Abstract: A Photo-Multiplier Tube (PMT) base for supplying long-term stable power, gain control and output amplification to a PMT. The present PMT base integrates the circuitry required for the dynode stages of the PMT with an amplifying circuit that amplifies the PMT output signals without disturbing the stable power that is required by each of the dynode stages. In operation the PMT base is electrically and mechanically connected to a PMT. The circuits for the dynode stages primarily provide gain control for each dynode stage in the PMT. The amplifying circuit in the PMT base is electrically connected to a dynode, the anode or both a dynode and the anode of the PMT, from which the PMT output signal is received. A PMT high voltage divider supplies the power to the circuitry required for the dynode stages and the amplifying circuit in the PMT base. The PMT base can be replaceable and can replace PMT bases that do not have an integrated amplifier for the PMT output signal.

Abstract: In a lighting apparatus using microwave, a lighting apparatus using microwave including a resonator excluding microwave and transmitting a fight, a waveguide placed at an internal domain of the resonator and transmitting the microwave, a microwave generating means installed at the side of the resonator and oscillating microwave into the waveguide, and a bulb placed at the center of the resonator and emitting light by generating a plasma by the microwave transmitted through the waveguide is capable of miniaturizing a lighting system and at the same time improving a lighting efficiency.

Abstract: The present invention provides a long-life discharge lamp by removing the causes of lowering the service life of the discharge lamp owing to quartz glass constituting the discharge lamp and a gas sealed therein, and also provides a discharge lamp production method wherein the mixing of impurities affecting the service life of the discharge lamp is prevented. In the discharge lamp the content of hydrogen, oxygen and their compounds existing in the light-emitting portion is such that the maximum intensity of the light-emitting spectral intensities of the above impurities is {fraction (1/1000)} or less of the intensity of the main light-emitting spectrum of the noble gas when glow discharge occurs by supplying a current of 3 mA, and also the content of OH groups included in the quartz glass of the sealing portions is 5 ppm or less by weight.

Abstract: A bent fluorescent lamp for backlighting a display providing uniform illumination. A fluorescent lamp is made from a tubular glass envelope having right angles. The right angles provide improved illumination of a plane surface for backlighting a liquid crystal display. The right angles eliminate dark regions in the illuminated surface. An electrode is positioned sufficiently far from a central portion of the lamp so that any dark spaces in the gas discharge of the fluorescent lamp, such as the Faraday dark space associated with a cathode of a lamp are not formed within the central portion. The central portion of the fluorescent lamp has a uniform brightness or intensity for backlighting a liquid crystal display. A method of forming a right-angled bend in a glass tube is also disclosed.

Abstract: A vehicle lighting device uses a high-beam discharge lamp and a low-beam discharge lamp, and includes a DC/DC converter circuit, DC/AC converter circuit, starter circuits, and a control circuit for controlling the lighting of the discharge lamps by detecting voltage or current of each said arch discharge. When the high-beam discharge lamp is lit on in a state that the low-beam discharge lamp is lit off, the low-beam discharge lamp is lit on with some time delay to thereby reduce the number of lighting times and the lighting time. When one of the discharge lamps is lighting, the other of the discharge lamps is lit off, thereby reducing the number of lighting times and the lighting time of the other discharge lamp.

Abstract: There is provided by this invention an improved rf power control device for plasma applications for optimization of the feedback control voltage in the presence of harmonic and non-harmonic spurious frequencies. In this system, an oscillator and mixer, similar to those normally used in radio receiver applications are placed at the sampled output of the solid state rf signal source used for plasma ignition. The sampled output is mixed to a low frequency and filtered to remove the spurious frequencies that is created in the non-linear plasma. In this way, the feedback power control essentially ignores the spurious frequencies. In this application, the oscillator and mixer do not interfere with other desirable system characteristics and effectively isolate the feedback control voltage from changes in plasma spurious content. This allows rf power to be delivered to the plasma with greater accuracy than would otherwise be possible with conventional power control device and methods.

Abstract: A ballast for a low pressure gas discharge lamp, preferably of the heated-filament type, includes an on-off indicator for a lamp. The ballast includes a load circuit with a lamp, and a driver for supplying AC load current to the lamp. Such driver includes circuitry for shutting off the load current in the presence of a lamp fault condition. The ballast also includes a pair of nodes having voltage across them when the lamp operates normally, and having substantially no voltage across them when the lamp is off. An on-off lamp indicator circuit includes a light-emitting device and is coupled to the pair of nodes for causing the light-emitting device to emit light when the driver supplies load current to the lamp and for causing the light-emitting device to cease to emit light when the driver no longer supplies load current to the lamp.

Abstract: Gradually lighting/dimming wireless transmission indicator lamp used in a wireless data transmission apparatus. The wireless transmission indicator lamp includes at least one light emitting diode, a wireless transceiver circuit for receiving or transmitting radio signal and converting the received radio signal into digital pulse signal and a controlling circuit having an input terminal and at least one output terminal. The input terminal is connected with the wireless transceiver circuit. The output terminal is connected with the light emitting diode. The controlling circuit is controllable by the digital pulse signal to generate a slowly varying current for the light emitting diode, whereby the light emitting diode can gradually light and dim as human breath to indicate the connection state and transmission state of the wireless data transmission apparatus.

Abstract: A light emitting element capable of suppressing the deterioration of an organic thin film layer as light emitting layers is provided. The light emitting element comprises a light emitting body emitting light by impressing voltage and a rectifier connected in series with the light emitting body, the light emitting body contains the NPB thin film layer, and the rectifier has the NPB thin film layer.

Abstract: An electron emitting structure, for example, for use as a cathode plate of a field emission display (FED). The structure comprises a substrate, base electrodes formed on the substrate and gate electrodes crossing over the base electrodes. An insulating material is formed on the substrate and the base electrodes that separates the gate electrodes from the base electrodes, the gate electrodes formed on the insulating material. And an electron emitting material is deposited on active regions of the base electrodes, each active region defined as a portion of each base electrode between a respective pair of gate electrodes. In one implementation, the FED produces a substantially uniform electric field in the active region in order to produce a substantially straight electron emission little dispersion.

Abstract: An electronic ballast for a fluorescent lamp has a single-switch flyback inverter including a magnetizing inductance, a resonant circuit connected to the output of the inverter including a tank inductor, and a clamp circuit including a diode coupled to the primary winding of the flyback transformer for limiting the voltage across the magnetizing inductance when the switch is non-conductive. With the inverter switch conductive the resonant circuit has a first resonant frequency. With the inverter switch non-conductive, the resonant circuit, combined with the magnetizing inductance, has a second resonant frequency lower than the first. The magnetizing inductance is chosen such that the second resonant frequency is close to the first resonant frequency. The operating frequency of the inverter is controlled to be at or about the second resonant frequency, whereby zero current switching is achieved in the inverter switch.

Abstract: A method of generating an electrical discharge in a high pressure gas contained in a sealed enclosure. The method includes driving a helical coil resonator at an RF frequency to generate an RF electric-magnetic field sufficient to generate an electrical discharge in the high pressure gas. The electrical discharge produces an emission spectrum that may be spectroscopically analyzed to determine the composition and impurity content of the gas.

Abstract: A high-pressure discharge lamp lighting apparatus, comprises an LC resonance circuit, a DC power source, an inverter circuit, an inverter circuit and an inverter control circuit. The resonance frequency of the LC resonance circuit is set in two to three times the oscillation frequency in the steady lighting operation of the high-pressure discharge lamp. Until the high-pressure discharge lamp is started and steadily lit up, the starting control circuit controls to operate the inverter circuit at a frequency lower than the resonance frequency and not causing acoustic resonance.

Abstract: A refrigerator includes a fresh food section and a freezer section, wherein at least one of the fresh food section and freezer section includes a door. The door includes an external surface and an internal surface, and a light mounted to the external surface, wherein the light is electrically coupled to a processor-free light fade-out circuit.

Abstract: An LED illumination module for a flashlight has a housing, electronic control circuitry, and one or more LEDs connected in series and to the circuitry. The module is characterized in that the module is shaped to modularly replace an incandescent-bulb in an existing flashlight. In one aspect the control circuitry operates in a dual mode to extend life of the unit, and to warn when battery replacement is warranted.

Abstract: A new and improved outdoor lighting control system for an outdoor lighting system network for automatically sensing, conveying, and recording data relevant to the operation of the lighting system network so that both control and maintenance can be performed more efficiently. At each of plural lamp locations in the network, there is a controller module that receives electric power input and that supplies electric power to the remaining lamp locations. Each controller module has a first relay to deliver current to one or more outdoor illumination lamps at the controller module's location and a second relay for switching electric power on to a succeeding lamp location. A first current sensor monitors current to the lamps at each lamp location, and a second current sensor monitors current to the remaining locations. The network's power lines form portions of a bi-directional data link via which data is transmitted from each controller module to a command station, and vice versa.

Abstract: A means of effecting color change or improved color rendition by altering the ratios of average lamp arc current to RMS lamp arc current in a high intensity discharge lamp typically a metal halide lamp operating at less than nominal lower rating.

Abstract: A lighting circuit for an HID lamp causing no erroneous operation of a lighting circuit even when counter-electromotive force is generated due to the inductance in the wirings when the lighting circuit and the HID lamp are located at a long distance and not causing flicker even when the inter-electrode resistance of the HID lamp differs depending on the direction of the application voltage, comprising a control section (C) adapted, upon application of an AC rectangular wave voltage to an HID lamp (1) by a full-bridge type inverter (9), for detecting a resistance value in a positive direction and a resistance value in a negative direction of the HID lamp (1) corresponding to the direction of the polarity of the AC rectangular wave voltage, setting the duty ratio between the positive direction and the negative direction of the AC rectangular waveform voltage so as to be in an inverse proportion with the magnitude for each of the resistance values, and switching each of the switching elements (12A-12D) of the in

Abstract: A deflection yoke device includes a deflection yoke for deflecting electron beams in horizontal and vertical directions, the electron beams being emitted from an electron gun of a color cathode ray tube; coma correcting coils positioned on an electron gun side of the deflection yoke so as to be opposed to each other in such a manner that the electron beams pass therebetween; and a pair of cores around which the coma correcting coils are wound, wherein a sliding mechanism is further provided for allowing each of the coma correcting coils to be slidable with respect to the corresponding core. Therefore, a misconvergence can be corrected by a simplified configuration without reducing a sensitivity of the coma correcting coils.

Abstract: An appliance includes a rotating position switch and a selector switch. The rotating position switch has a first position associated with a first appliance function and a second position associated with a second appliance function. The second appliance function modifies the first appliance function. The selector switch has an actuated state configured to generate a signal representative of a selection of the first appliance function when the rotating position switch is in the first position. The actuated state is further configured to generate a signal representative of a selection of the second appliance function when the rotating position switch is in the second position.

Abstract: An intermittent driving mechanism is disclosed that includes a driving member having a slot formed in a channel. A driven member of the intermittent driving mechanism is rotatably coupled to the driving member and includes a pin that engages the slot after the driving member, when rotated, causes the pin of the driven member to enter the channel of the driving member.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a device in an electronic driving dynamics control system, comprising an electromechanic transducer, especially an electric motor, a hydraulic pump, and an electric actuating unit for the transducer, said transducer including a magnetic or magnetizable stator and a rotor, as well as connections for connecting the actuating unit, and a commutation device for the actuation of electromagnetic windings of the rotor, said invention inhering the special feature that the commutation device comprises three or more commutating elements that are electrically connected to the respective connections so that the windings of the rotor can be actuated individually by the actuating unit, with at least one commutating element being connected to a change-over element that provides for an additional connection for connecting a rotational speed measurement devices.

Abstract: In an industrial robot having a plurality of arms, each arm is coupled with other elements such as a mounting base, another arm, a robotic hand, and revolved by a motion of a revolving joint. A motor for moving the revolving joint, an encoder for sensing a rotation angle of a drive shaft of the motor, and a control circuit for controlling the driving of the motor are provided on the same arm. A signal cable for transmitting a sensing signal of the encoder to the control circuit is terminated at the control circuit on the same arm. There is no need to align the signal cable from the encoder to a main control circuit provided in the mounting base.

Abstract: Accompanied by the optimization of the possibilities of use of a robot, particularly with regards to low cycle times and high loads, damage to the robot through exceeding the energy absorbable by the structure is still prevented when robot parts strike against the mechanical structure as a result of faults or errors, according to the invention in a method for controlling the movement of a robot, the kinetic energy of moving robot members (Gi gi+1, . . . , gn) about an axis (Ai) is limited to the energy absorbable in damage-free manner by a mechanical buffer associated with the corresponding axis (Ai).

Abstract: The invention provides a synchronous motor sensorless controller which drives a synchronous motor without use of a rotational position sensor. The controller has a relative position counter 4 which acquires an estimated position of a magnetic pole from the position-and-speed estimation device simultaneously with resetting a summated value to zero when the reference position signal is input and which starts summation operation; and a speed instruction generator 3 having a position controller 29 which performs position control operation on the basis of a deviation between an instruction value pertaining to the amount of movement from the reference position and a summated value output as a relative position from the relative position counter, the generator outputting a speed instruction. The sensorless controller can position at a predetermined location a synchronous motor not having a position sensor.

Abstract: There is provided a serial transmitting section for serially transmitting a command frame 100 which is sent from a host controller 1 to a positioning type servo amplifier 30 and a command follow-up type servo amplifier 50. In the command frame 100, an information section, into which information to be transmitted is inputted, has discrimination data for showing a selection between the positioning type servo amplifier 30 and the command follow-up type servo amplifier 50. In the positioning type servo amplifier 30 and the command follow-up type servo amplifier 50, there is provided information reading section for reading the content of an information section after the discrimination data of the command frame 100 by the discrimination data of the command frame 100.

Abstract: An electrical system for an automotive vehicle includes a low voltage battery having a low voltage, a high voltage battery having a high voltage, and a DC-to-DC converter coupled to the low voltage battery and the high voltage battery. A controller controls a conversion of the low voltage to a high voltage through the DC-to-DC converter and controls the charging of the high voltage battery with the high voltage. The controller monitors a state of charge of the high voltage battery, compares the state of charge to a predetermined state of charge and generates an indicator when the state of charge reaches the predetermined state of charge.

Abstract: A cell phone charging circuit of a USB interface. The charging circuit is supplied with a DC power of 5V via the USB interface and split into two, one has a first resister R1 connected to an emitter of a PNP transistor Q1 in series, and the other has two serially connected diodes D1 and D2. The diodes D1 and D2 have a negative thermal coefficient. The negative electrode of the diode D1 is connected to the base of the transistor, the collector of the transistor serves as a charging output terminal, such that the emitter voltage VEB of the transistor Q1 is the same as the voltage VD2 of the diode D2. Therefore, the current flowing through the resistor is VD1/R1, and the voltage and current limiting function is obtained. When the temperature of the battery increases for charging, the voltage VD1 is reduced to decrease the output current, such that temperature compensation is achieved.

Abstract: A battery charger charges a plurality of battery portions (204-214) connected in series with one another, a battery portion comprising at least one cell. The battery charger includes a battery portion charger (100) having an output that is electrically floating with respect to a DC power source utilized to power the battery portion charger. The battery portion charger is arranged to be coupled in parallel with a corresponding one of the plurality of battery portions. The battery charger also includes a controller (232) for controlling the battery portion charger.

Abstract: A monolithically formed battery charger may be fabricated as an integral part of a multifunctional integrated circuit or as independent monolithically formed integrated circuit. The monolithically formed battery charger includes at least one step-down converter having a given duty ratio coupled to a battery-terminal interface that provides a stepped-down output voltage and current that may be used to charge a rechargeable battery. The step-down converter includes one or more cascaded monolithically-formed synchronous-buck regulators operating at a frequency of at least one megahertz. Each regulator may include a capacitor, inductor, controller, switch, and rectifier. When cascaded, the high-side output node of a preceding synchronous-buck regulator is connected to the switch in a successive synchronous-buck regulator.

Abstract: A method for activating a secondary battery is provided that enables sufficient activation of a secondary battery in a short time. A secondary battery is activated with a varying current, e.g., pulse current, in which current values in a charge direction and a discharge direction are repeated alternately in a cycle ranging from 1 to 30 seconds.

Abstract: The charging method includes the steps of charging a battery pack, sensing voltage of the battery pack, calculating voltage change rate, detecting a first inflection point based on the voltage change rate so long as a voltage step is not detected, detecting a second inflection point based on the voltage change rate so long as a voltage step is not detected, and reducing current sent to the battery pack when both first and second inflection points have been detected.

Abstract: The invention relates to an apparatus for regulating the exciter current for a rotary-current generator. It has a voltage source, a rectifier, three phase windings, an evaluation unit, and a voltage regulator. The evaluation unit has three input terminals, and each of these input terminals is connected to one of the phase windings. The evaluation unit is intended for evaluating the phase voltages derived from the three phase windings, in order to detect error functions of the rectifier and/or of the phase windings. If such unauthorized work states are detected, then via the voltage regulator, the exciter current flowing through the exciter winding is reduced.

Abstract: A system is provided for supplying current to a dynamic load subject to transient current requirements. A sense unit coupled to the dynamic load is configured to sense the rate of change of supply current required by the dynamic load during a transient event. A current source coupled to the sense unit is configured to supply a current pulse to the dynamic load in response to the sense unit determining that the rate of change of supply current (di/dt) exceeds a predetermined threshold. The current pulse preferably has a shape characterized by a first region and a second region subsequent to the second region, wherein the first region includes a first boost current which exceeds the transient current requirement, and wherein the second region includes a second boost current which is less than the transient current requirement. More generally, a wideband transient suppression system is provided for controlling a wide spectrum of transients.

Abstract: A voltage stabilization circuit is configured between two signal lines. Each of the signal lines carries a signal, and an interference signal is superimposed on at least one of the signals. The voltage stabilization circuit includes an amplifier circuit that provides an anti-phase signal obtained as an amplified difference between the interference signal and a reference signal. The anti-phase signal has a phase that is opposite the phase of the interference signal. The configuration further includes a matching circuit, which is connected in series with the amplifier circuit, and which generates a compensation signal from the anti-phase signal and superimposes the compensation signal on the signal that is superimposed with the interference signal.

Abstract: An electronic device may include a circuit board, at least one load circuit carried by the circuit board, and a power distribution conductor carried by the circuit board and connected to the at least one load circuit. The electronic device may also include a multiphase switching regulator including a plurality of output stages connected to the power distribution conductor, and a controller for controlling the output stages based upon respective phase currents. The respective phase currents may be derived from corresponding voltage drops across the power distribution conductor and a matrix of resistivity values.

Abstract: This invention provides a switching power supply control circuit that can switch the output voltage with high precision and at high speed. The control circuit comprises an A/D converter 31 that generates a output voltage digital value D1 indicating the actual output Vo in response to clock signal CLK1, a reference voltage generating circuit 32 that generates a reference voltage digital value D2 that indicated the target value of the output voltage in response to clock signal CLK2, a subtracter 33 that compares the output voltage digital value D1 and reference voltage digital value D2 and generates an error voltage digital value D3 based thereupon, a latch circuit 34 that reads the error voltage digital value D3 in response to clock signal CLK3 and controls the operation of the switching circuit block 10 based thereupon and an arithmetic circuit 35.

Abstract: A synthetic ripple regulator for a DC—DC converter generates an auxiliary voltage waveform that effectively replicates the waveform ripple current through an output inductor, and uses the auxiliary voltage waveform to control toggling of a hysteretic comparator. In a non-limiting implementation, a transconductance amplifier monitors the voltage across the inductor, and supplies an inductor voltage-representative current to a ripple waveform capacitor, so as to produce the auxiliary voltage waveform. Using the replicated inductor current for ripple regulation results in low output ripple, input voltage feed forward, and simplified compensation.

Abstract: A current generator generates a non-linear output current whose temperature coefficient exhibits a prescribed non-linear-to-quasi-linear curvature when a control voltage range is restricted. This particular current characteristic enables a voltage reference employing the current generator for high-order curvature correction to produce an output voltage whose variation is extremely flat over its industry standard operational temperature range.

Abstract: The present invention provides a temperature-compensating reference voltage generator, including a temperature-compensating voltage divider, or variable voltage generator, for dividing an input reference voltage in order to generate a temperature-compensated output voltage. Preferably included, are a first differential amplifier for amplifying a voltage difference between a first reference voltage and a first feedback voltage in order to output an internal reference voltage, a first voltage divider for generating and outputting a first feedback voltage in response to the temperature-compensated voltage, the first voltage divider further including, two resistive elements for controlling a magnitude of reference voltage.

Abstract: A limiter circuit according to this invention includes a first differential amplifier, a first transistor to a base of which the output of the first differential amplifier is applied, a first feedback path, a first current source connected to the emitter of the first transistor, a second differential amplifier, a second transistor to a base of which the output of the second differential amplifier is applied, a second feedback path, a second current source connected to the emitter of the second transistor and a resistance connected between the emitter of the first transistor and the emitter of the second transistor.

Abstract: A combination metrology tool is disclosed for analyzing samples, and in particular semiconductor samples. The device includes a first measurement module for determining electrical characteristics of the sample. In general, such a measurement module will monitor voltage or capacitance characteristics to derive information such as carrier lifetimes, diffusion lengths and surface doping. The device also includes a second measurement module for determining compositional characteristics such as layer thickness, index of refraction and extinction coefficient. The second measurement module will include a light source for generating a probe beam which interacts with the sample. A detection system is provided for monitoring either the change in magnitude or polarization state of the probe beam. The output signals from both measurement modules are combined by a processor to more accurately evaluate the sample.

Abstract: A lightning detection and data acquisition system. A plurality of remote programmable sensor is utilized to detect cloud to ground and IC lightning strikes. Analog representations of the lightning strikes are converted to digital signals. The digital signals are classified according to user changeable criteria. The classified digital signals are compressed and optionally decimated. The compressed information is transmitted to a central location where it is decompressed and used to correlate the location, magnitude, and travel path of the detected lightning strikes.

Abstract: An original rectifier circuit is used to rectify an input signal and the input signal is coupled to be provided to a terminal of a amplifier. The amplifier is implemented to generate a differential output and the two terminals providing the differential output are coupled as inputs to a replica rectifier circuit, having electrical characteristics similar to the original rectifier circuit. One of the outputs of the amplifier provides a measure of the power of the input signal.

Abstract: A current detector for detecting or measuring an electric current includes two Hall effect devices each for generating a voltage proportional to magnetic field strength and two current path terminals for the inflow and outflow, respectively, of a current to be detected or measured.

Abstract: A device for measuring current in a line supplied by a voltage with noise includes a shunt mounted in series in the line, a floating shunt signal amplifier, a floating supply to supply the floating amplifier with a voltage that follows the supply voltage of the shunt, and a differential amplifier whose inputs are connected, on the one hand, to an input terminal of the shunt, and, on the other hand, to the output of the floating amplifier.

Abstract: A current sensing device and a residual current detection device are described having a temperature compensation capability so that residual current can be directly measured to a high degree of precision in the background of a high load current. The residual current device comprises a plurality of resistive shunts for connection in respective ones of a plurality of lines through which current can flow to and from a load, and a detector means sensitive to the voltage developed across each of the shunts to detect any imbalance between the currents flowing through the shunts.

Abstract: A high speed semiconductor test system is so designed that pin cards in a test head are arranged in radial directions where the DUT is placed over the center of the test head. Since each of the pin cards is arranged radially, the side which faces the center is close to the DUT, and time critical components in the pin card are formed in an area close to the side of that faces the center, thereby minimizing the round-trip-delay (RTD).Moreover, each pin card is distanced equally from the DUT. Thus, the variation in the length of path connecting between the pin card and the DUT is minimized, and accordingly, the variation in RTD is also minimized.

Abstract: A load board for connecting an RF integrated circuit device (“DUT”) to a tester for testing. The load board includes a PCB having a DUT side and a non-DUT side. The DUT is insertable to a socket on the DUT side. The non-DUT side is accessible to one or more RF connectors to which an RF cable is connectable. Each RF connector provides an RF connection to a tester. The PCB includes at least one aperture through which a coaxial connection may be made to a cable connected to one of the RF connectors. Each coaxial connection through each aperture is electrically coupled on the DUT side to the DUT socket and matched for a range of frequencies up to at least approximately 5 GHz, including the frequencies used in the IEEE 802.11a standard.

Abstract: Discloses methods to perform magnetic testing of tensioning elements in a pre-stressed concrete cylinder, such as a pipe or water reservoir and testing apparatus. The apparatus includes magnetic flux production means and detector means disposed proximal to a surface of the cylinder in a plane in common with the magnetic flux production means that is orthogonal to an axis of the cylinder. The apparatus operates over a range of low frequency signals, for example, between 20 and 300 hertz or a pulse. Output of the inspection apparatus includes a signal and distance plot showing the results of testing a cylinder at one or more frequencies. In accordance with another method of analysis, a characteristic of the phase of the output over distance is plotted, including the phase or representations of the in-phase or quadrature components of the received signal in relation to the driving signal.