Thermal management system
The present invention relates to a system for managing the heat from a heat source like an electronic component. More particularly, the present invention relates to a system effective for dissipating the heat generated by an electronic component using a thermal management system that includes a heat sink formed from a graphite article.
The present application is a continuation-in-part of and commonly assigned U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/513,001, filed Feb. 25, 2000, now U.S. Pat. No. 6,482,520, the disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference.
TECHNICAL FIELDThe present invention relates to a system for managing the heat from a heat source like an electronic component. More particularly, the present invention relates to a system effective for dissipating the heat generated by an electronic component.
BACKGROUND OF THE ARTWith the development of more and more sophisticated electronic components, including those capable of increasing processing speeds and higher frequencies, having smaller size and more complicated power requirements, and exhibiting other technological advances, such as microprocessors and integrated circuits in electronic and electrical components and systems as well as in other devices such as high power optical devices, relatively extreme temperatures can be generated. However, microprocessors, integrated circuits and other sophisticated electronic components typically operate efficiently only under a certain range of threshold temperatures. The excessive heat generated during operation of these components can not only harm their own performance, but can also degrade the performance and reliability of the overall system and can even cause system failure. The increasingly wide range of environmental conditions, including temperature extremes, in which electronic systems are expected to operate, exacerbates these negative effects.
With the increased need for heat dissipation from microelectronic devices caused by these conditions, thermal management becomes an increasingly important element of the design of electronic products. As noted, both performance reliability and life expectancy of electronic equipment are inversely related to the component temperature of the equipment.
For instance, a reduction in the operating temperature of a device such as a typical silicon semiconductor can correspond to an exponential increase in the reliability and life expectancy of the device. Therefore, to maximize the life-span and reliability of a component, controlling the device operating temperature within the limits set by the designers is of paramount importance.
Heat sinks are components that facilitate heat dissipation from the surface of a heat source, such as a heat-generating electronic component, to a cooler environment, usually air. In many typical situations, heat transfer between the solid surface of the component and the air is the least efficient within the system, and the solid-air interface thus represents the greatest barrier for heat dissipation. A heat sink seeks to increase the heat transfer efficiency between the components and the ambient air primarily by increasing the surface area that is in direct contact with the air. This allows more heat to be dissipated and thus lowers the device operating temperature. The primary purpose of a heat sink is to help maintain the device temperature below the maximum allowable temperature specified by its designer/manufacturer.
Typically, heat sinks are formed of a metal, especially copper or aluminum, due to the ability of copper to readily absorb heat and transfer it about its entire structure. In many applications, copper heat sinks are formed with fins or other structures to increase the surface area of the heat sink, with air being forced across or through the copper fins (such as by a fan) to effect heat dissipation from the electronic component, through the copper heat sink and then to the air.
Limitations exist, however, with the use of copper heat sinks. One limitation relates to copper's relative isotropy—that is, the tendency of a copper structure to distribute heat relatively evenly about the structure. The isotropy of copper means that heat transmitted to a copper heat sink become distributed about the structure rather than being directed to the fins where most efficient transfer to the air occurs. This can reduce the efficiency of heat dissipation using a copper heat sink. In addition, the use of copper or aluminum heat sinks can present a problem because of the weight of the metal, particularly when the heating area is significantly smaller than that of the heat sink. For instance, pure copper weighs 8.96 grams per cubic centimeter (g/cc) and pure aluminum weighs 2.70 g/cc (compare with pure graphite, which weighs between about 1.4 and 1.8 g/cc). In many applications, several heat sinks need to be arrayed on, e.g., a circuit board to dissipate heat from a variety of components on the board. If copper heat sinks are employed, the sheer weight of copper on the board can increase the chances of the board cracking or of other equally undesirable effects, and increases the weight of the component itself. In addition, since copper is a metal and thus has surface irregularities and deformations common to metals, and it is likely that the surface of the electronic component to which a copper heat sink is being joined is also metal or another relatively rigid material such as aluminum oxide or a ceramic material, making a complete connection between a copper heat sink and the component, so as to maximize heat transfer from the component to the copper heat sink, can be difficult without a relatively high pressure mount, which is undesirable since damage to the electronic component could result.
What is desired, therefore, is a thermal management system effective for dissipating heat from a heat source such as an electronic component. The thermal management system should advantageously be relatively anisotropic as compared to copper and exhibit a relatively high ratio of thermal conductivity to weight.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTIONIt is an object of the present invention to provide a thermal management system exhibiting a relatively high degree of anisotropy.
It is another object of the present invention is to provide a thermal management system capable of forming a desirably complete thermal connection with the surface of the heat source without the need for a high pressure mount.
Yet another object of the present invention is to provide a thermal management system having a relatively high ratio of thermal conductivity to weight.
Still another object of the present invention is to provide a thermal management system that can be fabricated so as to locate the heat dissipation surfaces thereof so as to maximize the dissipation of heat from the heat source.
These objects and others that will become apparent to the artisan upon review of the following description can be accomplished by providing a heat source, such as an electronic component the heat source having an external surface. The thermal management system includes a heat sink which comprises a graphite article shaped so as to provide a heat collection surface and at least one heat dissipation surface, wherein arranging the heat collection surface of the graphite article in operative connection with a heat source causes dissipation of heat from the heat source through the at least one heat dissipation surface of the graphite article. The graphite article useful as the heat sink of this embodiment of the invention comprises compressed particles of exfoliated graphite, such as anisotropic flexible sheets of compressed particles of exfoliated graphite laminated into a unitary article or particles of exfoliated graphite compressed into a desired shape. In addition, the graphite article can be formed of high density graphite fabricated from finely divided carbonaceous particles.
Graphites are made up of layer planes of hexagonal arrays or networks of carbon atoms. These layer planes of hexagonally arranged carbon atoms are substantially flat and are oriented or ordered so as to be substantially parallel and equidistant to one another. The substantially flat, parallel equidistant sheets or layers of carbon atoms, usually referred to as basal planes, are linked or bonded together and groups thereof are arranged in crystallites. Highly ordered graphites consist of crystallites of considerable size, the crystallites being highly aligned or oriented with respect to each other and having well ordered carbon layers. In other words, highly ordered graphites have a high degree of preferred crystallite orientation. Graphites possess anisotropic structures and thus exhibit or possess many properties such as thermal conductivity that are highly directional. Briefly, graphites may be characterized as laminated structures of carbon, that is, structures consisting of superposed layers or laminae of carbon atoms joined together by weak van der Waals forces. In considering the graphite structure, two sets of axes or directions are usually noted, to wit, the “c” axis or direction and the “a” axes or directions. For simplicity, the “c” axis or direction may be considered as the direction perpendicular to the carbon layers. The “a” axes or directions may be considered as the directions parallel to the carbon layers (parallel to the planar direction of the crystal structure of the graphite) or the directions perpendicular to the “c” direction.
As noted above, the bonding forces holding the parallel layers of carbon atoms together are only weak van der Waals forces. Graphites can be treated so that the spacing between the superposed carbon layers or laminae can be appreciably opened up so as to provide a marked expansion in the direction perpendicular to the layers, that is, in the “c” direction and thus form an expanded graphite structure (also referred to as exfoliated or intumesced graphite) in which the laminar character of the carbon layers is substantially retained.
Graphite flake which has been greatly expanded and more particularly expanded so as to have a final thickness or “c” direction dimension which is up to about 80 or more times the original “c” direction dimension can be formed without the use of a binder into cohesive or integrated articles and flexible graphite sheets of expanded graphite, e.g. webs, papers, strips, tapes, or the like. The formation of graphite particles which have been expanded to have a final thickness or “c” dimension which is up to about 80 or more times the original “c” direction dimension into integrated articles and flexible sheets by compression, without the use of any binding material, is believed to be possible due to the excellent mechanical interlocking, or cohesion, which is achieved between the voluminously expanded graphite particles.
In addition to flexibility, the graphite material, as noted above, has also been found to possess a high degree of anisotropy with respect to thermal conductivity, comparable to the graphite starting material due to orientation of the expanded graphite particles substantially parallel to the opposed faces of the sheet resulting from high compression, e.g. roll pressing. Sheet material thus produced has excellent flexibility, good strength and a very high degree of orientation.
Generally, the process of producing flexible, binderless anisotropic graphite sheet material, e.g. web, paper, strip, tape, foil, mat, or the like, comprises compressing or compacting under a predetermined load and in the absence of a binder, expanded graphite particles which have a “c” direction dimension which is up to about 80 or more times that of the original particles so as to form a substantially flat, flexible, integrated graphite sheet. The expanded graphite particles that generally are worm-like or vermiform in appearance, once compressed, will maintain the compression set and alignment with the opposed major surfaces of the sheet. The density and thickness of the sheet material can be varied by controlling the degree of compression. The density of the sheet material can be within the range of from about 0.05 grams per cubic centimeter to about 1.8 grams per cubic centimeter. The flexible graphite sheet material exhibits an appreciable degree of anisotropy due to the alignment of graphite particles parallel to the major opposed, parallel surfaces of the sheet, with the degree of anisotropy increasing upon roll pressing of the sheet material to increased density. In roll pressed anisotropic sheet material, the thickness, i.e. the direction perpendicular to the opposed, parallel sheet surfaces comprises the “c” direction and the directions ranging along the length and width, i.e. along or parallel to the opposed, major surfaces comprising the “a” directions and the thermal properties of the sheet are very different, by more than an order of magnitude, for the “c” and “a” directions (i.e., about 7 watts per meter-° C. (w/m-° K) or even lower vs. about 150-200 w/m-° K or higher).
With respect to thermal properties, the thermal conductivity of a flexible graphite sheet in a direction parallel to the upper and lower surfaces of the flexible graphite sheet is relatively high, while it is relatively very low in the “c” direction transverse to the upper and lower surfaces, by a ratio that can approach 20 to one or higher.
Similarly, a compressed expanded graphite article can be produced by compressing or compacting under a predetermined load (and again without the necessity of a binder), expanded graphite particles. The particles can be compressed into a mold under pressures of at least about 100 pounds per square inch (psi), and will retain their final shape and exhibit significant and measurable anisotropy.
The present invention will be better understood and its advantages more apparent in view of the following detailed description, especially when read with reference to the appended drawings, wherein:
Referring to the drawings in detail, a thermal management system prepared in accordance with the present invention is shown and generally designated by the reference numeral 10. It should be noted that for the sake of clarity not all the components and elements of system 10 may be shown and/or marked in all the drawings. Also, as used in this description, the terms “up,” “down,” “top,” “bottom,” etc. refer to thermal management system 10 when in the orientation shown in
Thermal management system 10 is intended to be used to facilitate the dissipation of heat from a heat source, more particularly from an electronic component 100. Electronic component 100 can comprise any electronic device or component that produces sufficient heat to interfere with the operation of electronic component 100 or the system of which electronic component 100 is an element, if not dissipated. Electronic component 100 can comprise a microprocessor or computer chip, an integrated circuit, control electronics for an optical device like a laser or a field-effect transistor (FET), or components thereof, or other like electronic element. Electronic component 100 includes at least one surface 100a (denoted an “external surface”) from which heat radiates and which can be used as a source of heat to be dissipated from electronic component 100.
Thermal management system 10 is advantageously formed from particles of expanded graphite and/or anisotropic flexible graphite sheets. By anisotropic flexible graphite sheets is meant sheets of compressed, exfoliated graphite, especially natural graphite. As discussed above, graphite is a crystalline form of carbon comprising atoms covalently bonded in flat layered planes with weaker bonds between the planes. By treating particles of graphite, such as natural graphite flake, with an intercalant of, e.g. a solution of sulfuric and nitric acid, the crystal structure of the graphite reacts to form a compound of graphite and the intercalant. The treated particles of graphite are hereafter referred to as “particles of intercalated graphite.” Upon exposure to high temperature, the intercalant within the graphite volatilizes, causing the particles of intercalated graphite to expand in dimension as much as about 80 or more times its original volume in an accordion-like fashion in the “c” direction, i.e. in the direction perpendicular to the crystalline planes of the graphite. The exfoliated graphite particles are vermiform in appearance, and are therefore commonly referred to as worms. The worms may be compressed together into flexible sheets that, unlike the original graphite flakes, can be formed and cut into various shapes and provided with small transverse openings by deforming mechanical impact.
Graphite starting materials for the flexible sheets suitable for use in the present invention include highly graphitic carbonaceous materials capable of intercalating organic and inorganic acids as well as halogens and then expanding when exposed to heat. These highly graphitic carbonaceous materials most preferably have a degree of graphitization of about 1.0. As used in this disclosure, the term “degree of graphitization” refers to the value g according to the formula:
where d(002) is the spacing between the graphitic layers of the carbons in the crystal structure measured in Angstrom units. The spacing d between graphite layers is measured by standard X-ray diffraction techniques. The positions of diffraction peaks corresponding to the (002), (004) and (006) Miller Indices are measured, and standard least-squares techniques are employed to derive spacing which minimizes the total error for all of these peaks. Examples of highly graphitic carbonaceous materials include natural graphites from various sources, as well as other carbonaceous materials such as carbons prepared by chemical vapor deposition and the like. Natural graphite is most preferred.
The graphite starting materials for the flexible sheets used in the present invention may contain non-carbon components so long as the crystal structure of the starting materials maintains the required degree of graphitization and they are capable of exfoliation. Generally, any carbon-containing material, the crystal structure of which possesses the required degree of graphitization and which can be exfoliated, is suitable for use with the present invention. Such graphite preferably has an ash content of less than twenty weight percent. More preferably, the graphite employed for the present invention will have a purity of at least about 94%. In the most preferred embodiment, such as for fuel cell applications, the graphite employed will have a purity of at least about 99%.
A common method for manufacturing graphite sheet is described by Shane et al. in U.S. Pat. No. 3,404,061, the disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference. In the typical practice of the Shane et al. method, natural graphite flakes are intercalated by dispersing the flakes in a solution containing e.g., a mixture of nitric and sulfuric acid, advantageously at a level of about 20 to about 300 parts by weight of intercalant solution per 100 parts by weight of graphite flakes (pph). The intercalation solution contains oxidizing and other intercalating agents known in the art. Examples include those containing oxidizing agents and oxidizing mixtures, such as solutions containing nitric acid, potassium chlorate, chromic acid, potassium permanganate, potassium chromate, potassium dichromate, perchloric acid, and the like, or mixtures, such as for example, concentrated nitric acid and chlorate, chromic acid and phosphoric acid, sulfuric acid and nitric acid, or mixtures of a strong organic acid, e.g. trifluoroacetic acid, and a strong oxidizing agent soluble in the organic acid. Alternatively, an electric potential can be used to bring about oxidation of the graphite. Chemical species that can be introduced into the graphite crystal using electrolytic oxidation include sulfuric acid as well as other acids.
In a preferred embodiment, the intercalating agent is a solution of a mixture of sulfuric acid, or sulfuric acid and phosphoric acid, and an oxidizing agent, i.e. nitric acid, perchloric acid, chromic acid, potassium permanganate, hydrogen peroxide, iodic or periodic acids, or the like. Although less preferred, the intercalation solution may contain metal halides such as ferric chloride, and ferric chloride mixed with sulfuric acid, or a halide, such as bromine as a solution of bromine and sulfuric acid or bromine in an organic solvent.
The quantity of intercalation solution may range from about 20 to about 150 pph and more typically about 50 to about 120 pph. After the flakes are intercalated, any excess solution is drained from the flakes and the flakes are water-washed. Alternatively, the quantity of the intercalation solution may be limited to between about 10 and about 50 pph, which permits the washing step to be eliminated as taught and described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,895,713, the disclosure of which is also herein incorporated by reference.
The particles of graphite flake treated with intercalation solution can optionally be contacted, e.g. by blending, with a reducing organic agent selected from alcohols, sugars, aldehydes and esters which are reactive with the surface film of oxidizing intercalating solution at temperatures in the range of 25° C. and 125° C. Suitable specific organic agents include hexadecanol, octadecanol, 1-octanol, 2-octanol, decylalcohol, 1, 10 decanediol, decylaldehyde, 1-propanol, 1,3 propanediol, ethyleneglycol, polypropylene glycol, dextrose, fructose, lactose, sucrose, potato starch, ethylene glycol monostearate, diethylene glycol dibenzoate, propylene glycol monostearate, glycerol monostearate, dimethyl oxylate, diethyl oxylate, methyl formate, ethyl formate, ascorbic acid and lignin-derived compounds, such as sodium lignosulfate. The amount of organic reducing agent is suitably from about 0.5 to 4% by weight of the particles of graphite flake.
The use of an expansion aid applied prior to, during or immediately after intercalation can also provide improvements. Among these improvements can be reduced exfoliation temperature and increased expanded volume (also referred to as “worm volume”). An expansion aid in this context will advantageously be an organic material sufficiently soluble in the intercalation solution to achieve an improvement in expansion. More narrowly, organic materials of this type that contain carbon, hydrogen and oxygen, preferably exclusively, may be employed. Carboxylic acids have been found especially effective. A suitable carboxylic acid useful as the expansion aid can be selected from aromatic, aliphatic or cycloaliphatic, straight chain or branched chain, saturated and unsaturated monocarboxylic acids, dicarboxylic acids and polycarboxylic acids which have at least 1 carbon atom, and preferably up to about 15 carbon atoms, which is soluble in the intercalation solution in amounts effective to provide a measurable improvement of one or more aspects of exfoliation. Suitable organic solvents can be employed to improve solubility of an organic expansion aid in the intercalation solution.
Representative examples of saturated aliphatic carboxylic acids are acids such as those of the formula H(CH2)nCOOH wherein n is a number of from 0 to about 5, including formic, acetic, propionic, butyric, pentanoic, hexanoic, and the like. In place of the carboxylic acids, the anhydrides or reactive carboxylic acid derivatives such as alkyl esters can also be employed. Representative of alkyl esters are methyl formate and ethyl formate. Sulfuric acid, nitric acid and other known aqueous intercalants have the ability to decompose formic acid, ultimately to water and carbon dioxide. Because of this, formic acid and other sensitive expansion aids are advantageously contacted with the graphite flake prior to immersion of the flake in aqueous intercalant. Representative of dicarboxylic acids are aliphatic dicarboxylic acids having 2-12 carbon atoms, in particular oxalic acid, fumaric acid, malonic acid, maleic acid, succinic acid, glutaric acid, adipic acid, 1,5-pentanedicarboxylic acid, 1,6-hexanedicarboxylic acid, 1,10-decanedicarboxylic acid, cyclohexane-1,4-dicarboxylic acid and aromatic dicarboxylic acids such as phthalic acid or terephthalic acid. Representative of alkyl esters are dimethyl oxylate and diethyl oxylate. Representative of cycloaliphatic acids is cyclohexane carboxylic acid and of aromatic carboxylic acids are benzoic acid, naphthoic acid, anthranilic acid, p-aminobenzoic acid, salicylic acid, o-, m- and p-tolyl acids, methoxy and ethoxybenzoic acids, acetoacetamidobenzoic acids and, acetamidobenzoic acids, phenylacetic acid and naphthoic acids. Representative of hydroxy aromatic acids are hydroxybenzoic acid, 3-hydroxy-1-naphthoic acid, 3-hydroxy-2-naphthoic acid, 4-hydroxy-2-naphthoic acid, 5-hydroxy-1-naphthoic acid, 5-hydroxy-2-naphthoic acid, 6-hydroxy-2-naphthoic acid and 7-hydroxy-2-naphthoic acid. Prominent among the polycarboxylic acids is citric acid.
The intercalation solution will be aqueous and will preferably contain an amount of expansion aid of from about 1 to 10%, the amount being effective to enhance exfoliation. In the embodiment wherein the expansion aid is contacted with the graphite flake prior to or after immersing in the aqueous intercalation solution, the expansion aid can be admixed with the graphite by suitable means, such as a V-blender, typically in an amount of from about 0.2% to about 10% by weight of the graphite flake.
After intercalating the graphite flake, and following the blending of the intercalant coated intercalated graphite flake with the organic reducing agent, the blend is exposed to temperatures in the range of 25° to 125° C. to promote reaction of the reducing agent and intercalant coating. The heating period is up to about 20 hours, with shorter heating periods, e.g., at least about 10 minutes, for higher temperatures in the above-noted range. Times of one-half hour or less, e.g., on the order of 10 to 25 minutes, can be employed at the higher temperatures.
The thus treated particles of graphite are sometimes referred to as “particles of intercalated graphite.” Upon exposure to high temperature, e.g. temperatures of at least about 160° C. and especially about 700° C. to 1200° C. and higher, the particles of intercalated graphite expand as much as about 80 to 1000 or more times their original volume in an accordion-like fashion in the c-direction, i.e. in the direction perpendicular to the crystalline planes of the constituent graphite particles. The expanded, i.e. exfoliated, graphite particles are vermiform in appearance, and are therefore commonly referred to as worms. The worms may be compressed together into flexible sheets that, unlike the original graphite flakes, can be formed and cut into various shapes and provided with small transverse openings by deforming mechanical impact as hereinafter described.
Flexible graphite sheet and foil are coherent, with good handling strength, and are suitably compressed, e.g. by roll-pressing, to a thickness of about 0.075 mm to 3.75 mm and a typical density of about 0.1 to 1.5 grams per cubic centimeter (g/cc).
The flexible graphite sheet can also, at times, be advantageously treated or impregnated with resin and the absorbed resin, after curing, enhances the moisture resistance and handling strength, i.e. stiffness, of the flexible graphite sheet as well as “fixing” the morphology of the sheet. Suitable resin content is preferably at least about 5% by weight, more preferably about 10 to 35% by weight, and suitably up to about 60% by weight. Resins found especially useful in the practice of the present invention include acrylic-, epoxy- and phenolic-based resin systems, fluoro-based polymers, or mixtures thereof. Suitable epoxy resin systems include those based on diglycidyl ether or bisphenol A (DGEBA) and other multifunctional resin systems; phenolic resins that can be employed include resole and novolac phenolics. Optionally, the flexible graphite may be impregnated with fibers and/or salts in addition to the resin or in place of the resin.
Referring now to
Heat dissipation surface as used herein refers to an area of heat sink 30 from which the heat transmitted to heat sink 30 from external surface 100a (through thermal interface 20 when present) is dissipated into the environment. Most commonly, the at least one heat dissipation surface 32 of heat sink 30 are those surfaces of heat sink 30 where air or another coolant fluid is passed across heat sink 30 such as by the action of a fan (not shown). To maximize heat transfer from heat sink 30 to the coolant fluid, the at least one heat dissipation surface 32 of heat sink 30 should be designed and/or shaped so as to have as great a surface area as feasible.
For instance, and as illustrated in
In another embodiment, illustrated in
Likewise, conduits 32c run through heat sink 30 so as to not reduce the surface area of heat collection surface 30a. Conduits 32c can assume any particular shape or size, provided they permit coolant flow therethrough. Preferably, conduits 32c interact and intersect with cavities 32b and with each other so as to permit and maximize coolant flow through cavities 32b also. Again, the surfaces of conduits 32c function as some of the at least one heat dissipation surfaces 32 of heat sink 30. The number and size and shape of cavities 32b and conduits 32c can be chosen by the practitioner to achieve a balance between coolant flow and surface area. For instance, smaller (in diameter), but more in number, cavities 32b and conduits 32c will result in greater surface area but reduced coolant flow (because of the fluid dynamics involved in achieving fluid flow through a small diameter opening); larger, but fewer in number, cavities 32b and conduits 32c will lead to reduced surface area but greater coolant flow.
In a preferred embodiment, where heat sink 30 is shaped as a block (in other words, a cube) whose walls are each about 0.1 inches long (and in many cases, not more than about 2.0 inches long), as shown in
As noted above, heat sink 30 comprises a graphite article. Advantageously, heat sink 30 is formed from compressed particles of exfoliated graphite. As discussed with respect to thermal interface 20, in preparing flexible graphite sheet, particles of intercalated graphite are expanded to form particles of exfoliated graphite, which are then compressed into sheet. Rather than form the particles of exfoliated graphite into sheet, the particles can be compressed into blocks or other shapes suitable for use as heat sink 30. Blocks formed from particles of exfoliated graphite can be compressed into the desired shapes, with fins 32a, etc. Alternatively, heat sink 30 formed from particles of exfoliated graphite compressed into a block or other shape and then machined and/or otherwise treated (such as punched) so as to have fins 32a, cavities 32b and/or conduits 32c, as desired.
In a particularly advantageous embodiment, heat sink 30 can be formed from anisotropic flexible sheets of compressed particles of exfoliated graphite (prepared as discussed above) laminated into a unitary article, such as a block or other desirable shape. The anisotropic flexible sheets of compressed particles of exfoliated graphite can be laminated with a suitable adhesive, such as pressure sensitive or thermally activated adhesive, therebetween. The adhesive chosen should balance bonding strength with minimizing thickness, and be capable of maintaining adequate bonding at the service temperature of electronic component 100. Suitable adhesives would be known to the skilled artisan. Preferably, however, when the flexible graphite sheets are resin-impregnated, as discussed above, there is no need for an adhesive to be applied between laminate layers. Rather, the resin present in the sheets can be used in the formation of the desired laminate. That is, curing of the resin impregnated within the sheets will be sufficient for the formation of the inventive laminate.
Most preferably, the “a” direction extending parallel to the planar direction of the crystal structure of the graphite of the anisotropic flexible sheets of compressed particles of exfoliated graphite which form heat sink 30 extends between heat collection surface 30a and the at least one heat dissipation surface 32 of heat sink 30. In this way, the anisotropic nature of the graphite sheet directs the heat from external surface 100a of electronic component 100 towards the at least one heat dissipation surface 32 (i.e., in the “a” direction along the graphite sheet), and is not depended by the presence of the adhesive.
In another embodiment of thermal management system 10, heat sink 30 is fabricated from high density graphite formed from finely divided carbonaceous particles, especially carbonaceous particles have a particle size of less than 100 mesh. Such high density graphite bodies can be fabricated by a carbonaceous filler in the form of a fiber or particulate, for example, a finely divided petroleum coke, graphite flour, raw coke, carbon black, activated carbon, glassy carbon or the like is ground to a fine particle size and then mixed with a pitch binder. For preparing dense carbon articles having excellent internal structure and porosity, the filler should preferably have a particle size of less than about 100 mesh (0.149 mm). A preferred filler is graphite flour with a particle size less than 200 mesh (0.074 mm).
The pitch binder should have a coking value of at least about 70 percent or greater. By the term “coking value” is meant the percentage of coke that is present in the residue from a given sample of carbonaceous material after the sample has been heated to a predetermined baking temperature at a given rate of temperature rise, according to the procedure of ASTM-D2146. A suitable pitch binder is a milled pitch having a high coking value of at least about 70 percent and a higher softening point above about 300° C. A preferred pitch binder for use in the mixture is a mesophase pitch having a coking value in the range of between about 75 and about 90 percent and a softening point of about 330° C.
The ratio of carbonaceous filler to pitch binder in the mixture to form the shaped body may vary within a range of from about 4:1 to about 0.5:1. A suitable mixture for use in forming the shaped bodies may comprise, for example, from about 70 to about 85 weight percent carbonaceous filler, e.g. petroleum coke or graphite flour, and from about 15 to 30 weight percent binder, e.g. mesophase pitch.
The carbonaceous filler and binder are thoroughly blended for a sufficiently long period of time to assure a uniform mixing of all the components. After mixing, the mixture is formed into a shaped body preferably by molding. During the molding of the shaped body, the mixture of carbonaceous filler and pitch may be compressed under a pressure of up to about 200 psi while heated to elevated temperatures up to the softening point of the pitch binder as a maximum, e.g. about 330° C. in the case of mesophase pitch. Alternatively, the mixture may be cold pressed at a higher pressure, for example, between about 400 psi and about 800 psi at room temperature.
The shaped body is then embedded in finely divided, non-reactive particles made of any material which will not react or decompose when heated to elevated baking temperatures of about 750° C. or more. Suitable materials for the non-reactive particles are graphite, coke and boron nitride, for example. The particles should be made of a material that is highly refractory and able to withstand the effects of graphitizing temperatures. Graphite powders are preferably used as the non-reactive particles in this instance.
Generally speaking, the particular size of the non-reactive particles is not narrowly critical. However, the particles should not be so small as to preclude the escape or egress of volatile gases through the porous envelope during the baking operation. It has been found that graphite powders having an average particle size of about 10 mesh (1.68 mm) are ideal for use in the practice of the present invention. However, graphite powders having a particle size as small as 400 mesh (0.037 mm) may also be employed without adversely affecting gas venting through the porous envelope.
The shaped body is surrounded by the non-reactive particles so as to completely embed the shaped body within the envelope. The particles are packed around the body in a relatively thick layer, e.g. about 2-4 inches in the case of a shaped body having an average diameter of about 20 inches. The shaped body embedded in the non-reactive particles is then compressed while being heated to a baking temperature, a temperature sufficient to carbonize the pitch binder in the shaped body. Preferably, the shaped article is heated slowly at a predetermined rate of temperature rise up to a suitable baking temperature, e.g. about 750° C. The particular rate of temperature rise used to heat the shaped body will vary depending upon the size of the article being fabricated. For example, a 20 inch diameter by 15 inch long cylindrical billet may be heated to a baking or curing temperature without cracking or other adverse effect at a rate of about 50° C. per hour. It will of course be evident that larger size billets will require a slower rate of temperature rise while, on the other hand, smaller billets may be heated at an even faster or more rapid rate. The shape body is preferably heated inductively. Other means for heating the shaped body in the die while surrounded by the envelope can of course be employed.
After the shaped body has reached a temperature that is approximately equivalent to the softening temperature of the pitch binder, a pressure is applied to the envelope of non-reactive particles. This may be accomplished by applying a load to an end plunger of the mold containing the envelope of non-reactive particles. The pressure is transferred via the non-reactive particles, and applied isostatically around the entire surface of the shaped body, which compresses and further densifies the body. The temperature of the shaped body is gradually raised to the maximum baking temperature during the entire compression. Moreover, the pressure that is applied isostatically around the shaped body should be kept at a relatively low pressure, e.g. about 200 psi, and preferably no higher than about 400 psi. This is particularly important in the case where the shaped body is to be subsequently graphitized after baking. Suitable pressures for use in compressing the shaped body while heating, according to the present invention, will generally range from about 200 to 350 psi.
Graphitization of the compressed and heated carbon body can take place while the body still remains inside the die. In such case, suitable means must be provided in association with the die for heating the body to elevated graphitizing temperatures, e.g. at least about 2800° C. However, it may be preferable to remove the baked body from the die after cooling and then transfer the cooled body to a separate graphitizing furnace.
High density graphite heat sink 30 can be fabricated to size, or in larger billets which can then be sawed and machined, or otherwise cut to size. The high density graphite heat sink 30 can be formed in specific shapes, such as having fins 32a fabricated therein. Alternatively, high density graphite heat sink 30 can be fabricated as a block or other basic shape, with fins 32a, cavities 32b, conduits 32c, or other structures useful as the at least one heat dissipation surface 32 machined thereinto by methods known to the skilled artisan.
Heat sink 30 can be mounted to electronic component 100 by conventional means, such as by bolting in place, by mounting directly to electronic component 100 using an adhesive, such as a pressure sensitive or thermally activated adhesive (something which the relatively low weight of graphite permits); mounting to a thermal interface, if present, such as by an adhesive; or mounting to the board or other object on which electronic circuit 100 is mounted, provided heat collection surface 30a of heat sink 30 is operatively connected to external surface 100a of electronic component 100 (directly or through thermal interface 20).
The use of graphite to form heat sink 30 has many significant advantages. As discussed, the anisotropic nature of graphite allows the practitioner to direct the heat from external surface 100a of electronic component 100 to the at least one heat dissipation surface 32. Graphite materials have the further advantage of relatively low density, and thus relatively low weight. For instance, articles formed from exfoliated graphite particles generally have a density below about 1.3 grams/cubic centimeter (g/cc). High density graphite articles have a density below about 1.9 g/cc. When compared with the density of copper—approximately 8.9 g/cc for pure copper—a graphite article of the same approximate size and volume of a copper article will weight significantly less.
The weight advantage of graphite over copper or other metals can be expressed in terms of their respective thermal conductivity. If one considers thermal conductivity per unit weight (sometimes referred to in the art as specific thermal conductivity, although the term may be a misnomer), exfoliated graphite heat sinks have a specific thermal conductivity of about 0.134 watts-meter2 per kilogram-° K (wm2/kg° K) to about 0.184 wm2/kg° K and high density graphite heat sinks have a specific thermal conductivity of about 0.05 to about 0.075 wm2/kg° K, whereas copper heat sinks have a specific thermal conductivity of about 0.019 to about 0.051 wm2/kg° K (for a specific thermal conductivity of 0.051, the heat sink would have to be formed of pure copper). Thus, per unit weight, graphite heat sinks can be far more effective at heat dissipation from electronic component 100, without the disadvantages of “loading” a circuit board or other component with excess weight. When the further advantages provided by the anisotropic nature of graphite are considered, heat sinks 30 of the present invention are distinctly advantageous.
The following example is presented to further illustrate and explain the present invention and should not be viewed as limiting in any regard.
EXAMPLEA test apparatus was prepared, consisting of a heat source having an upper surface consisting of a generally flat surface of ½″×¼″ in size, arrayed in a wind tunnel. Various embodiments of thermal management systems were installed on the heat source, with temperature measurements taken at Location A, adjacent the heat source/thermal management system interface and at Location B, on the thermal management system at a position farthest from the heat source (the lower the temperature reading at Locations A and B, the better the heat dissipation characteristics of the thermal management system being tested).
Run 1—a thermal management system consisting of a copper heat sink having dimensions of 1″×1″×0.8″ and having 8 straight fins was arrayed on the heat source. A thermal interface consisting of a 1″×1″ sheet of anisotropic flexible graphite sheet was interposed between the copper heat sink and the heat source. The testing wind speed was 1.6 meters per second (m/s).
Run 2—a thermal management system consisting of a copper heat sink having dimensions of 1″×1″×0.8″ and having 8 straight fins was arrayed on the heat source. A thermal interface consisting of a 1″×1″ sheet of anisotropic flexible graphite sheet was interposed between the copper heat sink and the heat source, with a thin adhesive layer between the thermal interface and the heat sink. The testing wind speed was 1.6 meters per second (m/s).
Run 3—as a control, a thermal management system consisting of a copper heat sink having dimensions of 1″×1″×0.8″ and having 8 straight fins was arrayed on the heat source. No thermal interface was interposed between the copper heat sink and the heat source. The testing wind speed was 1.6 meters per second (m/s).
The results are shown in Table I
The above description is intended to enable the person skilled in the art to practice the invention. It is not intended to detail all of the possible variations and modifications that will become apparent to the skilled worker upon reading the description. It is intended, however, that all such modifications and variations be included within the scope of the invention that is defined by the following claims. The claims are intended to cover the indicated elements and steps in any arrangement or sequence that is effective to meet the objectives intended for the invention, unless the context specifically indicates the contrary.
Claims
1. A thermal management system comprising a heat sink which comprises a graphite article comprising compressed particles of exfoliated graphite, the graphite article shaped so as to provide a heat collection surface and at least one heat dissipation surface, wherein the at least one heat dissipation surface of the graphite article comprises fine formed at a surface of the graphite article opposite the heat collection surface, and further wherein arranging the heat collection surface of the graphite article in operative connection with a heat source causes dissipation of heat from the heat source through the at least one heat dissipation surface of the graphite article.
2. The thermal management system of claim 1 wherein the graphite article comprises anisotropic flexible sheets of compressed particles of exfoliated graphite laminated into a unitary article.
3. The thermal management system of claim 2 wherein the anisotropic flexible sheets of compressed particles of exfoliated graphite used to form the graphite article are resin-impregnated.
4. The thermal management system of claim 2 wherein the anisotropic flexible sheets of compressed particles of exfoliated graphite have an “a” direction extending parallel to the planar direction of the crystal structure of the graphite, and further wherein the unitary article is formed such that the “a” direction of the anisotropic flexible sheets of compressed particles or exfoliated graphite extends between the heat collection surface and the at least one heat dissipation surface of the graphite article.
5. A thermal management system comprising a heat sink which comprises a graphite article comprising compressed particles of exfoliated graphite, the graphite article shaped so as to provide a heat collection surface and at least one heat dissipation surface wherein the graphite article has structural features comprising cavities therein, holes therethrough or combinations of cavities therein and holes therethrough, the at least one heat dissipation surface of the graphite article comprising surfaces of the structural features, and further wherein arranging the heat collection surface of the graphite article in operative connection with a heat source causes dissipation of heat from the heat source through the at least one heat dissipation surface of the graphite article.
6. The thermal management system of claim 5 wherein the graphite article comprises anisotropic flexible sheets of compressed particles of exfoliated graphite laminated into a unitary article.
7. The thermal management system of claim 6 wherein the anisotropic flexible sheets of compressed particles of exfoliated graphite used to form the graphite article are resin-impregnated.
8. The thermal management system of claim 6 wherein the anisotropic flexible sheets of compressed particles of exfoliated graphite have an “a” direction extending parallel to the planar direction of the crystal structure of the graphite, and further wherein the unitary article is formed such that the “a” direction of the anisotropic flexible sheets of compressed particles of exfoliated graphite extends between the heat collection surface and the at least one heat dissipation surface of the graphite article.
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Type: Grant
Filed: Sep 27, 2002
Date of Patent: Jan 11, 2005
Patent Publication Number: 20030077449
Assignee: Advanced Energy Technology Inc. (Wilmington, DE)
Inventor: Jing-Wen Tzeng (Huntington Beach, CA)
Primary Examiner: Deborah Jones
Assistant Examiner: Wendy Boss
Attorney: Waddey & Patterson, P.C.
Application Number: 10/256,800
