350 979 15.2
440 1027 15.43
HT3 416 1233 25.11
HT7 418 1108 22.14
HIP 3 HT2 321 913 13.71
350 904 13.44
HT7 408 1014 18.87
407 1036 20.29
403 886 15.06
Alloy 133 HIP 2 HT2 355 797 9.11
361 804 9.32
375 838 10.57
HT3 404 1014 14.82
374 1128 16.47
HT7 368 944 13.63
371 874 11.88
375 1041 16.02
HIP 3 HT2 388 1325 21.45
375 1062 13.48
HT7 334 1018 13.63
363 1096 15.12
Alloy 134 HIP 2 HT3 431 846 12.36
408 1035 16.9
397 821 11.38
HT7 418 1123 20.2
403 1010 16.89
Alloy 135 HIP 2 HT2 407 1053 13.37
HT3 417 1235 19.08
410 1203 19.92
HIP 3 HT2 362 982 11.84
346 921 10.91
302 919 11.37
HT3 361 976 13.21
377 987 13.71
403 939 12.56
395 889 11.52
HT7 364 881 12.45
430 1028 15.57
407 998 14.36
Alloy 136 HIP 1 HT2 460 960 11.36
461 973 12.48
476 950 12.04
HT4 468 996 15.87
411 929 12.8
HIP 3 HT2 451 1080 16.35
HT4 394 1053 18.89
Alloy 137 HIP 1 HT2 407 869 8.47
414 936 9.14
HT6 369 956 15.09
458 846 9.02
HT4 439 832 7.68
446 908 12.97
HIP 3 HT6 393 892 13.51
388 1019 17.41
361 945 14.95
HT4 375 884 12.86
335 1014 17.52
376 964 15.73
Alloy 138 HIP 1 HT2 443 927 11.54
469 916 11.24
456 973 12.18
HT4 436 991 14.12
492 927 11.98
479 978 13.48
HIP 3 HT2 453 1121 15.75
437 1109 15.82
434 1074 14.64
HT6 376 1040 17.51
417 1041 16.93
HT4 317 954 15.29
408 1042 16.69
415 1032 16.78
Alloy 139 HIP 1 HT6 471 952 13.74
448 837 10.71
466 951 13.56
443 896 12.8
HIP 3 HT6 420 968 15.9
356 862 11
HT4 379 941 15.28
397 935 14.76
369 827 11.36
Alloy 140 HIP 1 HT6 446 807 7.23
504 957 14.33
492 914 11.18
HT4 453 825 10.18
452 952 14.48
437 956 14.53
HIP 3 HT2 395 976 14.07
393 867 9.83
404 965 13.29
HT6 346 915 14.81
399 845 11.58
372 956 16.36
Alloy 141 HIP 3 HT2 381 1032 15.01
400 994 13.82
345 1010 15.21
HT6 371 1060 18.19
349 1049 18.78
HT4 400 981 15.66
404 981 16.42
392 963 15.08
Alloy 142 HIP 1 HT2 389 949 10.03
417 836 8.05
429 884 8.92
HT6 433 931 10.21
425 942 10.45
449 941 10.56
HT4 426 979 11.26
448 920 10.39
436 961 10.48
Alloy 143 HIP 1 HT2 448 901 6.88
332 959 8.59
456 970 8.3
HIP 3 HT6 327 1158 14.58
323 1157 15.92
HT4 394 1202 12.29
303 944 10.45
Alloy 144 HIP 3 HT2 324 971 11.28
358 1041 12.26
HT6 404 972 10.88
319 893 11.02
375 1013 11.58
325 968 11.5
HT4 421 1038 12.42
424 981 11.55
430 996 11.6
Alloy 145 HIP 1 HT2 361 1021 9.57
383 1075 8.41
420 899 8.85
Alloy 147 HIP 1 HT6 354 1206 8.63
370 1211 8.98
HT4 367 1133 8.23
379 1188 8.4
369 1084 7.66
HIP 3 HT6 324 957 7.67
333 1295 12.93
HT4 360 1160 10.39
Alloy 148 HIP 1 HT6 440 981 15.06
457 971 14.96
HT4 422 1018 14.36
433 925 12.54
Alloy 149 HIP 1 HT6 419 1034 16.39
428 935 15.07
HT4 379 950 14.67
HT2 433 939 12.11
426 901 11.5
HIP 3 HT6 392 965 15.98
351 961 16.07
HT2 370 1032 15.36
386 1119 16.11
Alloy 150 HIP 1 HT6 481 948 12.61
471 955 13.23
491 882 8.07
HT2 508 1009 12.45
540 961 10.78
503 976 11.58
HIP 3 HT6 368 909 13.41
401 917 13.31
HT4 426 990 15.11
388 931 13.19
Alloy 151 HIP 1 HT6 428 894 13.9
431 1027 17.16
HT4 491 916 12.77
481 925 14.05
HIP 3 HT6 363 1024 17.47
377 1097 19.75
Alloy 152 HIP 1 HT6 457 928 14.34
458 936 14.56
HT4 474 1077 18.08
410 1028 16.3
415 962 15.29
HT2 479 945 12.65
473 1004 14.05
Alloy 153 HIP 1 HT6 480 993 14.33
464 936 12.97
422 998 14.16
HIP 3 HT6 348 999 16.81
367 1156 20.15
404 1018 17.02
350 957 15.3
HT4 395 1146 19.28
357 970 15.27
384 971 16.52
365 977 15.85
Alloy 157 HIP 1 HT2 367 1070 6.7
379 767 6.34
362 894 5.87
HT6 383 782 8.89
370 1374 9.47
402 1191 9.99
350 1320 10.98
HT4 390 793 7.1
326 941 8.36
372 1090 8.55
402 1200 8.87
HIP 3 HT2 271 873 9.6
318 855 6.39
306 936 6.11
327 976 8.86
HT6 349 1377 13.21
345 1442 15.92
311 1200 13.28
355 1064 11.46
347 1307 12.74
HT4 374 1278 13.01
380 1479 20.33
341 1330 13.75
Alloy 158 HIP 1 HT2 415 764 7.52
463 1036 9.73
HT6 405 1152 12.39
456 1091 11.72
499 1217 13.79
HT4 416 1099 12.68
410 998 11.48
371 1049 10.9
Alloy 159 HIP 1 HT2 395 892 6.53
375 831 5.27
375 880 5.81
HT6 437 1011 10.07
459 1241 10.65
430 916 10.69
HT4 312 916 7.03
389 1279 10.53
350 1104 8.04
Alloy 160 HIP 1 HT2 429 763 6.06
434 787 6.57
439 815 7.02
HT6 456 980 10.55
470 918 9.42
HIP 2 HT2 411 943 7.37
375 802 8.46
HT6 414 1193 10.09
HIP 3 HT2 404 803 7.68
375 752 6.93
356 728 7.6
HT6 392 897 10.36
382 872 10.15
379 904 10.22
349 886 10.77
Alloy 161 HIP 1 HT2 474 1152 9.49
429 904 7.78
HT6 384 979 10.63
334 845 11.31
410 1116 11.55
HT4 407 1259 12.9
426 942 10.86
Alloy 162 HIP 1 HT2 418 835 8.89
350 922 9.23
409 892 8.01
HT6 430 995 9.51
464 1067 11.06
451 1022 10.58
HIP 3 HT2 301 757 10.32
353 774 8.42
345 735 8.03
329 814 8.59
HT4 378 1010 13.15
398 975 10.83
324 1034 12.8
394 1020 10.83
Alloy 163 HIP 1 HT2 370 824 9.35
412 850 6.45
HT6 410 873 8.59
417 841 7.37
HT4 434 803 7.98
HIP 3 HT6 355 944 9.73
277 873 10.01
HT4 410 1065 11.79
416 1009 9.89
367 868 9.02
Alloy 164 HIP 2 HT2 404 871 8.25
380 797 7.23
415 800 7.09
HT6 425 875 8.78
428 990 10.18
HT4 391 875 9.62
Alloy 165 HIP 2 HT2 388 1012 7.22
423 834 6.83
399 1252 8.37
367 862 5.99
382 924 5.95
HT6 381 922 8.3
403 1194 10.09
366 1120 9.9
HT4 347 806 8.63
373 987 9.58
350 1048 11.4
Alloy 166 HIP 2 HT2 372 952 9.24
366 1133 10.59
HT6 355 1247 14.38
HT4 429 1407 18.14
399 1463 23.93
HIP 3 HT2 328 1030 10.84
398 988 8.72
HT6 403 995 10.58
HT4 396 1090 12.8
419 1224 12.87
412 1324 15.29
Alloy 167 HIP 2 HT2 357 1209 7.07
370 1005 6.31
HT6 360 1336 8.31
336 1192 9.93
384 1189 10.08
361 1435 11.15
HT4 383 1204 8.02
387 1211 8.18
362 1328 8.83
356 1403 9.71
HIP 3 HT2 379 744 5.87
HT6 402 1185 10.67
339 1492 10.66
Alloy 168 HIP 2 HT2 424 792 7.02
HT6 410 945 9.63
411 900 9.35
448 1130 11.26
HT4 387 1026 10.48
Alloy 169 HIP 2 HT2 353 811 8.78
376 851 8.62
HT6 405 872 9.16
374 1318 13.75
389 881 8.95
HT4 392 1005 11.47
379 958 11.14
Alloy 170 HIP 2 HT2 405 1064 10.74
407 813 7.16
435 889 8.32
HT6 388 871 8.69
418 931 10.83
HT4 414 968 10.77
371 970 11.26
354 937 9.64
HIP 3 HT2 451 1043 9.04
366 935 8.22
432 906 8.02
HT6 399 878 9.76
404 1195 12.47
397 1101 10.9
Alloy 171 HIP 2 HT2 411 761 5.69
HT6 420 848 8.37
421 982 9.65
HT4 368 810 8.58
347 950 9.67
HIP 3 HT2 379 892 6.91
458 799 6.49
400 771 6.32
HT6 401 1007 9.44
387 833 8.14
357 899 8.51
Alloy 172 HIP 2 HT2 474 804 4.97
455 820 5.62
452 896 6.33
HT6 470 934 7.66
449 868 7.06
418 921 7.55
455 981 8.44
489 861 6.64
467 933 7.92
HT4 461 895 7.51
472 1159 10.1
503 858 6.66
Alloy 173 HIP 2 HT2 468 727 4.7
471 833 6.54
433 773 5.33
426 819 5.75
447 795 5.61
HT6 425 883 8.21
409 917 8.72
416 897 8.17
434 926 7.73
HT4 473 1052 10.22
434 917 8.6
448 1004 9.68
429 948 9.01
447 935 7.97
404 897 7.88
Alloy 174 HIP 2 HT2 463 852 7.02
431 971 7.38
HT6 418 916 8.12
374 1263 12.99
427 1373 13
446 1227 11.58
HT4 398 1196 10.97
389 1305 11.38
410 1198 11.11
421 1103 9.11
HIP 3 HT2 536 705 3.49
421 817 6.04
410 824 6.73
370 891 6.78
372 1030 7.65
HT6 431 1184 11.57
380 1216 10.48
399 1144 9.81
385 1225 10.63
388 984 10.07
HT4 409 887 10.14
390 953 9.15
407 1390 13.53
386 1231 10.96
378 1337 12.64
Alloy 175 HIP 5 HT6 512 927 9.25
HT4 385 1081 11.52
HIP 7 HT2 395 841 5.42
406 1015 6.89
HT6 404 1213 10.55
393 1042 9.31
401 1004 11.07
383 1111 11.15
411 1183 11.88
HT4 398 1372 12.95
421 1089 10.02
Alloy 176 HIP 5 HT2 453 840 5.98
HT6 420 1080 9.13
428 1144 9.52
441 1103 10.26
HT4 358 910 9.97
401 933 8.86
418 986 8.56
HIP 7 HT2 459 876 6.57
304 1021 7.35
HT6 418 1355 14.5
371 1131 10.66
419 986 12.28
HT4 405 1029 14.04
347 1279 12.71
338 1393 13.94
367 1446 15.82
Alloy 177 HIP 5 HT2 263 1061 4.48
390 1236 7.62
295 1297 6.21
HT6 271 1361 12.62
269 1352 9.6
268 1273 7.32
HT4 275 1382 12.49
272 1370 11.25
HIP 7 HT2 328 1434 10.7
323 1276 7.89
289 1245 6.33
HT6 361 1371 12.11
HT4 318 1369 14.49
293 1373 12.84
302 1338 8.82
Alloy 178 HIP 5 HT2 486 859 6.17
442 898 7.03
478 854 6.54
HIP 7 HT2 441 886 7.28
431 796 6.25
416 876 7.62
HT6 476 1010 9.77
444 989 9.93
468 1040 11.08
HT4 453 1047 10.75
479 776 6.63
451 905 9.26
Alloy 179 HIP 5 HT2 427 788 6.1
396 902 7.31
370 865 6.56
HT6 425 1111 7.4
440 1044 7.66
459 1015 8.18
470 1075 8.51
460 1119 9.5
HT4 439 1218 8.71
424 1026 7.37
438 1124 7.91
427 973 8.22
Alloy 180 HIP 5 HT2 465 1054 7.65
458 1035 7.48
444 978 6.78
HT4 410 1033 8.33
432 1233 9.83
424 1173 9.31
HIP 7 HT2 348 774 5.62
330 663 4.84
414 888 6.39
HT6 418 1471 15.88
412 1474 17.25
411 1379 12.32
Alloy 181 HIP 5 HT2 371 671 3.59
387 590 2.17
HT6 314 1525 6.74
HT4 294 1417 4.04
HIP 7 HT2 796 1087 1.37
818 1129 1.71
HT6 477 1392 2.6
577 1634 7.61
HT4 354 1675 8.16
386 1678 9.7
383 1674 8.89
Alloy 182 HIP 5 HT2 390 1044 12.08
449 1037 11.57
HT6 479 1061 14.79
464 1078 14.86
HT4 488 1015 13.3
452 1050 14.54
468 1058 14.83
Alloy 183 HIP 2 HT2 351 1188 7.36
374 1143 7.12
372 1217 7.44
HT6 393 1182 8.04
406 1197 7.5
390 1217 8.3
HT4 386 1039 6.57
397 1250 7.95
HIP 3 HT2 379 1210 7.03
367 1109 6.42
399 1074 6.45
HT6 341 1139 7.2
389 1098 7.45
HT4 406 1194 7.83
396 1491 10.39
Alloy 184 HIP 2 HT2 360 1389 4.44
361 1406 4.6
403 1429 4.59
HT6 373 1351 5.89
419 1514 5.9
340 1275 6.04
HT4 377 1249 4.54
370 1152 3.7
375 1180 4.04
HIP 3 HT2 438 1469 4.83
411 1538 5.51
473 1407 3.78
HT6 332 971 3.79
453 1618 7
HT4 428 1673 8.72
439 1686 12.76
398 1310 4.33
Alloy 185 HIP 2 HT2 398 875 5.11
411 765 4.6
412 844 4.64
HT6 390 709 5.04
396 1134 7.83
405 777 5.34
HT4 381 809 5.38
378 815 5.5
395 812 5.31
HIP 3 HT2 376 960 4.99
389 989 5.37
398 1081 6.15
HT6 343 953 6.67
370 808 5.52
Alloy 186 HIP 2 HT2 419 667 4.1
398 696 4.19
HT6 401 738 5.06
356 945 6.63
373 862 5.75
HT4 406 875 5.8
393 839 5.74
424 864 5.82
HIP 3 HT2 404 924 5.25
388 897 4.86
376 921 5.29
HT6 368 894 6.32
371 974 6.73
386 888 6.42
Alloy 187 HIP 2 HT2 417 940 5.44
410 879 5.16
426 881 4.89
HT6 392 938 5.7
400 703 3.53
394 1016 6.43
HIP 3 HT2 377 1103 6.89
350 1016 6.49
HT6 371 1246 8.4
HT4 389 1216 7.86
396 1225 7.99
Alloy 188 HIP 2 HT2 319 1283 6.91
321 1254 7.1
315 1280 7.12
HT6 303 1419 9.06
304 1435 10.32
313 1440 10.53
HT3 328 1482 10.58
327 1475 11.02
312 1475 10.11
HT4 285 1345 8.13
304 1332 7.33
331 1123 6.99
HIP 4 HT2 372 1401 9
380 1432 9.42
371 1421 9.64
HT6 326 1431 10.87
343 1490 14.95
295 1479 13.29
HT4 354 1478 14.55
Alloy 189 HIP 2 HT2 414 1029 6.76
427 1201 7.5
HT6 365 1421 11.17
384 1432 11.58
393 1435 11.54
HT4 317 1248 8.17
HIP 4 HT2 337 1432 10.74
334 1471 11.79
HT6 330 1388 14.19
346 1450 13.53
322 1413 14
HT4 361 1155 7.39
341 1414 14.17
363 1395 11.38
Alloy 190 HIP 2 HT2 367 1296 8.54
378 1308 8.53
373 1252 7.88
HT6 361 1404 12.39
339 1407 12.88
359 1295 8.69
HT4 334 1385 14
371 1389 13.5
343 1327 11.1
HT7 390 1434 13.52
367 1415 11.41
383 1435 12.81
HIP 4 HT2 387 1246 9.78
374 1091 8.26
HT6 359 1429 15.19
358 1387 13.01
362 1370 12.03
HT4 345 1430 15.76
355 1434 16.5
410 1105 11.18
HT7 390 1279 11.42
Alloy 191 HIP 2 HT2 370 1259 8.86
401 1301 9.91
368 1071 8.3
HT6 405 1265 9.78
396 1391 12.87
405 1339 11.36
HT4 383 885 7.2
343 1294 11.05
348 1325 12.69
HT7 403 1172 10.57
384 1213 8.98
402 1210 9.44
Alloy 192 HIP 2 HT2 433 1154 9.19
429 1034 8.04
428 1086 8.53
HT6 440 1349 12.96
408 1350 13.3
428 1225 10.62
HT4 415 1203 10
424 1335 12.96
401 1187 9.99
Alloy 193 HIP 2 HT2 396 1081 6.57
373 1099 6.8
346 1070 6.55
HT6 359 1191 9.28
382 1178 9.65
408 1407 11.17
HIP 3 HT2 389 1328 8.76
380 1240 7.91
383 1300 8.65
HT4 383 1406 12.54
345 1400 13.49
376 1424 14
Alloy 194 HIP 2 HT2 446 1042 7.55
418 808 5.95
427 871 6.72
HT6 432 1255 10.24
440 1261 10.09
417 1035 8.89
HT4 418 1187 9.68
HIP 3 HT2 388 984 7.31
399 932 7.05
410 985 7.5
HT6 391 1127 9.53
390 1233 10.74
Alloy 195 HIP 2 HT2 423 948 7.83
411 924 7.69
429 895 7.61
HT6 424 1188 10.82
424 1230 11.44
431 1191 10.83
HT4 421 1285 12.95
409 1085 10.4
431 1232 12.08
HIP 3 HT2 383 872 7.57
377 831 7.48
427 872 7.86
Alloy 196 HIP 2 HT2 465 889 7.42
422 834 7.19
424 1006 9.17
HT6 438 1111 10.55
458 1189 11.81
HT4 435 1001 9.37
419 1072 10.15
439 1060 10.42
Alloy 197 HIP 2 HT2 465 858 7.15
460 854 7.2
HT6 486 896 8.78
479 982 10.1
462 903 8.98
HT4 469 919 9.4
469 944 10
459 968 10.85
Alloy 198 HIP 5 HT2 661 1139 2.79
692 1081 2.39
HT6 587 1760 6.64
HIP 6 HT2 510 1046 2.24
602 1174 2.69
HT6 449 1614 7.09
333 1272 3.09
HT4 621 1675 6.88
629 1582 3.89
572 1673 9.18
Alloy 199 HIP 5 HT2 892 1113 1.51
1003 1190 2.3
HT6 832 1673 6.87
761 1675 3.81
712 1754 6.18
HT4 785 1628 6.68
628 1625 8.1
719 1681 4.33
HIP 6 HT2 1116 1290 1.53
839 1223 2.63
HT6 677 1661 6.47
708 1637 7.06
674 1784 7.53
718 1641 7.39
707 1655 4.27
HT4 642 1695 6.66
677 1686 5.33
665 1693 5.09
682 1690 3.76
807 1675 7.09
806 1698 6.58
Alloy 200 HIP 5 HT6 998 1651 7.27
824 1810 4.56
HT4 1006 1784 4.94
954 1731 5.72
906 1726 3.14
HT6 1083 1612 7.73
1028 1565 3.54
1010 1615 5.48
HT4 1027 1604 7.53
1109 1671 6.24
950 1660 6.45
Alloy 201 HIP 5 HT2 396 1119 9.55
445 1269 10.22
414 1176 9.93
HT6 411 1173 10.53
406 815 7.8
405 1419 13.98
HIP 8 HT2 356 1062 9.28
412 1057 8.71
HT6 392 1382 13.57
381 1331 12.82
386 1365 13.4
HT4 421 1358 13.12
372 1270 11.47
Alloy 202 HIP 5 HT2 410 876 7.81
429 1013 9.16
HT6 397 971 9.42
409 1280 12.34
401 1118 10.69
407 1300 12.04
HT4 424 1353 13.15
393 930 8.15
387 1091 9.89
393 1099 9.16
397 1275 11.48
387 1100 9.67
Alloy 203 HIP 5 HT2 383 1019 7.35
395 1150 9.02
382 1224 8.97
HT4 361 1434 14.71
331 1369 11.51
348 1295 10.44
HIP 8 HT2 358 1246 10.66
355 1159 9.87
HT6 389 1447 17.47
378 1379 12.83
HT4 382 1423 15.27
379 1408 15.37
385 1423 17.47
Alloy 204 HIP 5 HT2 391 1210 7.99
387 1089 7.19
386 1211 8.03
HT6 388 1453 13.33
373 1427 11.72
354 1455 13.54
HT4 374 1440 12.4
382 1414 10.29
HT2 358 1333 11.49
357 1019 8.35
HT6 372 1402 14.54
HT4 401 1440 15.24
393 1454 16.37
Alloy 205 HIP 5 HT2 390 1157 11.18
402 1215 11.78
388 1022 9.4
HT6 405 1178 11.43
397 1093 10.87
391 1078 10.51
HT4 417 1258 12.73
413 1270 12.82
406 1281 13.13
HIP 8 HT2 375 968 10.35
362 1062 11.23
377 1053 10.52
HT6 379 1314 15.65
385 1324 15.55
370 1340 16.68
HT4 410 1316 15.62
361 1230 13.84
383 1249 14.22
Alloy 206 HIP 5 HT2 434 969 8.66
422 962 8.66
HT6 408 1160 11.64
381 923 8.76
432 946 8.92
HT4 404 1054 10.22
413 1147 11.33
417 1030 9.7
418 949 10.64
Alloy 208 HIP 5 HT2 423 1189 12.07
342 1062 10.47
402 1000 9.64
HT6 409 1303 13.56
414 1379 16.62
404 1160 11.16
HT4 386 1247 12.83
432 1199 10.41
HIP 8 HT2 371 963 12.42
363 1046 10.03
351 1004 11.09
HT6 400 1331 16.5
406 1152 11.76
399 1050 11.46
HT4 392 1100 13.17
368 1037 13.43
396 1014 10.44
Alloy 209 HT2 395 1044 10.51
401 970 8.67
HT4 422 1336 14.44
416 1093 10.2
422 1282 12.92
HT2 390 1039 9.8
351 1145 9.88
349 1081 9.24
HIP 8 HT6 392 1341 15.75
395 1312 14.72
397 1320 15.21
Alloy 210 HIP 5 HT2 381 1033 7.53
383 1087 8.53
393 1150 8.96
HT4 397 1408 12.93
427 1432 13.62
401 1327 10.96
HIP 7 HT2 361 1105 8.19
371 1153 8.89
416 1056 8.49
HT6 307 1381 16.18
290 1276 10.88
311 1381 16.73
HT4 377 1400 12.47
397 1027 10.4
368 1319 10.87
Alloy 211 HIP 5 HT2 367 1119 8.91
362 1109 9.05
416 961 8.76
HIP 7 HT2 333 1023 8.02
247 1216 10.57
345 1011 8.11
300 1361 11.09
344 1323 10.38
HT6 357 1377 12.76
339 1381 12.8
346 1389 13.19
HT4 365 1416 14.69
378 1403 13.26
345 1347 11.57
343 1366 10.89
352 1375 11.81
Alloy 212 HIP 5 HT2 409 1026 7.37
383 1014 7.46
403 1140 8.39
HT6 399 1321 10.56
396 1202 8.97
389 1295 9.62
HT4 412 1159 9.02
411 1204 9.84
HIP 7 HT2 386 1311 10.65
358 1208 9.56
370 1334 10.72
HT6 365 1415 13.09
379 1424 14.29
376 1372 10.93
HT4 370 1428 16.16
384 1414 12.97
366 1423 14.49
Alloy 213 HIP 5 HT2 396 913 6.16
377 1142 7.64
HT6 366 1354 9.6
387 1384 10.26
354 1395 10.88
HT4 384 1302 8.81
HIP 7 HT2 381 1380 11.17
374 1286 9.78
368 1289 9.61
368 1302 10.4
359 1171 8.94
353 1300 10.27
HT6 352 1411 15.37
356 1418 16.06
360 1413 17.44
HT4 371 1419 15.58
361 1353 11.21
366 1416 13.71
370 1417 12.84
379 1421 13
Alloy 214 HIP 5 HT2 416 1232 9.37
352 1195 8.62
370 1142 8.08
HT6 352 1394 10.34
412 1300 10.57
370 1424 13.26
HIP 7 HT2 341 1228 8.3
364 1309 9.04
321 1275 8.69
HT6 333 1397 14.74
325 1399 15.65
HT4 359 1410 14.56
344 1388 14.43
349 1390 12.79
Alloy 215 HIP 5 HT2 373 939 10.69
396 887 9.36
HT6 418 927 10.26
450 1107 13.02
466 1162 12.48
HT4 434 1063 11.49
445 1077 12
449 1119 14.09
Alloy 216 HIP 5 HT2 385 949 9.64
388 965 9.5
398 970 9.76
HT6 378 969 11.59
383 1135 12.61
387 1097 11.82
HT4 380 1014 10.26
403 1216 12.84
Alloy 217 HIP 5 HT2 371 980 10.69
379 977 10.64
397 1006 10.52
HT6 365 966 10.79
372 989 10.55
382 1046 12.04
HT4 383 960 9.84
385 1006 10.91
385 1040 11.13
HIP 7 HT2 363 1067 12.44
370 1037 11.66
384 1134 13.77
HT6 364 1345 17.62
371 1310 17.12
377 1333 16.95
HT4 352 1005 11.44
362 1141 13.31
Alloy 218 HIP 5 HT2 382 891 10.07
384 946 11.16
390 949 11.07
HT6 391 1180 15.74
405 1167 15.47
407 1238 17.29
HT4 395 1146 15.61
396 1005 12.41
Alloy 219 HIP 5 HT2 371 953 11.59
386 943 11.42
HT6 387 1121 14.61
391 1044 13.28
422 1029 12.71
HT4 371 1009 12.26
380 1067 14.02
381 1034 13.51
Alloy 220 HIP 5 HT2 364 915 10.8
369 940 11.38
385 895 10.5
HT6 360 1010 13
380 991 12.96
395 1121 15.07
HT4 380 1007 12.73
393 1030 13.34
398 963 12.07
HIP 7 HT2 395 1009 12.16
401 1102 13.08
406 1036 12.54
HT6 361 1121 15.66
369 1081 14.65
371 1291 19.48
HT4 372 1096 14.94
376 1182 16.67
Alloy 221 HIP 5 HT2 415 1147 9.07
417 1098 9.57
HT6 413 967 8.5
430 998 8.06
HT4 417 558 3.72
418 1246 9.42
427 897 6.9
Alloy 222 HIP 5 HT2 405 1238 10.18
414 1149 9.39
HT6 398 1101 8.56
404 1395 12.55
421 1229 10.24
HT4 396 1041 8.87
411 1100 10.25
416 1386 12.58
HIP 7 HT2 334 924 7.71
342 1198 10.93
350 1333 12.08
HT6 360 1414 14.93
364 1448 15.58
382 1451 13.21
HT4 357 1264 11.18
362 1405 15.77
364 1343 13.24
Alloy 223 HIP 5 HT2 360 1109 9.74
370 1033 9.83
387 978 9.71
391 1007 10.3
405 937 10.41
424 774 7.04
HT6 375 1207 12.34
375 1268 12.24
399 1363 12.06
401 1182 11.95
406 887 9.94
409 1089 10.47
418 1010 11.75
429 1363 11.64
HT4 321 654 6.4
354 974 9.43
401 1073 12.26
407 1118 11.08
415 1014 11.61
Alloy 224 HIPS 5 HT2 334 892 6.03
376 1054 7.38
394 1067 7.11
HT6 386 1244 8.04
414 1120 6.97
HT4 427 1062 6.51
428 1315 8.34
446 1207 10.16
HIP 7 HT2 352 925 6.84
HT6 385 1328 9.71
390 1089 8.05
393 1038 8.06
HT4 372 805 6.03
377 1182 8.18
387 961 8.85
387 1055 9.5
Alloy 225 HIP 5 HT2 316 1081 6.84
400 830 6.53
HT6 441 1257 9.66
442 1143 9.9
HT4 410 1025 7.19
417 1314 8.35
433 1294 8.74
HIP 7 HT2 305 936 8.2
363 1028 7.22
HT6 343 1469 11.72
378 1443 10.95
379 1383 9.62
HT4 367 1159 8.31
376 1397 9.95
376 1438 10.82
Alloy 226 HIP 5 HT2 327 989 8.29
392 1075 8.42
HT6 427 1296 9.15
HT4 443 1319 9.82
HIP 7 HT2 364 1256 9.51
372 1189 8.31
414 1104 7.88
HT6 377 1331 9.27
394 1066 8.67
409 1362 9.91
HT4 330 1422 11.1
364 1423 11.75
372 1459 12.31
Alloy 227 HIP 5 HT2 422 1080 6.11
HT6 387 1259 6.98
HT4 365 1274 6.29
446 836 6.07
449 1077 7.64
HIP 7 HT2 321 1500 9.04
323 1441 8.21
337 1489 8.49
HT6 351 1549 11.24
368 1404 8.6
HT4 291 1546 10.46
305 1543 10.35
Alloy 228 HIP 5 HT4 399 1581 9.66
HIP 7 HT2 300 1355 6.85
302 1458 7.61
354 996 6.14
Alloy 229 HIP 5 HT6 394 821 5.86
395 840 6.19
401 1054 8.61
HT4 306 1165 7.77
316 1240 8.64
325 972 4.82
325 1103 5.4
337 1344 7.31
374 1062 8.08
Alloy 230 HIP 5 HT2 395 904 7.05
415 921 7.58
HT6 448 1013 8.87
HT4 385 957 8.82
405 969 9.73
423 960 9.54
HIP 7 HT2 428 973 8.26
428 1021 8.9
429 1001 8.7
HT6 436 1099 10.66
452 1144 11.96
HT4 463 1092 10.59
471 1048 9.9
Alloy 231 HIP 5 HT2 417 1006 10.1
HT6 460 985 8.61
HT4 393 886 7.3
425 853 6.69
437 1138 12.62
HIP 7 HT2 347 1039 11.72
356 981 9.44
398 987 8.57
HT6 415 1083 11.34
421 990 9.67
459 1181 13.57
HT4 401 949 9.53
415 1042 10.97
Alloy 232 HIP 5 HT2 402 1015 9.1
HT6 438 1151 10.88
442 1162 12.41
442 1202 12.48
HT4 407 1092 11.2
449 1037 9.83
452 1202 12.73
HIP 7 HT2 283 1051 10.84
304 990 9.33
HT6 416 1198 10.57
426 947 8.07
HT4 411 1065 10.03
446 1148 10.83
Alloy 233 HIP 5 HT2 444 879 8.06
464 919 9.56
HT6 362 965 12.56
407 992 13.44
HT4 484 993 12.28
488 969 11.35
491 1040 13.99
HIP 7 HT2 309 976 14.02
316 977 14.77
387 1039 16.19
HT6 480 1057 15.13
484 1027 13.88
484 1029 13.66
HT4 450 915 9.82
451 928 10.99
463 910 9.68
Alloy 234 HIP 5 HT2 449 1025 14.51
452 994 13.33
452 1027 13.91
HT6 369 1066 15.31
483 1012 12.97
484 1026 13.55
HT4 460 1076 16.86
479 1004 14.04
HIP 7 HT2 358 1026 14.22
369 1027 16.22
415 914 9.47
HT6 458 1010 14.25
478 994 12.43
HT4 417 995 14.11
436 867 12.14
454 899 10.17
487 1008 14.09
Alloy 235 HIP 5 HT2 440 994 14.02
459 971 13
482 1004 14.24
HT6 472 1086 15.62
486 1026 13.78
488 1001 12.17
HT4 478 1033 14.56
491 912 9.37
534 897 7.85
HIP 7 HT2 333 913 11.45
358 939 13.09
380 995 14.35
HT6 465 1049 14.72
470 936 10.82
484 856 7.28
HT4 419 978 13.96
429 1013 15.31
430 957 13.23
Alloy 236 HIP 5 HT2 419 980 13.39
420 910 10.52
479 999 13.2
HT6 346 950 12.64
368 977 13.76
402 973 12.87
HIP 7 HT6 424 995 12.71
450 905 7.94
484 976 10.84
HT4 425 943 10.84
428 920 10.57
Alloy 237 HIP 5 HT2 427 1000 14.91
430 1047 16.95
HT6 427 919 10.5
HT4 283 935 13.97
407 911 10.45
445 881 8.99
HIP 7 HT2 355 1017 17.46
362 1022 17.33
379 1047 17.78
HT6 443 932 11.18
450 998 14.22
HT4 409 985 14.31
414 986 14.04
426 1045 16.99
Alloy 238 HIP 5 HT2 397 959 13.83
423 1052 17.39
HT6 350 950 13.91
390 1013 16.85
HIP 7 HT2 311 974 15.58
353 1009 17.69
384 1012 17.26
HT6 431 1019 15.68
433 985 13.42
462 1014 14.89
HT4 387 973 14.62
413 985 15.15
415 949 13.7
Alloy 239 HIP 5 HT2 549 1005 7.32
HT6 578 958 1.88
HT4 408 955 3.27
HIP 6 HT2 556 974 4.99
574 951 3.49
524 941 2.8
HT6 648 952 2.35
708 954 2.6
345 946 2.3
HT4 583 940 2.66
591 932 3.46
653 943 2.97
Alloy 240 HIP 5 HT2 609 1000 7.66
542 1052 10.59
HT6 600 986 9.17
617 982 6.88
520 973 6.8
HT4 351 980 11.07
418 957 8.66
467 990 10.64
HIP 9 HT2 553 985 8.73
538 989 9.36
569 976 8.7
HT6 384 959 9.15
532 958 8
HT4 578 1046 12.25
579 1002 9.99
Alloy 241 HIP 5 HT2 405 1154 9.48
552 1141 8.67
HT6 426 1216 12.08
419 1207 12.19
398 1078 8.5
HT4 401 1074 9.7
370 1093 10.02
377 1120 10.64
Alloy 242 HIP 5 HT2 422 1452 8.03
410 1294 5.83
HT6 405 1382 6.39
422 1555 8.74
440 1538 8.27
HT4 343 1360 7.47
424 1405 7.64
384 1413 7.58
Alloy 243 HIP 5 HT2 496 1088 10.96
523 1039 7.96
HT6 445 1097 10.6
490 1101 10.74
501 1042 8.2
HT4 345 1008 9.15
459 1065 10.56
482 1035 9.03
Alloy 244 HIP 5 HT2 413 1142 12.7
473 1113 10.69
425 1047 8.92
HT6 424 1071 10.32
413 1110 10.73
324 1060 10.28
HT4 443 1080 11.24
408 1104 12.05
379 1073 11.76
HIP 9 HT2 282 1146 16.5
429 1139 14.26
361 1111 14.35
HT6 478 1064 12.18
484 1094 12.65
410 1019 10.54
HT4 415 1016 10.75
444 1044 11.83
395 1087 13.61
Alloy 245 HIP 5 HT2 438 1209 12.07
406 1104 9.31
HT6 475 1149 11.68
642 1138 10.81
454 1189 13.2
HT4 358 1100 12.23
362 1088 10.8
376 985 8.79
Alloy 246 HIP 5 HT2 363 1236 10.23
365 1113 8.37
HT6 286 1080 10.62
411 1081 8.75
HT4 426 1154 10.88
423 1197 12.09
400 1140 10.93
HIP 6 HT2 370 1182 10.84
375 1097 10.19
HT6 382 1109 10.3
349 1149 12.77
Alloy 247 HIP 5 HT2 437 1096 10.58
395 1058 10.34
HT6 421 1086 11.22
447 982 8.08
HT4 484 1100 11
399 1047 9.68
HIP 8 HT2 419 1037 10.75
421 1034 9.83
414 1066 12.03
HT6 514 1087 11.67
469 1060 11.35
513 1070 11.52
Alloy 248 HIP 5 HT2 416 938 13.25
403 917 12.02
HT6 394 964 14.7
402 973 14.57
HT4 419 866 11.42
432 946 13.68
429 953 14.1
HIP 8 HT2 369 1010 14.9
389 1060 15.29
392 1018 14.55
HT6 343 957 14.53
356 1089 17.99
Alloy 249 HIP 5 HT2 434 910 9.94
441 1002 11.16
469 978 11.27
HT6 380 1018 12.68
384 929 10.83
426 1045 12.72
HT4 437 1098 13.73
441 1006 12.39
445 1008 12.1
HIP 8 HT2 417 1014 12.2
356 1126 14.96
400 983 12.94
HT6 356 1175 15.3
349 1047 13.62
370 1221 16.28
Alloy 250 HIP 5 HT2 393 1120 14.53
HT6 347 923 8.23
360 1137 14.63
HT4 352 860 6.5
361 1080 11.79
380 1064 11.58
HIP 8 HT2 379 1243 19.56
354 847 7.31
HT6 383 950 9.35
379 1151 15.76
Alloy 251 HIP 5 HT2 333 1212 16.42
362 1130 13.14
365 1236 17.94
HT6 349 1093 12.14
362 1073 11.73
371 1152 14.92
HT4 362 1188 15.66
313 1103 12.84
HIP 8 HT2 339 1123 14.09
336 1056 11.73
348 1273 18.48
HT6 364 1201 17.17
370 1189 17.07
HT4 501 1211 19.22
448 1210 17.46
Alloy 252 HIP 5 HT2 372 860 13.51
366 979 14.92
363 888 15.4
334 835 13.35
362 936 15.73
HT6 361 1033 15.99
358 985 15.36
373 1157 18.95
358 931 14.51
370 888 13.67
349 870 13.74
HT4 345 570 2.9
363 976 15.5
357 844 13.02
351 1167 19.06
349 995 15.62
HIP 8 HT2 359 1101 19.08
397 1095 18.62
392 1067 17.99
HT6 358 1056 17.42
371 1155 19.98
HT4 — 1109 19.97
336 971 15.81
395 1154 19.79
Alloy 253 HIP 5 HT6 379 1183 16.13
HT4 426 982 11.74
407 931 12.43
387 1001 13.26
HIP 8 HT2 322 1182 16.45
310 1050 13.9
312 1305 20.12
HT6 316 1294 21.05
335 1261 20.28
323 1307 22.02
HT4 321 1288 22.86
327 1286 22.75
Alloy 254 HIP 5 HT2 331 1217 17.79
339 1121 13.94
HT6 350 1079 12.59
HT4 343 1055 11.34
361 1214 16.69
HIP 8 HT2 350 1101 15.06
HT4 357 1099 15.81
375 1069 13.49
Alloy 255 HIP 5 HT4 423 918 7.86
HT2 391 1038 11.1
399 984 9.71
408 1032 11.09
HT6 420 1043 10.34
441 1014 9.66
395 971 8.31
HT4 425 930 7.67
380 787 4.79
HIP 8 HT2 333 1160 14.49
338 1222 18.11
HT6 376 1135 15.74
318 1121 14.98
HT4 384 1170 15.54
Alloy 256 HIP 5 HT2 392 1044 16.83
399 893 14.43
366 914 14.55
HT6 405 1127 19.19
432 978 15.24
348 859 13.23
348 924 14.87
HT4 405 971 15.44
514 1052 16.31
369 1017 16.21
371 948 14.48
419 993 15.75
HIP 8 HT2 322 953 15.63
329 1010 16.48
324 811 12.82
HT6 341 993 16.6
329 983 17.48
HT4 357 1045 17.94
Alloy 257 HIP 5 HT2 352 1094 13.9
HT6 370 966 13.11
375 1206 15.71
366 1115 13.76
HT4 337 1135 14.05
352 1183 16.29
HIP 8 HT2 420 1154 15.15
411 1108 14.7
HT6 362 1269 19.28
353 1271 19.86
349 995 13.69
HT4 372 1241 18.39
342 1165 16.05
346 1098 15.16
Alloy 258 HIP 5 HT2 363 990 20.06
349 965 19.22
HT6 330 1066 23.23
350 963 19.92
407 1034 22.06
HT4 354 1047 22.15
338 1035 21.16
340 1071 23.65
HIP 8 HT2 397 1037 21.94
403 935 16.95
392 995 19.45
HT6 353 1040 22.32
362 972 19.33
338 830 14.87
HT4 388 1041 22.39
401 1123 25.38
404 986 19.53
Alloy 259 HIP 5 HT2 371 975 17.39
343 1029 19.81
HT6 308 1003 19.27
339 915 16.29
365 1102 21.57
HT4 343 1153 22.67
397 1179 24.67
356 902 16.19
HIP 8 HT2 396 1015 18.71
380 993 19.31
337 1029 19
HT6 362 853 15.09
398 1073 21.04
329 1035 19.77
HT4 346 900 16.52
340 978 19.41
301 980 19.48
Alloy 260 HIP 10 HT4 357 1039 15.92
401 1084 17.56
335 965 14.17
HT9 374 1084 17.41
339 1054 16.11
Alloy 261 HIP 5 HT2 438 1057 14.91
451 1057 15.38
HT6 372 972 13.56
391 953 13.02
HT4 430 970 12.65
427 1012 14.24
445 1034 14.96
HIP 6 HT4 382 954 12.81
396 938 12.63
389 1045 16.66
Alloy 262 HIP 5 HT2 1034 1254 2.06
1013 1317 3.85
997 1328 4.24
HT6 1128 1619 2.38
1138 1658 3.98
1122 1640 2.42
HT4 992 1682 4.99
Alloy 263 HIP 5 HT2 961 1300 2.01
981 1317 2.13
HT6 1197 1633 1.63
1105 1742 3.64
1134 1759 3.72
HT4 920 1780 4.14
903 1734 2.91
Alloy 264 HIP 5 HT2 255 731 2.08
205 677 1.81
HT6 454 1578 2.92
541 1517 2.38
560 1468 2.4
HT4 604 1503 2.41
573 1564 3.08
649 1487 2.47
Alloy 265 HIP 5 HT2 416 886 6.76
430 913 7.3
420 917 7.57
HT6 389 731 4.35
393 705 4.22
375 672 4
HT4 400 819 4.83
421 783 4.45
421 852 5
HIP 6 HT2 413 882 6.67
399 915 7.46
401 927 7.79
HT6 381 737 4.62
369 726 4.81
375 857 5.52
HT4 359 818 4.81
364 789 4.68
356 812 5.02
Alloy 266 HIP 5 HT2 449 951 9.43
463 960 8.97
471 947 8.71
HT6 434 904 8.51
439 908 8.76
438 896 8.23
HT4 498 912 7.17
489 882 6.35
464 930 8.06
HIP 6 HT2 456 977 9.52
470 962 7.44
448 882 5.13
HT6 424 868 7.52
430 845 7.18
HT4 398 879 8.26
399 854 7.25
382 857 7.65
Alloy 267 HIP 5 HT2 425 853 7.06
436 882 7.71
478 943 10.05
HT6 414 839 7.44
392 804 6.14
403 759 5.4
402 878 7.71
459 870 7.32
HT4 455 868 7.49
444 898 8.21
467 789 5.27
466 933 8.51
479 904 8.05
348 853 7.28
HIP 6 HT2 455 872 7.47
418 832 7.53
432 864 7.75
HT6 401 828 7.81
445 875 8.52
393 761 5.68
HT4 402 828 7.41
412 859 8.25
434 874 8.49
Alloy 268 HIP 5 HT5 456 975 11.09
475 954 10.4
473 891 8.44
HT8 558 1186 16.8
417 1064 15.73
410 998 15.24
HT9 337 937 13.03
364 974 13.92
363 959 13.06
HIP 9 HT5 370 932 12
372 886 10.8
HT8 389 1088 19.09
HT9 369 918 13.07
370 868 11.02
Alloy 269 HIP 5 HT5 365 961 10.65
394 1024 10.98
343 967 10.58
HT8 403 1200 17.27
421 1081 14.24
417 1081 14.48
HT9 381 1065 11.22
418 1050 11.17
HIP 8 HT5 372 897 9.82
380 904 9.84
371 883 9.51
HT8 395 1275 20.98
Alloy 270 HIP 5 HT5 454 1053 8.81
464 1061 8.77
439 946 7.71
HT8 441 1143 11.45
457 1234 13.82
HT9 319 1199 13.33
405 1277 13.58
397 1139 10.96
HIP 9 HT5 371 1282 14.36
375 1003 9.9
370 1157 11.95
HT8 390 1327 16.66
395 1294 16.21
HT9 354 1289 13.51
366 1072 9.37
364 1245 12.63
Alloy 271 HIP 5 HT5 459 906 9.48
462 931 9.88
456 1022 11.67
HT8 426 995 12.65
473 1093 14.94
HT9 404 1157 15.32
392 1158 16.16
341 1059 14.08
HIP 9 HT5 369 982 12.8
HT8 390 1199 20.06
388 1090 16.8
367 1197 19.54
HT9 395 1037 14.04
397 1187 18.5
Alloy 272 HIP 5 HT5 455 902 8.73
451 1033 11.07
464 1053 11.48
HT8 469 1167 14.28
466 1212 14.68
412 1016 10.93
HT9 382 1207 15.84
378 1182 14.06
392 1053 12.59
HIP 9 HT5 419 1165 14.45
387 996 11.5
375 990 11.58
HT8 406 1212 16.29
391 1348 24.65
384 1202 17.11
HT9 385 1098 13.84
367 1104 13.25
384 1024 12.21
Alloy 273 HIP 5 HT5 451 1078 10.31
466 1130 10.92
HT8 425 967 9.88
451 977 9.82
452 1383 18.26
HT9 400 1378 18.71
388 1178 10.86
367 1309 14.01
HIP 9 HT5 373 1040 10.66
378 1207 13.82
367 1101 11.86
HT8 379 1206 14.7
384 1262 17.27
HT9 357 1187 11.87
373 1295 17.24
352 1262 17.6
Alloy 274 HIP 5 HT5 470 1023 14.55
475 995 14.17
HT8 472 1106 20.16
HT9 370 1030 17.23
424 1064 18.22
389 970 14.96
HIP 9 HT5 378 1018 16.58
388 914 12.87
HT8 375 947 16.42
357 873 13.82
375 1080 21.58
HT9 361 913 13.67
376 920 13.44
Alloy 275 HIP 5 HT5 477 860 7.94
485 1028 13.02
444 881 8.98
HT8 482 1101 17.75
472 1127 19.77
HT9 408 1014 14.67
500 1171 14.64
HIP 8 HT5 401 963 12.41
398 919 11.63
382 920 11.52
HT8 403 1101 20.01
411 980 15.34
414 991 15.07
HT9 428 956 12.21
456 1033 15.61
402 1014 15.13
Alloy 276 HIP 5 HT8 478 1134 20.15
463 1091 19.11
470 978 14.44
HT9 388 1065 17.75
447 1054 16.28
400 975 14.21
HIP 8 HT5 405 968 13.38
395 882 10.62
404 975 13.87
HT8 399 1047 18.56
416 1007 17.04
HT9 377 966 14.01
381 978 14.6
382 1020 16.14
Alloy 277 HIP 5 HT5 439 932 10.41
455 1015 12.04
424 935 9.86
HT8 429 971 11.64
393 1057 15.02
392 1245 20.8
HT9 387 758 5.16
441 744 4.15
384 727 4.31
HIP 8 HT5 371 984 12.56
381 989 12.61
380 1058 14.44
HT8 378 1194 20.15
379 1265 23.49
377 1244 22.16
HT9 404 719 4.25
397 721 4.35
377 714 4.33
Alloy 278 HIP 5 HT5 403 892 7.52
427 1062 28.03
381 981 10.05
HT8 386 1175 16.88
373 1346 21.89
HT9 430 784 5.85
364 719 5.02
HIP 8 HT5 397 967 11.38
377 947 10.64
HT8 397 1337 23.15
378 1283 20.06
HT9 394 709 3.54
391 725 4.35
Alloy 279 HIP 5 HT5 385 907 7.63
379 899 7.72
349 1002 9.57
HT8 433 1211 15.69
HT9 440 742 4.12
445 729 3.63
438 694 3.43
HIP 8 HT5 371 848 7.56
357 1038 10.56
HT8 389 1273 19.51
382 1176 16.19
376 1184 16.74
HT9 446 682 2.56
442 721 3.88
428 669 2.55
Alloy 280 HIP 5 HT5 448 1057 9.22
440 1048 8.8
422 922 6.37
HT8 465 1052 11.54
479 1103 13.03
HT9 406 1090 13.69
HIP 9 HT5 387 1053 11.7
414 1118 14.3
386 1088 13.27
HT8 400 1134 16.57
413 1211 19.47
399 1095 14.54
HT9 420 1111 14.31
399 1119 15.03
Alloy 281 HIP 5 HT5 418 955 6.12
398 1051 7.35
403 1058 7.82
HT8 453 1104 11.56
462 1082 11.23
HT9 354 1212 13.76
320 1119 10.59
HIP 9 HT5 378 1080 9.72
374 1138 10.9
379 1073 9.13
HT8 394 1165 13.98
364 1241 15.55
380 1196 15.03
HT9 368 946 7.99
377 1194 12.74
388 994 9.64
Alloy 282 HIP 9 HT5 391 953 6.23
401 925 6.11
HT8 432 1003 10.55
389 992 10.45
410 946 9.28
HT9 424 948 8.12
Alloy 283 HIP 8 HT5 380 1104 9.02
385 1107 8.89
HT8 389 974 8.9
379 1119 10.61
427 1212 14.79
HT9 383 1160 12.68
379 1206 13.38
387 1184 13.28
Cast plates from selected alloys listed in Table 4 were thermo-mechanically processed via hot rolling. The plates were heated in a tunnel furnace to a target temperature equal to the nearest 25° C. temperature interval that was at least 50° C. below the solidus temperature previously determined (see Table 5). The rolls for the mill were held at a constant spacing for all samples rolled, such that the rolls were touching with minimal force. The resulting reductions varied between 21.0% and 41.9%. The primary importance of the hot rolling stage is to initiate Nanophase Refinement and to remove macrodefects such as pores and voids by mimicking the hot rolling at Stage 2 of Twin Roll Casting process or at Stage 1 or Stage 2 of Thin Slab Casting process. This process eliminates a fraction of internal macrodefects, in addition to smoothing out the sample surface. After hot rolling, the plates were heat treated at parameters specified in Table 8. The tensile specimens were cut from the plates after hot rolling and heat treatment using wire electrical discharge machining (EDM). Tensile properties were measured on an Instron mechanical testing frame (Model 3369), utilizing Instron's Bluehill control and analysis software. All tests were run at room temperature in displacement control with the bottom fixture held rigid and the top fixture moving; the load cell is attached to the top fixture. Samples were tested in the as-rolled state and after heat treatments defined in Table 8.
Tensile properties of selected alloys herein with Nanomodal Structure (Structure #2, FIG. 3A) that forms after hot rolling are listed in Table 10 (As Rolled). It can be seen, that in this state, the yield stress varies from 308 to 1020 MPa. After yielding, the Structure #2 transforms into High Strength Nanomodal Structure (Structure #3, FIG. 3A) and demonstrates tensile strength from 740 to 1435 MPa with ductility in a range from 2.2 to 41.3%.
Heat treatment after hot rolling leads to further development of Nanomodal Structure (Structure #2) that transforms into High Strength Nanomodal Structure (Structure #3) during deformation. Tensile properties of the selected alloys after hot rolling and heat treatment at different parameters are listed in Table 10. The ultimate tensile strength values may vary from 730 to 1435 MPa with tensile elongation from about 2 to 59.2%. The yield strength is in a range from 274 to 1020 MPa. The mechanical characteristic values in the steel alloys herein will depend on alloy chemistry and processing/treatment condition.
TABLE 10
Tensile Properties of Alloys Subjected Hot Rolling
Ultimate
Yield Tensile Tensile
Heat Strength Strength Elongation
Alloy Treatment (MPa) (MPa) (%)
Alloy 260 As Rolled 599 1088 13.11
620 1098 13.47
637 1082 10.23
549 1073 15.96
581 1132 17.97
572 1136 18.17
569 1088 13.15
612 1071 11.10
534 1093 14.12
HT5 548 935 11.15
515 977 12.67
556 921 11.15
526 994 14.87
532 1052 16.76
536 966 13.71
492 1096 16.89
510 1123 17.92
587 1129 18.00
HT8 492 1061 20.76
511 888 11.64
535 1066 20.59
450 1166 26.41
474 1162 25.95
501 1147 21.15
504 1155 21.85
515 1084 18.79
HT9 444 1059 20.57
423 1089 21.85
433 1003 17.96
480 1176 31.46
457 1160 31.60
472 1177 32.50
419 1169 27.67
457 1174 25.06
482 1132 21.13
Alloy 280 As Rolled 728 1135 9.06
HT9 398 1081 19.59
439 1073 19.26
456 1103 18.39
440 1127 18.71
Alloy 281 As Rolled 750 1063 10.40
800 1082 10.77
HT9 416 1159 16.92
456 1146 15.30
529 1150 15.46
Alloy 282 HT9 424 1040 15.99
414 923 10.91
421 1014 15.10
409 974 13.46
398 946 13.57
428 1017 13.89
Alloy 283 As Rolled 902 1216 7.48
905 1203 8.18
656 1048 9.69
677 1122 12.32
672 1113 11.77
HT9 429 1138 16.63
419 1001 14.97
397 1032 17.58
392 844 10.70
397 969 13.45
391 1167 26.72
396 1064 14.89
419 1090 16.25
384 1221 26.25
389 1195 18.60
411 1236 24.06
Alloy 284 As Rolled 550 1121 15.51
524 1159 16.05
579 1088 14.49
763 1093 14.02
763 1163 15.82
731 1046 13.59
HT5 483 1119 14.64
496 1129 15.20
507 1082 13.63
HT8 482 1230 21.00
483 1248 25.24
475 1241 21.93
503 1273 18.79
504 1217 16.89
533 1299 19.35
493 1164 15.84
504 1276 18.45
494 1174 15.97
HT9 383 1149 27.60
395 1122 25.70
395 1160 28.83
414 1133 16.47
409 1074 18.55
Alloy 285 As Rolled 833 1228 13.31
829 1245 14.72
798 1225 14.78
814 1321 13.68
822 1339 13.99
HT5 447 1082 13.73
433 1062 11.34
450 1280 18.92
429 1097 10.26
456 1328 19.91
457 1249 10.12
480 1310 16.64
498 1297 16.20
HT8 474 1319 23.26
HT9 408 1207 20.39
399 1208 22.21
404 1207 20.59
402 1201 18.04
417 1237 20.36
396 1189 21.20
Alloy 286 As Rolled 743 1350 14.02
727 1344 14.54
746 1357 15.56
776 1289 12.01
HT5 491 1349 16.29
505 1334 15.16
513 1311 14.87
501 1331 17.08
HT8 418 1267 15.86
434 1250 18.33
428 1237 14.55
420 1252 20.02
447 1269 20.28
HT9 396 1212 21.90
382 1196 24.16
387 1230 21.44
401 1248 23.94
Alloy 287 As Rolled 855 1302 17.63
845 1251 17.37
876 1347 18.58
867 1274 14.88
HT5 487 1169 15.03
495 1198 15.72
489 1101 13.40
522 1283 23.88
HT8 499 1306 24.48
463 1093 16.81
484 1282 24.49
HT9 414 1174 23.88
417 1210 27.24
410 1185 22.70
410 1194 25.03
441 1174 21.29
Alloy 288 As Rolled 789 1285 14.49
795 1327 16.31
811 1251 13.60
846 1268 15.63
819 1309 15.21
849 1243 14.96
HT5 498 1324 24.14
497 924 10.01
491 1267 17.38
501 1302 25.04
504 1226 15.34
499 1321 23.89
390 1149 26.61
HT8 377 1257 22.38
491 1242 21.68
496 1226 22.46
469 1240 22.32
480 1226 22.23
HT9 411 1194 23.52
404 1165 23.65
394 1164 25.58
391 1129 18.68
Alloy 290 As Rolled 837 1314 14.93
806 1306 14.40
863 1174 5.08
966 1327 15.47
798 1331 16.40
HT5 524 937 8.03
456 999 9.22
508 1035 9.98
468 983 9.67
517 934 8.54
HT8 486 1065 16.56
482 1049 16.50
453 1092 17.63
501 1028 14.56
480 1164 18.07
472 1205 20.74
HT9 424 908 13.02
454 929 14.01
407 965 14.43
427 1032 16.61
411 882 14.45
Alloy 291 As Rolled 374 1104 8.25
320 1099 7.31
HT10 378 1404 19.03
371 1314 13.69
HT5 417 1037 8.34
440 987 6.62
HT8 482 1139 7.99
439 1248 8.81
Alloy 292 As Rolled 513 1148 22.23
506 1148 22.97
502 1186 24.32
HT5 419 1173 30.55
429 1176 32.16
429 1177 30.52
HT8 425 1196 37.96
441 1174 36.16
HT9 381 1079 36.01
380 1082 26.75
387 1078 27.56
Alloy 293 As Rolled 446 1211 12.92
427 1179 12.39
391 1022 8.53
330 1243 12.08
386 1250 13.37
390 1310 15.76
HT10 457 1065 12.86
448 1189 16.14
438 1226 17.54
417 1243 18.35
428 1319 27.92
HT5 483 1132 13.49
470 1075 12.05
483 1095 13.13
458 1290 18.88
452 1062 12.63
HT8 433 1139 15.24
403 1170 15.47
399 1089 13.88
Alloy 294 As Rolled 379 1318 9.65
381 1385 10.78
372 1375 10.25
HT10 338 1283 20.04
342 1315 18.72
316 1236 19.47
HT5 343 1258 13.03
337 1181 11.09
HT8 326 1307 20.63
308 1267 20.71
349 1366 19.16
Alloy 295 As Rolled 593 973 39.02
HT10 276 775 49.61
287 785 54.25
HT5 285 800 54.98
292 807 43.09
HT8 274 782 44.39
291 796 55.93
283 793 59.13
Alloy 296 As Rolled 778 963 2.24
771 977 2.25
HT5 445 731 2.41
484 796 5.18
485 784 4.01
475 829 6.93
HT8 428 837 12.61
433 811 10.03
HT11 417 835 15.33
421 757 8.20
411 843 18.30
Alloy 297 As Rolled 699 1087 6.77
692 1063 7.14
757 1068 6.07
HT5 534 1019 7.64
543 1041 8.99
495 952 7.70
HT8 419 873 9.61
426 921 11.15
447 875 8.72
HT9 385 886 13.47
362 977 21.74
Alloy 298 As Rolled 955 1382 8.00
1020 1435 5.79
HT5 847 1180 9.07
842 1178 11.66
HT8 766 1097 9.21
796 1123 6.74
702 1147 10.33
HT10 822 1094 8.80
831 1135 10.99
865 1111 10.40
Alloy 299 As Rolled 388 804 8.72
386 743 7.31
HT5 324 950 4.50
352 1357 8.25
HT8 366 1155 5.40
HT10 380 900 8.71
354 837 7.56
362 900 7.75
Alloy 300 As Rolled 598 1018 41.27
565 1015 41.08
HT5 354 1052 45.89
HT8 313 1048 46.05
320 1055 48.05
HT10 288 848 34.01
Alloy 301 As Rolled 653 1158 18.18
702 1152 15.97
HT5 314 1063 3.83
339 1284 5.13
304 1392 9.57
HT8 428 1025 15.50
430 1043 16.73
432 874 11.38
HT9 372 987 17.10
385 1149 21.61
423 1024 20.19
Selected alloys from Table 4 were cast into plates with thickness of 50 mm using an Indutherm VTC800V vacuum tilt casting machine. Alloys of designated compositions were weighed out in 3 kilogram charges using designated quantities of commercially-available ferroadditive powders of known composition and impurity content, and additional alloying elements as needed, according to the atomic ratios provided in Table 4 for each alloy. Weighed out alloy charges were placed in zirconia coated silica-based crucibles and loaded into the casting machine. Melting took place under vacuum using a 14 kHz RF induction coil. Charges were heated until fully molten, with a period of time between 45 seconds and 60 seconds after the last point at which solid constituents were observed, in order to provide superheat and ensure melt homogeneity. Melts were then poured into a water-cooled copper die to form laboratory cast slabs of approximately 50 mm thick that is in the thickness range for Thin Slab Casting process (FIGS. 31) and 75 mm×100 mm in size.
Cast plates with initial thickness of 50 mm were subjected to hot rolling at the temperatures between 1075 to 1100° C. depending on alloy solidus temperature. Rolling was done on a Fenn Model 061 single stage rolling mill, employing an in-line Lucifer EHS3GT-B18 tunnel furnace. Material was held at the hot rolling temperature for an initial dwell time of 40 minutes to ensure homogeneous temperature. After each pass on the rolling mill, the sample was returned to the tunnel furnace with a 4 minute temperature recovery hold to correct for temperature lost during the hot rolling pass. Hot rolling was conducted in two campaigns, with the first campaign achieving approximately 85% total reduction to a thickness of 6 mm. Following the first campaign of hot rolling, a section of sheet between 150 mm and 200 mm long was cut from the center of the hot rolled material. This cut section was then used for a second campaign of hot rolling for a total reduction between both campaigns of between 96% and 97%.
Tensile specimens were cut from hot rolled sheets via EDM. Tensile properties were measured on an Instron mechanical testing frame (Model 3369), utilizing Instron's Bluehill control and analysis software. All tests were run at room temperature in displacement control with the bottom fixture held rigid and the top fixture moving; the load cell is attached to the top fixture.
Tensile properties of the alloys in the as hot rolled condition are listed in Table 11. The ultimate tensile strength values may vary from 978 to 1281 MPa with tensile elongation from 14.0 to 29.2%. The yield stress is in a range from 396 to 746 MPa. The mechanical characteristic values in the steel alloys herein will depend on alloy chemistry and hot rolling conditions.
TABLE 11
Tensile Properties of Selected After Hot Rolling
Ultimate
Yield Tensile Tensile
Stress Strength Elongation
Alloy (MPa) (MPa) (%)
Alloy 260 530 1172 25.7
505 1161 26.2
551 1192 27.4
491 1017 17.1
495 978 16.5
505 1145 23.1
Alloy 302 693 1099 14.8
673 1071 14.0
697 1111 16.2
Alloy 303 401 1266 29.2
396 1185 25.9
403 1240 27.4
Alloy 304 716 1254 17.4
746 1281 18.4
Hot-rolled sheets from each alloy were then subjected to further cold rolling in multiple passes down to thickness of 1.2 mm. Rolling was done on a Fenn Model 061 single stage rolling mill. Tensile properties of the alloys after hot rolling and subsequent cold rolling are listed in Table 12. The ultimate tensile strength values in this specific example may vary from 1438 to 1787 MPa with tensile elongation from 1.0 to 20.8%. The yield stress is in a range from 809 to 1642 MPa. The mechanical characteristic values in the steel alloys herein will depend on alloy chemistry and processing conditions. Cold rolling reduction influences the amount of austenite transformation leading to different level of strength in the alloys.
TABLE 12
Tensile Properties of Selected Alloys After Cold Rolling
Ultimate
Yield Tensile Tensile
Stress Strength Elongation
Alloy (MPa) (MPa) (%)
Alloy 260 1485 1489 1.0
1161 1550 7.2
1222 1530 6.6
1226 1532 6.9
1642 1779 2.1
1642 1787 2.1
Alloy 302 1179 1492 3.5
1133 1438 2.6
1105 1469 4.3
Alloy 303 823 1506 15.3
895 1547 17.4
809 1551 20.8
After cold rolling, alloys were heat treated at the parameters specified in Table 13. Heat treatments were conducted in a Lucifer 7GT-K12 sealed box furnace under an argon gas purge, or in a ThermCraft XSL-3-0-24-1C tube furnace. In the case of air cooling, the specimens were held at the target temperature for a target period of time, removed from the furnace and cooled down in air. In cases of controlled cooling, the furnace temperature was lowered at a specified rate with samples loaded.
TABLE 13
Heat Treatment Parameters
Heat Temperature Time
Treatment (° C.) (min) Cooling
HT5 850 360 0.75° C./min
to <500° C. then Air
HT8 950 360 Air
HT12 1075 120 Air
HT14 850 5 Air
HT15 1125 120 Air
Tensile properties were measured on an Instron mechanical testing frame (Model 3369), utilizing Instron's Bluehill control and analysis software. All tests were run at room temperature in displacement control with the bottom fixture held rigid and the top fixture moving; the load cell is attached to the top fixture.
Tensile properties of the selected alloys after hot rolling with subsequent cold rolling and heat treatment at different parameters are listed in Table 14. The ultimate tensile strength values in this specific case example may vary from 813 MPa to 1316 MPa with tensile elongation from 6.6 to 35.9%. The yield stress is in a range from 274 to 815 MPa. The mechanical characteristic values in the steel alloys herein will depend on alloy chemistry and processing conditions.
TABLE 14
Tensile Properties of Selected Alloys
After Cold Rolling and Heat Treatment
Yield Ultimate Tensile
Heat Stress Strength Elongation
Alloy Treatment (MPa) (MPa) (%)
Alloy 260 HT5 506 1146 25.4
481 1100 21.4
493 1072 19.3
519 1194 26.2
513 1185 27.6
513 1192 26.9
502 1168 24.7
498 1179 26.5
501 1176 27.3
HT14 586 1205 28.5
598 1221 28.4
600 1204 27.2
Alloy 302 HT5 502 1062 19.1
504 1078 20.4
488 1072 21.6
HT8 455 945 17.3
HT12 371 959 17.0
382 967 17.9
365 967 17.9
HT14 477 875 13.1
477 872 13.6
469 877 14.0
Alloy 303 HT5 274 1143 32.8
280 1181 29.1
280 1169 30.8
HT8 288 1272 29.9
281 1187 25.5
299 1240 31.2
HT10 274 1236 30.8
285 1255 30.5
289 1297 32.8
HT14 333 1316 35.0
341 1243 34.0
341 1260 35.9
Alloy 304 HT5 675 826 7.25
656 813 6.6
669 831 7.57
HT8 649 1012 13.78
588 1040 18.29
HT14 815 1144 15.25
808 1114 14.27
784 1107 13.63
HT15 566 1089 24.32
584 1054 21.47
578 1076 23.36
CASE EXAMPLES Case Example #1 Industrial Sheet Production Industrial sheet from selected alloys was produced by Thin Strip Casting process. A schematic of the Thin Strip Casting process is shown in FIG. 6. As shown, the process includes three stages; Stage 1—Casting, Stage 2—Hot Rolling, and Stage 3—Strip Coiling. During Stage 1, the sheet was formed as the solidifying metal was brought together in the roll nip between the surfaces of the rollers. As solidified sheet thickness was in the range from 1.6 to 3.8 mm. During Stage 2, the solidified sheet was hot rolled at 1150° C. with 20 to 35% reduction. The thickness of the hot rolled sheet was varying from 2.0 to 3.5 mm. Produced sheet was collected on the coils. A sample of the produced sheet from Alloy 260 is shown in FIG. 7.
This Case Example demonstrates that the alloys provided for in Table 4 are applicable for industrial processing through continuous casting processes.
Case Example #2 Post-Processing of Industrial Sheet In order to get targeted sheet thickness and optimized properties for different applications, produced sheet undergoes post-processing. To simulate post-processing conditions at industrial production, sheet strips with approximate size of 4 inches by 6 inches were cut from the industrial sheet produced by Thin Strip Casting process and then post-processed by various approaches. A summary of the various approaches used from several hundreds of experiments with variations noted is provided below.
To simulate the hot rolling process, the strips were subjected to rolling using a Fenn Model 061 Rolling Mill and a Lucifer 7-R24 Atmosphere Controlled Box Furnace. The plates were placed in a hot furnace typically from 850 to 1150° C. for 10 to 60 minutes prior to the start of rolling. The strips were then repeatedly rolled at between 10% and 25% reduction per pass and were placed in the furnace for 1 to 2 min between rolling steps to allow then to return to temperature. If the plates became too long to fit in the furnace they were cooled, cut to a shorter length, then reheated in the furnace for additional time before they were rolled again.
To simulate the cold rolling process, the strips were subjected to cold rolling using a Fenn Model 061 Rolling Mill with different reduction depending on the post-processing goal. To reduce sheet thickness, reduction of 10 to 15% per pass with typically 25 to 50% total was applied before intermediate annealing at various temperatures (800 to 1170° C.) and various times (2 minutes to 16 hours). To mimic the skin pass step for final production, sheet was cold rolled with reduction typically from 2 to 15%. Heat treatment studies were done by using a Lindberg Blue M Model “BF51731C-1” Box Furnace in air to simulate in-line annealing on a hot dip pickling line with temperatures typically from 800 to 1200° C. and times from typically 2 minutes to 15 minutes. To mimic coil batch annealing conditions, a Lucifer 7-R24 Atmosphere Controlled Box Furnace was utilized for heat treatments with temperatures typically from 800 to 1200° C. and times from typically 2 hours up to 1 week.
This case Example demonstrates that the alloys in Table 4 are applicable to the various post processing steps used industrially.
Case Example #3 Tensile Properties of Industrial Sheet from Selected Alloys Industrial sheet from Alloy 260 and Alloy 284 was produced by Thin Strip Casting process. As-solidified thickness of the sheet was 3.2 and 3.6 mm, respectively (corresponds to Stage 1 of Thin Strip Casting process, FIG. 6). In-line hot rolling at temperatures from 1100 to 1170° C. was applied during sheet production (corresponds to Stage 2 of Thin Strip Casting process, FIG. 6) leading to final thickness of produced sheet of 2.2 mm (i.e. 31% reduction) for Alloy 260 and 2.6 mm (i.e. 28% reduction) for Alloy 284.
Samples from Alloy 260 industrial sheet were post-processed to mimic processing at commercial scale including (1) homogenization heat treatment at 1150° C. for 2 hr; (2) cold rolling with reduction of 15%; (3) annealing at 1150° C. for 5 min and skin pass with 5% reduction. The tensile specimens were cut from the sheets using a Brother HS-3100 wire electrical discharge machining (EDM). The tensile properties were measured on an Instron mechanical testing frame (Model 3369), utilizing Instron's Bluehill control and analysis software. All tests were run at room temperature in displacement control with the bottom fixture held rigid and the top fixture moving with the load cell attached to the top fixture.
Properties of the Alloy 260 sheet at each step of post-processing are shown in FIG. 8a. As it can be seen, the homogenization heat treatment improves sheet properties dramatically due to complete Nanomodal Structure (Structure #2, FIG. 3A) formation in the sheet volume through Nanophase Refinement (Mechanism #1, FIG. 3A). Note that in this commercial sheet, the structure was partially transformed by hot rolling into the Nanomodal Structure but an additional heat treatment was needed to cause complete transformation, especially in the center of the sheet. Cold rolling leads to material strengthening through Dynamic Nanophase Strengthening (Mechanism #2, FIG. 3A) and results in High Strength Nanomodal Structure formation (Structure #3, FIG. 3A). Following annealing for 5 min at 1150° C., the structure recrystallized into the Recrystallized Nanomodal Structure (Structure #4, FIG. 3B). In this case, a small level reduction (5%) was applied to the resulting sheet which while improving surface quality of the sheet causes partial transformation into the Refined High Strength Nanomodal Structure (Structure #5, FIG. 3B) through Nanophase Refinement and Strengthening (Mechanism #3, FIG. 3B). This process route thus provides advanced property combination in fully post-processed sheet.
Samples from Alloy 284 industrial sheet were also post-processed to mimic processing at commercial scale with different post-processing parameters. The post-processing includes (1) homogenization heat treatment at 1150° C. for 2 hr; (2) homogenization heat treatment at 1150° C. for 2 hr+cold rolling with 45% reduction+annealing at 1150° C. for 5 min; (3) homogenization heat treatment at 1150° C. for 8 hr+cold rolling with 15% reduction+annealing at 1150° C. for 5 min; (4) homogenization heat treatment at 1150° C. for 8 hr+cold rolling with 25% reduction+annealing at 1150° C. for 2 hr; (5) homogenization heat treatment at 1150° C. for 16 hr+cold rolling with 25% reduction+annealing at 1150° C. for 5 min. Structural development in the Alloy 284 sheet is similar to that in Alloy 260 sheet as described above for each step of post-processing and the intermediate step properties are not provided here. The resultant Alloy 284 sheet properties after these post-processing routes are shown in FIG. 8b. As it can be seen, all post-processing routes provide similar strength values between 1140 and 1220 MPa. Ductility varies from 19 to 28% depending on the post-processing parameters, sheet homogeneity, level of structural transformations, etc. However, independently from post-processing route, industrial sheet from Alloy 284 provides property combination with tensile strength above 1100 MPa and ductility higher than 19%.
This case Example demonstrates the enabling of advanced property combinations in sheet alloys herein in the fully post processed condition. Structure development in both alloys herein follows the pattern outlined in FIGS. 3A and 3B during post processing towards Recrystallized Modal Structure (Structure #4, FIG. 3B) formation which can undergo Nanophase Refinement & Strengthening (Mechanism #3, FIG. 3B) providing compelling combinations of mechanical properties.
Case Example #4 Modal Structure Formation Modal Structure specified as Structure #1 (FIG. 3A) forms in the alloys listed in Table 4 at solidification as demonstrated herein. Two sheet samples from Alloy 260 are provided for this Case Example. The first sample was cast from Alloy 260 on the laboratory scale in a Pressure Vacuum Caster (PVC). Using commercial purity constituents, four 35 g alloy feedstocks of the targeted alloy were weighed out according to the atomic ratios provided in Table 4. The feedstock material was then placed into the copper hearth of an arc-melting system. The feedstock was arc-melted into an ingot using high purity argon as a shielding gas. The ingots were flipped several times and re-melted to ensure homogeneity. After mixing, the ingots were then cast in the form of a finger approximately 12 mm wide by 30 mm long and 8 mm thick. The resulting fingers were then placed in the PVC chamber, melted using RF induction and then ejected onto a copper die designed for casting 3 inches by 4 inches sheets with thickness of 1.8 mm mimicking the Stage 1 of Thin Strip Casting (FIG. 6). The second sample was cut from Alloy 260 industrial sheet produced by Thin Strip Casting process in as-solidified condition without in-line hot rolling (no hot rolling during Thin Strip Casting) and with an as solidified thickness of 3.2 mm.
Structural analysis was performed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) using an EVO-MA10 scanning electron microscope manufactured by Carl Zeiss SMT Inc. To make SEM specimens, the cross-section of the as-cast sheet was cut and ground by SiC paper and then polished progressively with diamond media suspension down to 1 μm grit. The final polishing was done with 0.02 μm grit SiO2 solution. SEM images of microstructure in the outer layer region that is close to the surface and in the central layer region of the as-solidified sheet samples are shown in FIG. 9 and FIG. 10. As it can be seen, in the 1.8 mm thick laboratory cast sheet sample, dendrite size of the matrix phase is 2 to 5 μm in thickness and up to 20 μm in length in the outer layer region, while the dendrites are more round in the central layer region with the size from 4 to 20 μm (FIG. 9). Very fine structure can be observed in the interdendritic areas in both regions. The industrial sheet also shows a dendritic structure with matrix phase of 2 to 5 μm in thickness and up to 20 μm in length in the outer layer region and are more round dendrites in the central layer region with the size from 4 to 20 μm (FIG. 10). However, interdendritic borides are well defined in the industrial sheet which are coarser and have needle-type shape in the central layer region as compared to finer and more homogeneous distributed borides in outer layer region. Due to fast cooling rate at laboratory conditions, the microstructure of the 1.8 mm as-cast plate is finer at both the outer layer and the central layer, and the fine boride phase cannot be resolved at the grain boundaries by SEM. In both cases, the large dendrites of the matrix phase with fine boride phase in the interdendritic areas forms the typical Modal Structure in the as-cast state. Coarser microstructure was observed in the central layer region in both laboratory and industrial sheet reflecting slower cooling rate as compared to the outer layers during solidification in both cases.
As demonstrated in this Case Example, Modal Structure (Structure #1) forms in steel alloys herein at solidification during laboratory and industrial casting processes.
Case Example #5 Formation of Nanomodal Structure When Modal Structure (Structure #1) is subjected to high temperature exposure, it transforms into Nanomodal Structure (Structure #2) through Nanophase Refinement (Mechanism #1). To illustrate this, samples were cut from the Alloy 260 industrial sheet produced by Thin Strip Casting process with in-line hot rolling (32% reduction) that were heat treated at 1150° C. for 2 hours, and then cooled to room temperature in air. Samples for various studies including tensile testing, SEM microscopy, TEM microscopy, and X-ray diffraction were cut after heat treatment using a wire-EDM.
SEM samples were cut out from the heat treated sheet from Alloy 260 and metallographically polished in stages down to 0.02 μm Grit to ensure smooth samples for scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis. SEM was done using a Zeiss EVO-MA10 model with the maximum operating voltage of 30 kV. Example SEM backscattered electron micrographs of the microstructure in the Alloy 260 sheet samples after heat treatment are shown in FIG. 11. As shown, the microstructure of the Alloy 260 industrial sheet after heat treatment is distinctly different from Modal Structure (FIG. 10). After heat treatment at 1150° C. for 2 hr, fine boride phases are relatively uniform in size and homogeneously distributed in matrix in the outer layer region (FIG. 11a). In the central layer region, although the borides are effectively broken up by hot rolling, the distribution of the boride phase is less homogeneous as compared to that in the outer layer, as one can see that some areas are occupied by boride phase more than other areas (FIG. 11b). In addition, the borides become more uniform in size. Before the heat treatment, some boride phase shows a length up to 15 to 18 μm. After the heat treatment, the longest boride phase is ˜10 μm and can only be occasionally found. Hot rolling during Thin Strip Casting and additional heat treatment of the industrial sheet led to formation of Nanomodal Structure. Note that the details of the matrix phases cannot be effectively resolved using the SEM due to the nanocrystalline scale of the refined phases which will be shown subsequently using TEM.
To examine the structural details of the Alloy 260 industrial sheet in more detail, high resolution transmission electron microscopy (TEM) was utilized. To prepare TEM specimens, samples were cut from the heat-treated industrial sheets. The samples were then ground and polished to a thickness of 70 to 80 μm. Discs of 3 mm in diameter were punched from these thin samples, and the final thinning was done by twin-jet electropolishing using a mixture of 30% HNO3 in methanol base. The prepared specimens were examined in a JEOL JEM-2100 HR Analytical Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM) operated at 200 kV. TEM micrographs of the microstructure in the Alloy 260 industrial sheet samples after heat treatment at 1150° C. for 2 hr are shown in FIG. 12. After heat treatment, the boride phase with size of 200 nm to 5 μm is revealed in the intergranular regions that separate the matrix grains which is consistent with the SEM observation in FIG. 11. However, the boride phase re-organized into isolated precipitates of less than 500 nm in size and distributed in the region between matrix grains was additionally revealed by TEM. Matrix grains are very much refined due to Nanophase Refinement at high temperature. Unlike in the as-cast state with micron-sized matrix grains, the matrix grains are typically in the range of 200 to 500 nm in size, as shown in FIG. 12.
As demonstrated in this Case Example, Nanomodal Structure (Structure #2, FIG. 3A) forms in steel alloys herein through Nanophase Refinement (Mechanism #1, FIG. 3A).
Case Example #6 Microstructural Evolution During Cold Rolling Industrial sheet from Alloy 260 produced by Thin Strip Casting and heat treated at 1150° C. for 2 hours was cold rolled using a Fenn Model 061 Rolling Mill mimicking the cold rolling step at industrial post processing of the produced steel sheet. The microstructure of the cold rolled samples was studied by SEM. To make SEM specimens, the cross-sections of the hot rolled samples were cut and ground by SiC paper and then polished progressively with diamond media paste down to 1 μm grit. The final polishing was done with 0.02 μm grit SiO2 solution. Microstructures of cold rolled samples from Alloy 260 sheets were examined by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) using an EVO-MA10 scanning electron microscope manufactured by Carl Zeiss SMT Inc. FIG. 13 shows the microstructure of industrial sheet from Alloy 260 after cold rolling by 50% thickness reduction. Compared to the heat treated samples (FIG. 11), the boride phase is slightly aligned along the rolling direction, but broken up especially in the central layer region where long boride phase commonly forms during solidification. Some of the boride phase may be crushed by the cold rolling down to the size of few microns. At the same time, changes can be found in matrix phase. As shown in FIG. 13, subtle contrast is visible in the matrix after the cold rolling but not fully resolvable by SEM. Additional structural analysis was performed by TEM that revealed additional details described below.
The TEM images of the microstructure in the cold rolled sample are shown in FIG. 14. It can be seen that the cold rolled sheet has a refined microstructure, with nanocrystalline matrix grains typically from 100 to 300 nm in size. Microstructure refinement observed after cold deformation is a typical result of Dynamic Nanophase Strengthening (Mechanism #2, FIG. 3A) with formation of High Strength Nanomodal Structure (Structure #3, FIG. 3A). Small nanocrystalline precipitates can be found scattered in the matrix and grain boundary regions which is typical for High Strength Nanomodal Structure.
Additional details of the Alloy 260 sheet structure including the nature of the small nanocrystalline phases were revealed by using x-ray diffraction. X-ray diffraction was done using a Panalytical X'Pert MPD diffractometer with a Cu Kα x-ray tube and operated at 40 kV with a filament current of 40 mA. The scans was run with a step size of 0.01° and from 25° to 95° two-theta with silicon incorporated to adjust for instrument zero angle shift. The resulting scan was then subsequently analyzed by Rietveld analysis using Siroquant software. In FIG. 15, an x-ray diffraction scan pattern is shown including the measured/experimental pattern and the Rietveld refined pattern for the Alloy 260 sheets in cold rolled condition. As can be seen, good fit of the experimental data was obtained. Analysis of the x-ray patterns including specific phases found, their space groups and lattice parameters are shown in Table 15. Four phases were found; a cubic α-Fe (ferrite), a complex mixed transitional metal boride phase with the M2B1 stoichiometry and two new hexagonal phases. Note that the lattice parameters of the identified phases are different than that found for pure phases clearly indicating the effect of substitution/saturation by the alloying elements. For example, Fe2B1 pure phase would exhibit lattice parameters equal to a=5.099 Å and c=4.240 Å. The phase composition and structural features of the microstructure are typical for High Strength Nanomodal structure.
TABLE 15
Rietveld Phase Analysis of Alloy 260 Sheet
Phased Identified Phase Details
α-Fe Structure: Cubic
Space group #: #229 (Im3m)
LP: a = 2.887 Å
M2B Structure: Tetragonal
Space group #: 140 (I4/mcm)
LP: a = 5.139 Å, c = 4.170 Å
Hexagonal Structure: Hexagonal
Phase 1 (new) Space group #: #190 (P6bar2C)
LP: a = 5.219 Å, c = 11.398 Å
Hexagonal Structure: Hexagonal
Phase 2 (new) Space group #: #186 (P63mc)
LP: a = 2.810 Å, c = 6.290 Å
As demonstrated in this Case Example, the High Strength Nanomodal Structure (Structure #3, FIG. 3A) forms in steel alloys herein through the Dynamic Nanophase Strengthening (Mechanism #2, FIG. 3A).
Case Example #7 Formation of Recrystallized Modal Structure Following 50% cold rolling, industrial sheet from Alloy 260 was heat treated at 1150° C. for 2 and 5 minutes to mimic in-line induction annealing of steel sheet as well as for 2 hours to mimic the batch annealing of industrial coils. Samples were cut from heat treated sheet and metallographically polished in stages down to 0.02 μm grit to ensure smooth samples for scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis. SEM was done using a Zeiss EVO-MA10 model with the maximum operating voltage of 30 kV. Example SEM backscattered electron micrographs of the microstructure in the sheet from Alloy 260 after cold rolling and heat treatment at two conditions are shown in FIGS. 16 and 17.
As shown in FIG. 16a, after heat treatment at 1150° C. for 5 minutes, the fine boride phase is relatively uniform in size and homogeneously distributed in the matrix in the outer layer region. In the central layer, although the boride phase is effectively broken up by the previous cold rolling step, the distribution of boride phase is less homogeneous as at the outer layer, as one can see that some areas are occupied by boride phase more than other areas (FIG. 16b). After heat treatment at 1150° C. for 2 hr, the boride phase distribution becomes similar at the outer layer region and at the central layer region (FIG. 17). In addition, the boride becomes more uniform in size, with a size less than 5 μm. Additional details of the microstructure were revealed by TEM analysis and will be provided subsequently.
Samples from Alloy 260 sheet that were heat treated at 1150° C. for 5 minutes and 2 hr were studied by TEM. TEM specimen preparation procedure includes cutting, thinning, and electropolishing. First, samples were cut with electric discharge machine, and then thinned by grinding with pads of reduced grit size every time. Further thinning to 60 to 70 μm thickness is done by polishing with 9 μm, 3 μm, and 1 μm diamond suspension solution respectively. Discs of 3 mm in diameter were punched from the foils and the final polishing was fulfilled with electropolishing using a twin-jet polisher. The chemical solution used was a mixture of 30% nitric acid in methanol base. In case of insufficient thin area for TEM observation, the TEM specimens were ion-milled using a Gatan Precision Ion Polishing System (PIPS). The ion-milling usually was done at 4.5 keV, and the inclination angle is reduced from 4° to 2° to open up the thin area. The TEM studies were done using a JEOL 2100 high-resolution microscope operated at 200 kV.
After heat treatment at 1150° C., the cold rolled samples show extensive recrystallization. As shown in FIG. 18, micron size grains are formed after 5 minutes holding at 1150° C. Within the recrystallized grains, there are a number of stacking faults, suggesting formation of austenite phase. At the same time, the boride phases show a certain degree of growth. A similar microstructure is seen in the sample after heat treatment at 1150° C. for 2 hr (FIG. 19). The matrix grains are clean with sharp, large-angle grain boundaries, typical for a recrystallized microstructure. Within the matrix grains, stacking faults are generated and boride phases can be found at grain boundaries, as shown in the 5 minute heat treated sample. Compared to the cold rolled microstructure (FIG. 14), the high temperature heat treatment after cold rolling transforms the microstructure into the Recrystallized Modal Structure (Structure #4, FIG. 3B) with micron-sized matrix grains and boride phase.
Additional details of the Recrystallized Modal Structure in the Alloy 260 sheet were revealed by using x-ray diffraction. X-ray diffraction was done using a Panalytical X'Pert MPD diffractometer with a Cu Kα x-ray tube and operated at 40 kV with a filament current of 40 mA. The scan was run with a step size of 0.01° and from 25° to 95° two-theta with silicon incorporated to adjust for instrument zero angle shift. The resulting scan was then subsequently analyzed using Rietveld analysis using Siroquant software. In FIG. 20, x-ray diffraction scan patterns for Alloy 260 sheet after cold rolling and heat treated at 1150° C. for 2 hr are shown including the measured/experimental pattern and the Rietveld refined pattern. As can be seen, good fit of the experimental data was obtained in all cases. Analysis of the x-ray patterns including specific phases found, their space groups and lattice parameters are shown in Table 16. Four phases were found, a cubic γ-Fe (austenite), a cubic α-Fe (ferrite), a complex mixed transitional metal boride phase with the M2B1 stoichiometry and one new hexagonal phase. Presence of γ-Fe (austenite) and only one hexagonal phase in the microstructure after cold rolling means that phase transformation occurs in addition to recrystallization.
TABLE 16
Rietveld Phase Analysis of Alloy 260 Sheet
Phased Identified Phase Details
γ-Fe Structure: Cubic
Space group #: 225 (Fm3m)
LP: a = 3.590 Å
α-Fe Structure: Cubic
Space group #: #229 (Im3m)
LP: a = 2.883 Å
M2B Structure: Tetragonal
Space group #: 140 (I4/mcm)
LP: a = 5.187 Å, c = 4.171 Å
Hexagonal Structure: Hexagonal
Phase 1 (new) Space group #: #190 (P6bar2C)
LP: a = 5.219 Å, c = 11.389 Å
As demonstrated in this Case Example, Recrystallized Modal Structure (Structure #4, FIG. 3B) forms in steel alloys herein through structural recrystallization of High Strength Nanomodal Structure (Structure #3, FIGS. 3A and 3B).
Case Example #8 Nanophase Refinement and Strengthening Microstructure of industrial sheet from Alloy 260 with Recrystallized Modal Structure (Structure #4, FIG. 3B) formed during the heat treatment at 1150° C. for 2 hr was studied using SEM, TEM, and X-ray diffraction after taking the sheet and subjecting it to additional tensile deformation. Samples were cut from the gage of tensile specimens after deformation and were metallographically polished in stages down to 0.02 μm grit to ensure smooth samples for scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis. SEM was done using a Zeiss EVO-MA10 model with the maximum operating voltage of 30 kV. Example SEM backscattered electron micrographs of the sheet samples from Alloy 260 after deformation are shown in FIG. 21. As shown, the boride phase distribution after tensile deformation is similar to that in the sheet after cold rolling (see FIG. 17). The boride phase shows a size of mostly less than 5 μm and homogeneous distribution in matrix. It suggests that the tensile deformation did not change the boride phase size and distribution. However, the tensile deformation caused substantial structural changes in the matrix phases, which was revealed by TEM studies.
TEM specimen preparation procedure includes cutting, thinning, and electropolishing. First, samples were cut using electric discharge machining from the gage section of tensile specimens, and then thinned by grinding with pads of reduced grit size media every time. Further thinning to 60 to 70 μm thick is done by polishing with 9 μm, 3 μm, and 1 μm diamond suspension solution respectively. Discs of 3 mm in diameter were punched from the foils and the final polishing was fulfilled with electropolishing using a twin-jet polisher. The chemical solution used was a 30% nitric acid mixed in methanol base. In case of insufficient thin area for TEM observation, the TEM specimens were ion-milled using a Gatan Precision Ion Polishing System (PIPS). The ion-milling was done at 4.5 keV, and the inclination angle was reduced from 4° to 2° to open up the thin area. The TEM studies were done using a JEOL 2100 high-resolution microscope operated at 200 kV. FIG. 22 shows the bright-field and dark-field images of the samples made from the gage section of tensile specimen. When the Recrystallized Modal Structure (Structure #4, FIG. 3B) is subjected to cold deformation, extensive microstructure refinement is observed in the sample. In contrast to the recrystallized microstructure after high temperature heat treatment (FIG. 19), substantial structure refinement is seen in the tensile tested sample. The micron size matrix grains were no longer found in the sample, but grains of typically 100 to 300 nm in size were commonly observed instead. Additionally, small nanocrystalline precipitates formed during the tensile deformation. Significant structural refinement occurs through Nanophase Refinement and Strengthening (Mechanism #4, FIG. 3B) with formation of the Refined High Strength Nanomodal Structure (Structure #5, FIG. 3B). Furthermore, the Refined High Strength Nanomodal Structure (Structure #5, FIG. 3B) can undergo recrystallization again if subjected to high temperature exposure forming Recrystallized Modal Structure (Structure #4, FIG. 3B). This ability to go through multiple cycles of recrystallization to the Recrystallized Modal Structure, refinement through NanoPhase Refinement and Strengthening, formation of the Refined High Strength Nanomodal Structure and its recrystallization back to the Recrystallized Modal Structure is applicable in industrial sheet production to produce steel sheet with increasingly finer gauges (i.e. thickness) for specific targeted industrial applications which might be typically found in a range of 0.1 mm to 25 mm.
Additional details of the microstructure in the gage section of tensile specimens from Alloy 260 sheet were revealed by using x-ray diffraction. X-ray diffraction was done using a Panalytical X'Pert MPD diffractometer with a Cu Kα x-ray tube and operated at 40 kV with a filament current of 40 mA. The scan was run with a step size of 0.01° and from 25° to 95° two-theta with silicon incorporated to adjust for instrument zero angle shift. The resulting scan was then subsequently analyzed using Rietveld analysis using Siroquant software. In FIG. 23 x-ray diffraction scan patterns are shown including the measured/experimental pattern and the Rietveld refined pattern for the Alloy 260 gauge sample. As can be seen, good fit of the experimental data was obtained in all cases. Analysis of the X-ray patterns including specific phases found, their space groups and lattice parameters are shown in Table 17. Four phases were found, a cubic α-Fe (ferrite), a complex mixed transitional metal boride phase with the M2B1 stoichiometry and two new hexagonal phases.
TABLE 17
Rietveld Phase Analysis of Alloy 260 Sheet
Phased Identified Phase Details
α-Fe Structure: Cubic
Space group #: #229 (Im3m)
LP: a = 2.876 Å
M2B Structure: Tetragonal
Space group #: 140 (I4/mcm)
LP: a = 5.169 Å, c = 4.177 Å
Hexagonal Structure: Hexagonal
Phase 1 (new) Space group #: #190 (P6bar2C)
LP: a = 4.746 Å, c = 11.440 Å
Hexagonal Structure: Hexagonal
Phase 2 (new) Space group #: #186 (P63mc)
LP: a = 2.817 Å, c = 6.444 Å
As demonstrated in this Case Example, Recrystallized Modal Structure (Structure #4, FIG. 3B) in steel alloys herein transforms into Refined High Strength Nanomodal Structure (Structure #5, FIG. 3B) through Nanophase Refinement and Strengthening Mechanism (Mechanism #3, FIG. 3B).
Case Example #9 Tensile Property Recovery in Alloy 260 Following Overaging Industrial sheet from Alloy 260 was produced by the Thin Strip Casting process. As-solidified thickness of the sheet was 3.2 mm (corresponds to Stage 1 of the Thin Strip Casting process, FIG. 6). In-line hot rolling with 19% reduction was applied during production (corresponds to Stage 2 of the Thin Strip Casting process, FIG. 6). Final thickness of produced sheet was 2.6 mm. The industrial sheet from Alloy 260 was heat treated at times and temperatures as shown in Table 6 using a Lucifer 7-R24 Atmosphere Controlled Box Furnace. These temperature/time combinations were selected to simulate extreme thermal exposure that may occur within a produced coil during homogenization heat treatment at either the outside or inside of the coil. That is to hit a minimum heat treatment target at the inner side of a large coil, the outer side of the coil is going to be exposed to much longer exposure times. After heat treatment, the sheet was processed according to Steps 2 and 3 in Table 18 to mimic commercial sheet post-processing methods. The sheet was cold rolled with approximately 15% reduction in one rolling pass. This cold rolling simulates the cold rolling necessary to reduce the material thickness to final gauge levels needed for commercial products. Cold rolling was completed using a Fenn Model 061 rolling mill. Tensile samples were cut using a Brother HS-3100 electrical discharge machine (EDM) of hot rolled, heat treated and cold rolled material. Cold rolled tensile samples were heat treated at 1150° C. for 5 minutes in a Lindberg Blue M Model “BF51731C-1” Box Furnace in air to simulate in-line annealing on a cold rolling production line.
TABLE 18
Sheet Post-Processing Steps
Step 1 Overaging Heat 1150° C. for 8 hours
Treatment 1150° C. for 16 hours
Step 2 - Cold Work Cold Rolling with 15% reduction
Step 3 - Annealing 1150° C. 5 minute
Tensile properties were measured of sheet material in the as hot rolled, overaged, cold rolled, and annealed states. The tensile properties were tested on an Instron mechanical testing frame (Model 3369), utilizing Instron's Bluehill control and analysis software. All tests were run at room temperature in displacement control with the bottom fixture held rigid and the top fixture moving with the load cell attached to the top fixture. Video extensometer was utilized for strain measurements. Tensile properties for industrial sheet from Alloy 260 after overaging heat treatment at 1150° C. for 8 hours and 16 hours and following steps of post-processing are shown in FIG. 24 and FIG. 25, respectively. Note that despite property improvement as compared to as-produced sheet, tensile properties of the 1150° C. for 8 or 16 hours sheet do not regularly exceed 20% total elongation and 1000 MPa ultimate tensile strength. This indicates that the microstructure has overaged due to the extreme temperature exposure. However, after following a 15% cold rolling step and anneal at 1150° C. for 5 minutes, tensile properties are consistently greater than 20% total tensile elongation and 1000 MPa ultimate tensile strength for samples overaged at 1150° C. for both 8 and 16 hours. This clearly illustrates the robustness of the structural pathway and the enabling Nanophase Refinement and Strengthening mechanism (Mechanism #3, FIG. 3B) as the resulting structures and properties of the severely aged (8 and 16 hour exposure) are similar and at high values.
This Case Example demonstrates that overaging of the sheet leads to grain coarsening that results in property reduction. However, this damaged microstructure transforms into Refined High Strength Nanomodal Structure (Structure #5, FIG. 3B) during following cold rolling with further formation of Recrystallized Modal Structure (Structure #4, FIG. 3B) at heat treatment resulting in property restoration in the sheet material.
Case Example #10 Tensile Property Recovery in Alloy 284 Following Overaging Industrial sheet from Alloy 284 was produced by Thin Strip Casting process with an as-solidified thickness of 3.2 mm (corresponds to Stage 1 of the Thin Strip Casting process, FIG. 6). In-line hot rolling with 19% reduction was applied during production (corresponds to Stage 2 of the Thin Strip Casting process, FIG. 6). Final thickness of produced sheet was 2.6 mm. Samples from the produced sheet were heat treated at times and temperatures as shown in Table 15 using a Lucifer 7-R24 Atmosphere Controlled Box Furnace. These temperature/time combinations were selected to simulate extreme thermal exposure that may occur within a produced coil during homogenization heat treatment at either the outside or inside of the coil. After heat treatment, the sheet was processed according to Steps 2 and 3 in Table 19 to mimic commercial sheet production methods. The sheet was cold rolled approximately 15% in one rolling pass. This cold rolling simulates the cold rolling necessary to reduce the material thickness to reduced levels needed for commercial products. Cold rolling was completed using a Fenn Model 061 rolling mill. Tensile samples were cut using a Brother HS-3100 electrical discharge machine (EDM) of hot rolled, heat treated and cold rolled material. Cold rolled tensile samples were heat treatment at 1150° C. for 5 minutes in a Lindberg Blue M Model “BF51731C-1” Box Furnace in air to simulate in-line annealing on a cold rolling production line. Anneal times were selected to be short so as to be insignificant compared to the time at temperature during the overaging heat treatment.
TABLE 19
Sheet Post-Processing Steps
Step 1 - Overaging Heat 1150° C. for 8 hours
Treatment
Step 2 - Cold Work Cold Rolling with 15% reduction
Step 3 - Annealing 1150° C. 5 minute
Tensile properties were measured of Alloy 284 sheet in the as hot rolled, overaged, cold rolled, and annealed states. The tensile properties were tested on an Instron mechanical testing frame (Model 3369) utilizing Instron's Bluehill control and analysis software. All tests were run at room temperature in displacement control with the bottom fixture held rigid and the top fixture moving with the load cell attached to the top fixture. Video extensometer was utilized for strain measurements. Tensile properties for industrial sheet from Alloy 284 after overaging heat treatment at 1150° C. for 8 hours are shown in FIG. 26. Note that despite property improvement as compared to as-hot rolled sheet, tensile properties of over aged (1150° C. for 8 hours) sheet do not regularly exceed 15% total elongation and 1200 MPa ultimate tensile strength. However, after following a 15% cold rolling step and anneal at 1150° C. for 5 minutes, tensile properties are consistently greater than 20% total tensile elongation and 1150 MPa ultimate tensile strength for samples averaged at 1150° C. for 8 hours. This clearly illustrates the robustness of the Nanophase Refinement and Strengthening Mechanism (Mechanism #3) in the specific structural formation pathway forming the intermediate Recrystallized Modal Structure (Structure #4) leading to property restoration in overaged sheet samples.
This Case Example demonstrates that overaging of the sheet leads to grain coarsening that results in property reduction. However, this damaged microstructure transforms into Refined High Strength Nanomodal Structure (Structure #5, FIG. 3B) during following cold rolling with further formation of Recrystallized Modal Structure (Structure #4, FIG. 3B) at heat treatment resulting in property restoration in the sheet material.
Case Example #11 Property Recovery in Alloy 260 sheet after Multiple Cold Rolling and Annealing Industrial sheet from Alloy 260 was produced by the Thin Strip Casting process. As-solidified thickness of the sheet was 3.45 mm (corresponds to Stage 1 of the Thin Strip Casting process, FIG. 6). In-line hot rolling with 30% reduction was applied during production (corresponds to Stage 2 of the Thin Strip Casting process, FIG. 6). Final thickness of produced sheet was 2.4 mm. Samples from Alloy 260 sheet were heat treated at 1150° C. for 2 hours in a Lucifer 7-R24 Atmosphere Controlled Box Furnace. This temperature/time combination was selected to mimic commercial homogenization heat treatments during coil batch annealing. After heat treatment, the sheet was cold rolled using a Fenn Model 061 rolling mill from 2.4 mm thickness to 1.0 mm thickness with 2 intermittent stress relief annealing steps at 1150° C. for 5 minutes duration in a Lucifer 7-R24 Atmosphere Controlled Box Furnace. Table 20 chronicles the full processing route for this material. Cold rolling percentages are listed as the percentage reduced from the 2.4 mm 1150° C. for 2 hours heat treated thickness. This cold rolling and annealing process simulates the commercial process necessary to reduce the material thickness to final levels needed for commercial products. Tensile samples were cut using a Brother HS-3100 electrical discharge machine (EDM) of hot rolled, heat treated, cold rolled, and annealed material. Following cutting of tensile samples by EDM, the gauge length of each tensile sample was lightly polished with fine grit SiC paper to remove any surface asperities that may cause scatter in the experimental results.
TABLE 20
Sheet Processing Steps
Step 1 -Heat Treatment 1150° C. for 2 hours
Step 2 - Cold Work Cold Rolling with 26% reduction
Step 3 - Annealing 1150° C. for 5 minute
Step 4 - Cold Work Cold Rolling with 22% reduction
Step 5 - Annealing 1150° C. for 5 minute
Step 6 - Cold Work Cold Rolling with 12% reduction
Step 7 - Annealing 1150° C. for 5 minute
Tensile properties were measured of the Alloy 260 sheet in the as hot rolled, heat treated, cold rolled, and annealed states. The tensile properties were tested on an Instron mechanical testing frame (Model 3369), utilizing Instron's Bluehill control and analysis software. All tests were run at room temperature in displacement control with the bottom fixture held rigid and the top fixture moving with the load cell attached to the top fixture. Video extensometer was utilized for strain measurements. Tensile properties for Alloy 260 in the initial (as hot rolled and after step 1) and final (after step 6 and 7) state are shown in FIG. 27. As can be seen, the cold rolled material developed high strength with reduced ductility as a result of strain hardening and the formation of the Refined High Strength Nanomodal Structure (Structure #5, FIG. 3B) at step 6 (Table 16). After final annealing, the ductility is restored due to the Recrystallized Modal Structure (Structure #4, FIG. 3B) formation.
As shown by this Case Example, this process of strain hardening during cold working, followed by recrystallization during annealing, followed by strain hardening by cold rolling again can be applied multiple times as necessary to hit the final gauge thickness target and provide targeted properties in the sheet.
Case Example 12 Cyclic Nature of Enabling Structures and Mechanisms In order to produce sheet with different thicknesses, cold rolling gauge reduction followed by annealing is used by the steel industry. This process includes the use of cold rolling mills to mechanically reduce the gauge thickness of sheet with intermediate in-line or batch annealing between passes to remove the cold work present in the sheet.
The cold rolling gauge reduction and annealing process was simulated for Alloy 260 material that was commercially produced by the Thin Strip casting process. Alloy 260 was cast at 3.65 mm thickness, and reduced 25% via hot rolling at 1150° C. to 2.8 mm thickness. Following hot rolling, the sheet was coiled and annealed in an industrial batch furnace for a minimum of 2 hours at 1150° C. at the coolest part of the coil. The gauge thickness of the sheet was reduced by 13% in one cold rolling pass by tandem mill, then annealed in-line at 1100° C. for 2 to 5 min. The sheet gauge thickness was further reduced by 25% in 4 cold rolling passes by reversing mill to approximately 1.8 mm in thickness and annealed in an industrial batch furnace at 1100° C. for 30 minutes at the coolest part of the coil (i.e. inner windings). Resultant commercially produced sheet with 1.8 mm thickness was used for further cold rolling in multiple steps using a Fenn Model 061 Rolling Mill with intermediate annealing as described in Table 21. All anneals were completed using a Lucifer 7-R24 box furnace with flowing argon. During anneals, the sheet was loosely wrapped in stainless steel foil to reduce the potential of oxidation from atmospheric oxygen.
TABLE 21
Cold Rolling Gauge Reduction Steps Performed On Alloy 260
Step 1 Step 2 Step 3 Step 4 Step 5 Step 6 Step 7 Step 8 Step 9
Cold Roll: Anneal: Cold Roll: Anneal: Cold Roll: Anneal: Cold Roll: Anneal: Cold Roll:
To 1.5 950° C. To 1.3 mm 950° C. To 1.0 mm 950° C. To 0.9 950° C. 10% Skin
mm in 2 for 6 hrs in 1 pass for 6 hrs in 2 passes for 6 hrs mm in 1 for 6 hrs pass roll
passes pass
Tensile properties of the Alloy 260 sheet were measured at each step of processing. Tensile samples were cut using a Brother HS-3100 wire EDM. The tensile properties were tested on an Instron mechanical testing frame (Model 3369), utilizing Instron's Bluehill control and analysis software. All tests were run at room temperature in displacement control with the bottom fixture held ridged and the top fixture moving with the load cell attached to the top fixture. Video extensometer was utilized for strain measurements. Tensile properties of commercially produced 1.8 mm thick sheet and after each step of processing specified in Table 17 are shown below in Table 18 and illustrated in FIG. 28. It can be seen that the tensile properties shown in FIG. 28 fall into two distinct groups as indicated by ovals that corresponds to two particular structures (FIG. 3B) formed in Alloy 260 sheet. In the as cold rolled state, the material possess the High Strength Nanomodal Structure (Structure #3, FIG. 3B) at initial rolling (Step 1) or Refined High Strength Nanomodal Structure (Structure #5, FIG. 3B) at the following cold rolling (steps 3, 5, 7 and 9) with the tensile properties reside within this distinct oval. Tensile properties of the Alloy 260 sheet that has been annealed (Steps 2, 4, 6, and 8) correspond to the oval indicated by the Recrystallized Modal Structure (Structure #4, FIG. 3B). This oval also includes the property related to initial Nanomodal Structure (Structure #2, FIG. 3A) after batch annealing (step 0).
The tensile properties shown in FIG. 28 demonstrate that the process of recrystallization during annealing followed by Nanophase Refinement and Strengthening (Mechanism #3, FIG. 3B) is reversible and may be applied in a cyclic manner during processing of Alloy 260 sheet. Comparing tensile properties from Step 1 and Step 2, the properties demonstrate the effect of recrystallization on Alloy 260, increasing the tensile ductility from approximately 10 to 20% to approximately 35%. Ultimate tensile strength decreases from approximately 1300 MPa to 1150 MPa during the recrystallization process. If the tensile properties of Step 2 and 3 are compared, the effect of Nanophase Refinement and Strengthening (Mechanism #3, FIG. 3B) can be seen with tensile ductility changing from approximately 35% to approximately 18%. The ultimate tensile strength of Alloy 260 sheet increases from approximately 1150 MPa to over 1300 MPa due to the Nanophase Refinement and Strengthening (Mechanism #3, FIG. 3B). Note that the decrease in ductility and increase in strength occurring during the Nanophase Refinement and Strengthening (Mechanism #3, FIG. 3B) that is opposite of the effect of recrystallization in Alloy 260 sheet. The strength of the sheet within the oval corresponding to Structure #5 depends on cold rolling reduction and increases when high reduction applied. The properties of the sheet within the oval corresponds to Structure #4 depends on annealing parameters and falls in a tight range when the same annealing was applied at Steps 2, 4, 6, and 8 (Table 22). The replication of this process numerous times results with the two property clusters remaining consistent and not overlapping.
TABLE 22
Tensile Properties of Alloy 260 Sheet
at Different Steps of Processing
Ultimate
Tensile Tensile
Processing Elongation Strength
Step Material Description (%) (MPa)
Step 0 Commercially produced sheet 26.27 1024
with 1.8 mm thickness 30.97 1057
27.36 1027
Step 1 Cold Rolled to 1.5 mm 14.16 1326
(~17% reduction) 16.15 1345
12.06 1288
20.82 1330
Step 2 Cold Rolled to 1.5 mm 37.25 1083
950° C. 6 hrs annealed 36.74 1084
31.85 1083
Step 3 Cold Rolled to 1.3 mm 18.83 1422
(~13% reduction) 18.79 1385
20.02 1388
21.18 1393
Step 4 Cold Rolled to 1.3 mm 36.62 1135
950° C. 6 hrs annealed 35.90 1131
37.76 1141
37.43 1143
Step 5 Cold Rolled to 1.0 mm 13.60 1464
(~23% reduction) 11.41 1465
15.02 1462
13.16 1465
Step 6 Cold Rolled to 1.0 mm 38.56 1138
950° C. 6 hrs annealed 33.57 1136
33.97 1148
37.83 1142
Step 7 Cold Rolled to 0.9 mm 24.43 1327
(10% reduction) 23.29 1328
23.74 1334
24.09 1339
Step 8 Cold Rolled to 0.9 mm 35.63 1165
950° C. 6 hrs annealed 35.19 1176
36.50 1182
Step 9 Skin Pass Cold Roll 24.22 1270
(10% reduction) 24.48 1272
23.96 1262
24.20 1272
This Case Example demonstrates that the cold rolling gage reduction and annealing process can be used cyclically while transitioning between the Refined High Strength Nanomodal Structure (Structure #5, FIG. 3B) and the Recrystallized Modal Structure (Structure #4, FIG. 3B) utilizing recrystallization and the Nanophase Refinement and Strengthening (Mechanism #3, FIG. 3B) processes.
Case Example #13 Sheet Production Routes The ability of the steel alloys herein to form Recrystallized Modal Structure (Structure #4) that undergoes Nanophase Refinement and Strengthening (Mechanism #3) during deformation leading to advanced property combination enables sheet production by different methods including belt casting, thin strip/twin roll casting, thin slab casting, and thick slab casting with achievement of advanced property combination by subsequent post-processing with realization of new enabling mechanisms herein. While thin strip casting was mentioned previously, a short description of the slab casting processes is provided below. Note that the front end of the process of forming the liquid melt of the alloy in Table 4 is similar in each process. One route is starting with scrap which can then be melted in an electric arc furnace (EAF), followed by argon oxygen decarburization (AOD) furnace, and the final alloying through a ladle metallurgy furnace (LMF) treatment. Additionally, the back end of the process for each production process is similar as well, in-spite of the large variation in as-cast thickness. Typically, the last step of hot rolling results, in the production of hot rolled coils with thickness from 1.5 to 10 mm which is dependent on the specific process flow and goals of each steel producer. For the specific chemistries of the alloys in this application and the specific structural formation and enabling mechanisms as outlined herein, the resulting structure of these as-hot rolled coils would be the Structure #2 (Nanomodal Structure). If thinner gauges are then needed, cold rolling of the hot rolled coils is typically done to produce final gauge thickness which may be in the range of 0.2 to 3.5 mm in thickness). It is during these cold rolling gauge reduction steps, that the new structures and mechanisms as outlined in FIGS. 3A and 3B would be operational (i.e. Structure #3 recrystallized into Structure #4 and refined and strengthened by Mechanism #3 into Structure #5).
As explained previously and shown in the case examples, the process of High Strength Nanomodal Structure formation, recrystallization into the Recrystallized Modal Structure, and refinement and strengthening through NanoPhase Refinement & Strengthening into the Refined
High Strength Nanomodal Structure can be applied in a cyclic nature as often as necessary in order to reach end user gauge thickness requirements typically 0.1 to 25 mm thickness for Structures #3, #4 or #5.
Thick Slab Casting Description Thick slab casting is the process whereby molten metal is solidified into a “semifinished” slab for subsequent rolling in the finishing mills. In the continuous casting process pictured in FIG. 29, molten steel flows from a ladle, through a tundish into the mold. Once in the mold, the molten steel freezes against the water-cooled copper mold walls to form a solid shell. Drive rolls lower in the machine continuously withdraw the shell from the mold at a rate or “casting speed” that matches the flow of incoming metal, so the process ideally runs in steady state. Below mold exit, the solidifying steel shell acts as a container to support the remaining liquid. Rolls support the steel to minimize bulging due to the ferrostatic pressure. Water and air mist sprays cool the surface of the strand between rolls to maintain its surface temperature until the molten core is solid. After the center is completely solid (at the “metallurgical length”) the strand can be torch cut into slabs with typical thickness of 150 to 500 mm. In order to produce thin sheet from the slabs, they must be subjected to hot rolling with substantial reduction that is a part of post-processing. After hot rolling, the resulting sheet thickness is typically in the range of 2 to 5 mm. Further gauge reduction would occur normally through subsequent cold rolling which would trigger the identified Dynamic Nanophase Strengthening Mechanism. As the coils are often supplied in the annealed condition, annealing of the cold rolled sheet would then result in the formation of the Recrystallized Modal Structure (Structure #4). This structure would be applicable to be processed into parts by end-users through many different routes including cold stamping, hydroforming, roll forming etc. and during this processing step would then transform into the partial or full Refined High Strength Nanomodal Structure (Structure #5). Note that a variation of this would include cold rolling to a lower extent (perhaps 2 to 10%) to cause partial Nanophase Refinement & Strengthening to tailor sets of properties (i.e. yield strength, tensile strength, and total elongation) for specific applications.
Thin Slab Casting Description In the case of thin slab casting, the steel is cast directly to slabs with a thickness between 20 and 150 mm. The method involves pouring molten steel into the Tundish at the top of the slab caster, from a ladle. They are sized with a working volume of about 100 t, which will deliver the steel at a rate of one ladle every 40 minutes to the caster. The temperatures of liquid steel in the tundish as well as the steel purity and chemical composition have a significant impact on the quality of the cast product. The liquid steel passes at a controlled rate into the caster, which is made up of a water cooled mould in which the outer surface of the steel solidifies. In general, the slabs leaving the caster are about 70 mm thick, 1000 mm wide and approximately 40 m long. These are then cut by the shearer to length. To enable ease of casting a hydraulic oscillator and electromagnetic brakes are fitted to control the molten liquid whilst in the mould.
A schematic of the Thin Slab Casting process is shown in FIG. 30. The Thin Slab Casting process can be separated into three stages similar to Thin Strip Casting (FIG. 6). In Stage 1, the liquid steel is both cast and rolled in an almost simultaneous fashion. The solidification process begins by forcing the liquid melt through a copper or copper alloy mold to produce initial thickness typically from 20 to 150 mm in thickness based on liquid metal processability and production speed. Almost immediately after leaving the mold and while the inner core of the steel sheet is still liquid, the sheet undergoes reduction using a multistep rolling stand which reduces the thickness significantly down to 10 mm depending on final sheet thickness targets. In Stage 2, the steel sheet is heated by going through one or two induction furnaces and during this stage the temperature profile and the metallurgical structure is homogenized. In Stage 3, the sheet is further rolled to the final gage thickness target is typically in the range of 2 to 5 mm thick. Further gauge reduction would occur normally through subsequent cold rolling which would trigger the identified Dynamic Nanophase Strengthening mechanism. As the coils are often supplied in the annealed condition, annealing of the cold rolled sheet would then result in the formation of the Recrystallized Modal Structure. This structure would be applicable to be processed into parts by many different routes including cold stamping, hydroforming, roll forming etc. and during this processing step would then transform into the partial or full Refined High Strength Nanomodal Structure. The Recrystallized Modal Structure can be partially or fully transformed into the Refined High Strength Nanomodal Structure depending on the specific application and the end-user requirements. Partial transformation occurs with 1 to 25% strain while depending on the specific material, its processing and resulting properties will typically result in complete transformation from 25% to 75% strain. While the three stage process of forming sheet in thin slab casting is part of the process, the response of the alloys herein to these stages is unique based on the mechanisms and structure types described herein and the resulting novel combinations of properties.
