Abstract: A semiconductor memory having a multitude of memory cells (21-1), the semiconductor memory having a substrate (1), at least one wordline (5-1), a first (15-1) and a second line (15-2; 16-1), wherein each of the multitude of memory cells (21-1) comprises a first doping region (6) disposed in the substrate (1), a second doping region (7) disposed in the substrate (1), a channel region (22) disposed in the substrate (1) between the first doping region (6) and the second doping region (7), a charge-trapping layer stack (2) disposed on the substrate (1), on the channel region (22), on a portion of the first doping region (6) and on a portion of the second doping region (7). Each memory cell (21-1) further comprises a conductive layer (3) disposed on the charge-trapping layer stack (2), wherein the conductive layer (3) is electrically floating. A dielectric layer (4) is disposed on a top surface of the conductive layer (3) and on sidewalls (23) of the conductive layer (3).

Abstract: A memory cell with one MOS transistor formed in a floating body region isolated on its lower surface by a junction. A region of the same conductivity type as the floating body region but more heavily doped than said region is arranged under the drain region of the MOS transistor.

Abstract: A semiconductor device with a stack type capacitor having a lower electrode formed of an aluminum-doped metal, and a manufacturing method thereof are provided. The semiconductor device includes: a semiconductor substrate having a gate structure and an active region; an interlayer dielectric film formed on the active region; a lower electrode formed of a metal containing aluminum on the interlayer dielectric film; a dielectric layer formed on the lower electrode; an upper electrode formed on the dielectric layer; and a plug formed in the interlayer dielectric film to electrically connect the active region with the lower electrode.

Abstract: A P-N junction device and method of forming the same are disclosed. The P-N junction device may include a P-N diode, a PiN diode or a thyristor. The P-N junction device may have a monocrystalline or polycrystalline raised anode. In one embodiment, the P-N junction device results in a raised polycrystalline silicon germanium (SiGe) anode. In another embodiment, the P-N junction device includes a first terminal (anode) including a semiconductor layer positioned above an upper surface of a substrate and a remaining structure positioned in the substrate, the first terminal positioned over an opening in an isolation region; and a second terminal (cathode contact) positioned over the opening in the isolation region adjacent the first terminal. This latter embodiment reduces parasitic resistance and capacitance, and decreases the required size of a cathode implant area since the cathode contact is within the same STI opening as the anode.

Abstract: A semiconductor device and its manufacture method wherein the semiconductor substrate has first and second insulating films, the first insulating film being an insulating film other than a silicon nitride film formed at least on a side wall of a conductive pattern including at least one layer of metal or metal silicide, and the second insulating film being a silicon nitride film formed to cover the first insulating film and the upper surface and side wall of the conductive pattern. The first insulating film may be formed to cover the upper surface and side wall of the conductive pattern. A semiconductor device and its manufacture method are provided which can realize high integrated DRAMs of 256 M or larger without degrading reliability and stability.

Abstract: An embodiment of the semiconductor device includes a semiconductor substrate having at least one cell region and a peripheral circuit region. An interlayer insulating layer is disposed on the semiconductor substrate. Storage node electrodes are disposed on the interlayer insulating layer of the cell region. An upper electrode is disposed to cover the substrate having the storage node electrodes, and has at least one opening exposing a predetermined portion of the peripheral circuit region. A planarized insulating layer is disposed over the upper electrode. Contact plugs are disposed to penetrate the planarized insulating layer, at least one opening of the upper electrode, and the interlayer insulating layer to be electrically connected to the semiconductor substrate.

Abstract: A nonvolatile memory semiconductor device and a method for manufacturing thereof are provided to avoid deterioration of the tunnel insulating film to increase frequency of writing data on the nonvolatile memory semiconductor device and erasing thereof. Concentration of atomic nitrogen in a tunnel insulating film 151 of a nonvolatile memory semiconductor device 1 is 0.1 to 5 atomic %. In addition, larger amount of atomic nitrogen in the tunnel insulating film 151 is distributed primarily in the interface layer of the tunnel insulating film 151, and concentration of atomic nitrogen in the interface layer is 10 times or more higher than concentration of atomic nitrogen in other portion of the tunnel insulating film 151. Further, density per unit area of atomic nitrogen in the surface of the tunnel insulating film 151 contacting with the floating gate is equal to or lower than 4×1014 atoms/cm2.

Abstract: A non-volatile memory device comprises a floating gate formed across an active region of a semiconductor substrate, and a control gate electrode formed over the floating gate. An insulation pattern is formed between the floating gate and the active region such that the insulation pattern makes contact with a bottom edge and a sidewall of the floating gate.

Abstract: An EEPROM flash memory device having a floating gate electrode enabling a reduced erase voltage and method for forming the same, the floating gate electrode including an outer edge portion comprising multiple charge transfer pointed tips.

Abstract: Double gate transistors (12, 13) having different bottom gate dielectric thicknesses are formed on a first wafer (101) by forming a first gate dielectric layer (107); removing part of the first gate dielectric layer (107) from a first area (60); forming a second gate dielectric layer (108) to obtain a thinner bottom gate dielectric layer (150) over the first area (60) and a thicker bottom gate dielectric layer (151) over the second area (70); and forming a planar bottom gate layer (109) over first and second gate dielectric layers. After inverting and bonding the first wafer (101) to a second wafer (103), the bottom gate electrodes (109-2, 109-3), bottom gate dielectric layers (107, 108) and channel regions (203-2, 203-3) for the first and second double gate transistors (12, 13) are selectively etched prior to formation of the top gate structures.

Abstract: The invention is directed to a flash memory comprising a first source/drain region, a second source/drain region, a first floating gate, a second floating gate, a lightly doped region and a control gate. The first source/drain region and the second source/drain region are located in the substrate and apart from each other. The first floating gate and the second floating gate are isolated from each other and are located on the substrate between the first and the second source/drain regions, wherein the first floating gate is close to the first source/drain region and the second floating gate is close to the second source/drain region. The lightly doped region is located in the substrate between the first and the second floating gates. Also, the control gate is located over the substrate and isolated from the first and the second floating gates.

Abstract: A semiconductor device includes: a silicon substrate, having a main surface, in which trenches are formed; element isolation oxide films filling in trenches; a tunnel oxide film, formed on main surface located between element isolation oxide film and element isolation oxide film, having birds beak portions in birds beak forms that bring into contact with element isolation oxide film and element isolation oxide film, respectively; and a polysilicon film, formed on tunnel oxide film, having a thickness exceeding 0 and being less than 50 nm in an intermediate portion between element isolation oxide film and element isolation oxide film, and being thinner than the above thickness on birds beak portions. Thereby, it is possible to provide a semiconductor device wherein birds beaks are formed in the gate insulating film so as to have the desired dimensions and wherein the gate insulating film has excellent electrical characteristics.

Abstract: In a non-volatile memory device and methods of forming and operating the same, one memory transistor includes sidewall selection gates covering both sidewalls of a floating gate when the floating gate and a control gate are stacked. The sidewall selection gates are in a spacer form. Since the sidewall selection gates are in a spacer form on the sidewall of the floating gate, the degree of integration of cells can be improved. Additionally, since the side wall selection gates are disposed on both sidewalls of the floating gate, a voltage applied from a bit line and a common source line can be controlled and thus conventional writing/erasing errors can be prevented. Therefore, distribution of threshold voltage can be improved.

Abstract: In a semiconductor device and a method of manufacturing the semiconductor device, preliminary isolation regions having protruded upper portions are formed on a substrate to define an active region. After an insulation layer is formed on the active region, a first conductive layer is formed on the insulation layer. The protruded upper portions of the preliminary isolation regions are removed to form isolation regions on the substrate and to expose sidewalls of the first conductive layer, and compensation members are formed on edge portions of the insulation layer. The compensation members may complement the edge portions of the insulation layer that have thicknesses substantially thinner than that of a center portion of the insulation layer, and may prevent deterioration of the insulation layer. Furthermore, the first conductive layer having a width substantially greater than that of the active region may enhance a coupling ratio of the semiconductor device.

Abstract: A programmable non-volatile memory (PNVM) device and method of forming the same compatible with CMOS logic device processes to improve a process flow, the PNVM device including a semiconductor substrate active area; a gate dielectric on the active area; a floating gate electrode on the gate dielectric; an inter-gate dielectric disposed over the floating gate electrode; and, a control gate damascene electrode extending through a dielectric insulating layer in electrical communication with the inter-gate dielectric, the control gate damascene electrode disposed over an upper portion of the floating gate electrode.

Abstract: A nonvolatile memory device and a method for fabricating the nonvolatile memory device are disclosed. The method comprises forming a device isolation pattern comprising a first opening and a second opening wider than the first opening, wherein the first opening is formed in the second opening; and forming a gate insulating layer on a first portion of an active region of the substrate, wherein the first opening exposes the first portion of the active region of the substrate. The method further comprises forming a first conductive layer in the first and second openings and on the gate insulating layer, partially etching the first conductive layer to form a U-shaped floating gate electrode, forming a gate interlayer insulating layer on the U-shaped floating gate electrode, forming a second conductive layer on the gate interlayer insulating layer and the device isolation pattern, and patterning the second conductive layer.

Abstract: The object is simplification of a manufacturing process for nonvolatile memory by reducing additional processes for forming a charge storage structure, and downsizing of nonvolatile memory.

Abstract: A semiconductor device having: a semiconductor layer; an interlayer dielectric formed on the semiconductor layer; a buffer layer formed on the interlayer dielectric; and an electrode pad formed on the interlayer dielectric, the buffer layer being formed to be covered by an edge portion of at least part of the electrode pad when viewed from a top side.

Abstract: In a vertical-type metal insulator field effect transistor device having a first conductivity type drain region layer, a plurality of second conductivity type base regions are produced and arranged in the first conductivity type drain region layer, and a first conductivity type source region is produced in each of the second conductivity type base regions. Both a gate insulating layer and a gate electrode layer are formed on the first conductivity type drain region layer such that a plurality of unit transistor cells are produced in conjunction with the second conductivity type base regions and the first conductivity type source regions, and each of the unit transistor cells includes respective span portions of the gate insulating layer and the gate electrode layer, which bridge a space between the first conductivity type source regions formed in two adjacent second conductivity base regions.

Abstract: In one embodiment, a lateral FET cell is formed in a body of semiconductor material. The lateral FET cell includes a super junction structure formed in a drift region between a drain contact and a body region. The super junction structure includes a plurality of spaced apart filled trenches bounding in part a multiplicity of striped doped regions having opposite or alternating conductivity types.

Abstract: A semiconductor device comprises a semiconductor substrate having a gate trench formed therein. A gate electrode is formed on a gate insulator in the gate trench. The gate electrode has ends close to the bottom of the gate trench, which are separated in a direction perpendicular to both sides of the gate trench, and portions except the separated ends, at least part of which is made higher in conductivity than other parts.

Abstract: A power semiconductor device which includes gate liners extending along gate insulation liners and an insulation block spacing the two gate liners.

Abstract: A semiconductor component having a semiconductor body is disclosed. In one embodiment, the semiconductor component includes a drift zone of a first conductivity type, a drift control zone composed of a semiconductor material which is arranged adjacent to the drift zone at least in places, a dielectric which is arranged between the drift zone and the drift control zone at least in places. A quotient of the net dopant charge of the drift control zone, in an area adjacent to the accumulation dielectric and the drift zone, divided by the area of the dielectric arranged between the drift control zone and the drift zone is less than the breakdown charge of the semiconductor material in the drift control zone.

Abstract: The present invention provides a MOSFET having a low on-state resistance and a high withstand voltage as well as a small output capacitance (C(gd), etc.). The MOSFET has a p-type base layer 4 and a n-type source layer 5 selectively formed on the surface of the p-type base layer 4. A n-type drain layer 7 is formed in a position apart from the p-type base layer 4. On the surface of the region between the p-type base layer 4 and the n-type drain layer 7, a n-type drift semiconductor layer 12 and a p-type drift semiconductor layer 13 are alternately arranged from the p-type base layer 4 to the n-type drain layer 7. Further, in the region between the n-type source layer 5 and the n-type drain layer 7, a gate electrode 15 is formed via a gate insulating film 14.

Abstract: In view of micronizing semiconductor device and of suppressing current leakage in a shared contact allowing contact between a gate electrode and an impurity-diffused region, a semiconductor device 100 includes a first gate electrode 108, a fourth source/drain region 114b, and a shared contact electrically connecting the both, wherein in a section taken along the gate length direction, the first gate electrode 108 and the fourth source/drain region 114b are disposed as being apart from each other, an element-isolating insulating film 102 is formed over the entire surface of a semiconductor substrate 160 exposed therebetween, and the distance between the first gate electrode 108 and the fourth source/drain region 114b is made substantially equal to the width of the sidewall formed on the side face of the first gate electrode 108, when viewed in another section taken along the gate length direction.

Abstract: An integrated circuit device (for example, logic or discrete memory device) including a memory cell including an electrically floating body transistor, wherein the electrically floating body transistor includes a source region, a drain region, a body region disposed between the source region and the drain region, wherein the body region is electrically floating, and a gate disposed over the body region. The memory cell includes (i) a first data state which is representative of a first charge in the body region of the electrically floating body transistor, and (ii) a second data state which is representative of a second charge in the body region of the electrically floating body transistor.

Abstract: In a method of measuring a surface voltage of an insulating layer, the number of times that surface voltages are measured in a depletion region increases so that precise data about the depletion region may be obtained. The number of times that the surface voltages are measured in an accumulation region and an inversion region decreases so that the data about the depletion region may be rapidly obtained.

Abstract: An asymmetry thin-film transistor includes a substrate, a semiconductor layer positioned on the substrate, and a gate positioned on the substrate. The semiconductor layer has a channel region, a single lightly doped region and a first heavily doped region positioned at a side of the channel region, and a second heavily doped region positioned at the other side of the channel region. The semiconductor layer has a central line extending through the semiconductor layer and the substrate, the first heavily doped region and the second heavily doped region have equal lengths and are symmetric with respect to the central line of the semiconductor layer, and the gate is asymmetric with respect to the central line of the semiconductor layer. There is no lightly doped region in between the channel region and the second heavily doped region.

Abstract: The present invention provides an MOSFET having a semiconductor substrate, an insulating layer provided on the semiconductor substrate, and an SOI layer provided on the insulating layer. A source region and a drain region are provided in the SOI layer. A non-doped region is provided at a position interposed between the source region and the drain region in the SOI layer. A gate electrode is provided over the SOI layer through a gate insulating film interposed therebetween. The drain region is provided at a position offset from the gate electrode, the source region is provided at a position where it overlaps with the gate electrode, and the offset length of drain region ranges from over 10 nm to under 75 nm.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a thin film transistor substrate comprising: an insulating substrate; a source electrode and a drain electrode which are formed on the insulating substrate and separated from each other and have a channel area therebetween; a wall exposing at least portions of the source electrode and the drain electrode, respectively, encompassing the channel area, and formed of fluoropolymer; and an organic semiconductor layer formed inside the wall. Thus, the present invention provides a TFT substrate where an organic semiconductor layer is planarized. Further, the present invention also provides a method of making a TFT substrate of which an organic semiconductor layer is planarized.

Abstract: Various embodiments are directed to different methods and systems relating to design and implementation of memory cells such as, for example, static random access memory (SRAM) cells. In one embodiment, a memory cell may include a first layer of conductive material and a second layer of conductive material. The first layer may include a first gate region and a first interconnect region, and the second layer of conductive material may include a second gate region and a second interconnect region. It will be appreciated that the various techniques described herein for using multiple layers of conductive material to form interconnect regions and/or gate regions of memory cells provides extra degrees of freedom in fine tuning memory cell parameters such as, for example, oxide thickness, threshold voltage, maximum allowed gate voltage, etc.

Abstract: A fin field effect transistor (FinFET) gate comprises a semiconductor wafer; a gate dielectric layer over the semiconductor wafer; a conductive material on the gate dielectric layer; an activated carbon nanotube on a surface of the conductive material; and a plated metal layer on the activated carbon nanotube. Preferably, the carbon nanotube is on a sidewall of the conductive material. The conductive material comprises a first metal layer over the gate dielectric layer, wherein the first metal layer acts as a catalyst for growing the carbon nanotube, wherein the first metal layer is preferably in a range of 1-10 nm in thickness. The semiconductor wafer may comprise a silicon on insulator wafer. The FinFET gate may further comprise a second metal layer disposed between the first metal layer and the gate dielectric layer.

Abstract: A novel system for protecting one or more circuits during a dose rate event is presented. A clamping circuit is utilized that outputs a voltage signal that may be used to control prevent circuits from receiving input signals during a dose rate event. The clamping circuit comprises a photocurrent generating device that creates a current as a function of dose rate event strength. This current is used to control a grounding switch, which pulls the clamping circuit output to ground when a substantial current is created by the photocurrent generating device. The clamping circuit output may control a coupling switch that permits external input signal current flow when the clamping circuit output is above a threshold voltage level, and may prevent current flow when the output is grounded. The photocurrent generating device may be a PMOS device, while the coupling switch and clamping switch may be realized by NMOS devices.

Abstract: Disclosed are a transistor and a method for forming the same. The present transistor comprises: a groove formed in a semiconductor substrate; a couple of first sidewall spacers formed in inner sidewalls of the groove, protruding over the substrate; a gate electrode formed between the first sidewall spacers; a gate insulating layer interposed between the gate electrode and the substrate; and source and drain regions formed in the substrate beside the groove.

Abstract: A first transistor includes a first channel region of a first conductivity type located at a first surface region of a semiconductor substrate, a first gate dielectric which includes a first HfO2 layer located over the first channel region, and a first gate located over the first gate dielectric. The first gate includes a first polysilicon layer doped with an impurity of the first conductivity type. The second transistor includes a second channel region of a second conductivity type located at a second surface region of the semiconductor substrate, a second gate dielectric which includes a second HfO2 layer and an Al2O3 layer located over the second channel region, and a second gate located over the second gate dielectric. The second gate includes a second polysilicon layer doped with an impurity of the second conductivity type, and the second conductivity type is opposite the first conductivity type.

Abstract: A semiconductor device has an n channel conductivity type field effect transistor having a channel formation region formed in a first region on one main surface of a semiconductor substrate and a p channel conductivity type field effect transistor having a channel formation region formed in a second region on the main surface of the semiconductor substrate, which second region is different from the first region. An internal stress generated in the channel formation region of the n channel conductivity type field effect transistor is different from an internal stress generated in the channel formation region of the p channel conductivity type field effect transistor. The internal stress generated in the channel formation region of the n channel conductivity type field effect transistor is a tensile stress, while the internal stress generated in the channel formation region of the p channel conductivity type field effect transistor is a compressive stress.

Abstract: Provided is a method capable of forming a polycrystalline silicon resistor with preferable ratio accuracy so as to design a resistor circuit with high accuracy. In the method, a length of a low concentration impurity region constituting the polycrystalline silicon resistor in a longitudinal direction is varied in accordance with an occupying area of a metal portion overlapping the low concentration impurity region, thereby correcting a variation in resistance without varying an external shape and the occupying area of the resistor.

Abstract: A semiconductor device including an n-channel MISFET including source/drain regions 38 formed in a semiconductor substrate 10 with a channel region between them, and a gate electrode 44 of a metal silicide formed over the channel region with a gate insulating film 12 interposed therebetween; and an insulating film 46 formed over the gate electrode 44 from side walls of the gate electrode 44 to an upper surface of the gate electrode 44, having a tensile stress from 1.0 to 2.0 GPa and applying the tensile stress to the channel region.

Abstract: In a first aspect, there is provided a field effect transistor comprising a gate having a modified shape having sharply defined geometric patterns or indents of a dimension that creates de Broglie wave interference. According to a second aspect of the present invention, there is provided a spin transistor comprising a first region defining an emitter, a second region defining a semiconductor base, and a third region defining a collector, wherein: the emitter includes a spin polarizer for spin-polarizing charge carriers to be injected from the emitter to the base; and the collector includes a spin filter for spin-filtering charge carriers received at the collector from the base; characterized in that the emitter further includes a tunneling barrier arranged to tunnel inject the spin-polarized charge carriers into the semiconductor base having a modified shape comprising sharply defined geometric patterns or indents of a dimension that creates de Broglie wave interference.

Abstract: A semiconductor device and method of manufacturing the semiconductor device are provided. The semiconductor device may include a semiconductor substrate, a gate insulation layer and a gate electrode, a first spacer, a second spacer, an epitaxial pattern, and/or source/drain regions. The gate insulation layer and the gate electrode may be formed on the semiconductor substrate. The first spacer may be formed on sidewalls of the gate electrode. The second spacer may be formed on sidewalls of the first spacer. The epitaxial pattern may be formed between the second spacer and the semiconductor substrate such that an outside profile of the epitaxial pattern is aligned with an outside profile of the second spacer. The source/drain regions may include primary source/drain regions that are aligned with the first spacer. The primary source/drain regions may be formed in the epitaxial pattern and the semiconductor substrate.

Abstract: A protruding spacer that protrudes above the top surface of a gate electrode structure provides enhanced resistance to exposure of the gate electrode during the etch process used to form self-aligned contacts. The protruding spacer may be formed using an amorphous carbon sacrificial layer as the top layer of the patterned gate electrode structure. Dielectric spacers are formed alongside the gate electrode structure, including alongside the sacrificial amorphous carbon layer. The dielectric spacers extend substantially to the top of the amorphous carbon layer. The amorphous carbon layer is then removed such that the remaining gate structure includes dielectric spacers that have a protruding section that protrudes above the top surface of the remaining gate structure. A nitride layer may be formed over the gate structure. Such a structure prevents exposure of the gate electrode during the formation of self-aligned contacts, and shorting, once the contact openings are filled.

Abstract: A MOSFET comprising a fully germano-silicided gate electrode having a high work function is disclosed. This gate electrode is formed by a self-aligned reaction process between a silicidation metal and a semiconductor material comprising silicon and germanium. Preferably, the fully germano-silicided gate is formed by a reaction between nickel and SiGe. The work function of the fully germano-silicided gate electrode can be tuned.

Abstract: A first surface is bonded to a second surface. The first surface and the second surface are plasma treated. Only the first surface is wet treated. The first surface and the second surface are joined together to bond the first surface to the second surface.

Abstract: A MEMS pixel sensor is provided with a thin-film mechanical device having a mechanical body, with a mechanical state responsive to a proximate environment. A thin-film electronic device converts the mechanical state into electrical signals. A pixel interface supplies power to the electronic device and transceives electrical signals. The sensor is able to operate dynamically, in real-time. For example, if the mechanical device undergoes a sequence of mechanical states at a corresponding plurality of times, the electronic device is able to supply a sequence of electrical signals to the pixel interface that are responsive to the sequence of mechanical states, at the plurality of times. Each MEMS pixel sensor may include a number of mechanical devices, and corresponding electronic devices, to provide redundancy or to measure a broadband response range.

Abstract: A method of producing a solid-state image sensing device comprising a photoelectric conversion layer, the method comprising: laminating a first epitaxial layer on a semiconductor substrate; forming a part of the photoelectric conversion layer in the first epitaxial layer; forming a second epitaxial layer by epitaxial growth on the first epitaxial layer; and forming the remaining part of the photoelectric conversion layer in the second epitaxial layer to connect the remaining part of the photoelectric conversion layer to the part of the photoelectric conversion layer in the first epitaxial layer.

Abstract: A photodetector for detecting megavoltage (MV) radiation comprises a semiconductor conversion layer having a first surface and a second surface disposed opposite the first surface, a first electrode coupled to the first surface, a second electrode coupled to the second surface, and a low density substrate including a detector array coupled to the second electrode opposite the semiconductor conversion layer. The photodetector includes a sufficient thickness of a high density material to create a sufficient number of photoelectrons from incident MV radiation, so that the photoelectrons can be received by the conversion layer and converted to a sufficient of recharge carriers for detection by the detector array.

Abstract: A CMOS image sensor includes a field isolation film defining first, second, and third active fields in a substrate having a first conductivity type, a photodiode region in the first active field, the photodiode region having a second conductivity type opposite the first conductivity type, and a floating diffusion region of the second conductivity type in the second active field. A source follower gate is conductively connected with the floating diffusion region and intersects the second active field. First and second source/drain regions of the second conductivity type are provided in the second active field at opposite sides of the source follower gate, and a pickup region is disposed in the third active field. The third active field may be adjacent a portion of the second active field where the first source/drain region or the second source/drain region is located, and the floating diffusion region may be isolated from the first and second source/drain regions.

Abstract: In one embodiment, a lateral FET cell is formed in a body of semiconductor material. The lateral FET cell includes a super junction structure formed in a drift region between a drain contact and a body region. The super junction structure includes a plurality of spaced apart filled trenches having doped regions of opposite or alternating conductivity types surrounding the trenches.

Abstract: The invention includes methods of forming trench isolation in the fabrication of integrated circuitry, methods of fabricating integrated circuitry including memory circuitry, and integrated circuitry such as memory integrated circuitry.

Abstract: A small critical dimension element, such as a heater for an ovonic unified memory, may be formed within a pore by using successive sidewall spacers. The use of at least two successive spacers enables the limitations imposed by lithography and the limitations imposed by bread loafing to be overcome to provide reduced critical dimension elements.