Abstract: A charging circuit for a bridge tied load (BTL) including an amplifier and a load driven by the amplifier according to a voice signal and a reference voltage stored in a reference capacitor. The charging circuit comprises a power supply and a comparison unit. The power supply provides one of a first voltage and a second voltage to the reference capacitor according to a control signal. The reference voltage is generated by the reference capacitor according to the first voltage and the second voltage. The comparison unit deactivates the control signal and provides the first voltage to the reference capacitor when the reference voltage is less than a first predetermined value. The comparison unit activates the control signal and provides the second voltage to the reference capacitor when the reference voltage is less than a second predetermined value and exceeds or equals the first predetermined value.

Abstract: A highly efficient power supply, a method for supplying power, and a method for arranging a power supply, for a UHF or microwave radio frequency amplifier intended for operation with a signal that has a power level which varies at a high frequency rate. The power supply has an output for connecting to a power supply input of the radio frequency power amplifier and includes a high rate controllable voltage supply employing electronic linear devices connected to the output, an element for quantifying power dissipated by the electronic linear devices and a low rate controllable current supply connected to the output. Preferably, the current supply is a substantially constant current supply at the frequency of the radio frequency signal. Preferably, the controllable voltage supply has a control input and is arranged to be controlled for outputting a voltage that is a function of the high frequency power variation.

Abstract: An electronic class-D amplifier with intrinsically low distortion employing modulation of the slopes of a triangular-wave carrier reference signal; the modulation being in proportion to the derivative of the input signal. The negation of the distortion is most successful if this derivative signal is shifted in phase and gain to compensate for the closed loop phase and gain of the amplifier. The amplifier includes a pulse width modulator which includes an oscillator (5) with at least one integrator and a first comparator (6), at least one servo-loop amplifier (3), an input signal processor (4) which processes and modifies the input amplifier signal. An output signal of the oscillator produces a carrier reference signal (13) which includes at least positive and negative time derivative components, which are modulated by an output of the input signal processor (4) which is applied to a modulation input of the oscillator (5), whereby at least the symmetry of the carrier reference signal is modulated.

Abstract: A dynamic bias circuit for an RF amplifier is provided to overcome the drawbacks of conventional bias circuits. The dynamic bias circuit of the present invention is best used for an RF amplifier having an FET amplifying transistor. It automatically raises the DC bias point as the input power increases. As a result, the saturation of output power in the pinch-off region can be avoided. This dynamic bias circuit not only improves the operating characteristics of the RF amplifier, such as high operating efficiency and high-linearity output power, but also consumes zero power in its internal circuitry. Furthermore, it has a simple circuit structure with very few circuit components and a reduced chip area. It can thus be easily integrated into an amplifier to achieve a cost reduction.

Abstract: A circuit configured to be programmed using a resistor includes an output terminal, a reference voltage source, a first circuit, and a current mirror arrangement. The output terminal is configured to be connected to a programming resistor. The reference voltage source is configured to generate a reference voltage on the output terminal. The measurement and evaluation circuit is configured to detect an output current on the output terminal, and to generate a control signal which is dependent on the output current. The current mirror arrangement is coupled to an output current path containing the output terminal and provides a reference current which is dependent on the output current and the control signal.

Abstract: Method and apparatus are provided for protecting radio frequency (RF) power amplifiers. A circuit (10) is provided for limiting a supply current to a first stage (Q3) of the RF power amplifier having a second stage (Q2) coupled to the first stage. The circuit comprises a comparator (14) having first and second inputs and an output, and a switching circuit (12, 20, 22, 24) having an input coupled to the output of the comparator (14) and having an output configured to couple to the first stage (Q3). The first input of the comparator (14) is configured to receive the supply current, and the second input is configured to receive a current supplied to the second stage (Q2). The comparator (14) is configured to compare a ratio of the supply current to the first stage to the current supplied to the second stage (Q2) with a predetermined value. The switching circuit (12, 20, 22, 24) is configured to limit the supply current to the first stage (Q3) when the ratio exceeds the predetermined value.

Abstract: In one embodiment, the present invention includes an amplifier having a transistor stage coupled between a supply voltage and a bias current. The transistor stage has an input to receive a radio frequency (RF) input signal obtained from an antenna. The amplifier has an input impedance that is unmatched to a source impedance of the antenna. In some embodiments, this unmatched input impedance may be substantially greater than the source impedance, and may further be controlled based on a strength of the RF input signal.

Abstract: An oscillator includes a first oscillator ring with a number of cascaded inverting delay stages and a second oscillator ring with a number of cascaded inverting delay stages. The ring oscillator also includes a number of inverter pairs which each consists of a first inverter and a second inverter, an input of the first inverter being connected with an output of the second inverter and an input of the second inverter being connected with an output of the first inverter. Each inverter pair connects a node of the first oscillator ring with a node of the second oscillator ring. Since phase noise in an oscillator is dominated by the ratio of the power in the edges of the oscillator signal versus the voltage noise that affects the delay of one oscillator stage, essentially all the consumed power is used for the switching process, implementing very steep edges of the oscillator signal.

Abstract: A self oscillation system capable of eliminating interference is provided. The self oscillation system comprises a plurality of channel oscillation circuits and a plurality of eliminators. The plurality of channel oscillation circuits generates a plurality of channel oscillation signals according to a plurality of channel input signals. The plurality of eliminators respectively coupled to two of the plurality of channel oscillation circuits eliminates cross talk.

Abstract: Methods and apparatuses for testing a calibrated VCO to determine whether the VCO has adequate fine frequency tuning capability. A range of coarse frequency tuning calibration settings are determined from coarse frequency tuning calibration settings obtained during a coarse frequency tuning calibration process. A determination is then made as to whether a fine frequency tuning capability of the VCO is adequate based on the determined range of coarse frequency tuning calibration settings.

Abstract: A self-adjusting clock generator is disclosed. The self-adjusting clock generator comprises a voltage control oscillator for generating a frequency output, a frequency to voltage converter for converting the frequency output into a voltage output, and a comparator for comparing the voltage output with a reference voltage in order to produce a comparison voltage. The produced comparison voltage is provided as feedback to the voltage control oscillator such that the frequency output generated by the voltage control oscillator is adjusted, based on the comparison voltage, to converge into a stable frequency output.

Abstract: An integrated circuit device comprises internally on-chip an oscillator with a signal output. The device has a reference clock input, a first counter with a count input, a control input and a counter output, a second counter with a count input, a control input and an overflow indication output, and a test control logic circuit. The count input of the first counter is connected to the signal output of the oscillator. The count input of the second counter is connected to the reference clock input. The overflow indication output of the second counter is connected to an input of the test control logic circuit. The test control circuit has an output connected to the control input of the first counter to apply a stop counting control signal to the first counter after it has received an overflow indication signal from the second counter. The first counter after it has received a stop counting control signal provides a count at the counter output which is indicative of the output frequency of the oscillator.

Abstract: In a communication semiconductor integrated circuit device, an oscillator (VCO 10) of a PLL circuit can operate in a plurality of frequency bands. With a control voltage (Vc) of the oscillator fixed to a predetermined value (VDC), an oscillation frequency of the oscillator is measured for each band to be stored in a storage (18). When the PLL operates, a setting value to specify a band is compared with the measured frequency values stored in the storage. As a result of the comparison, a band to be actually used by the oscillator is determined.

Abstract: An embodiment pertains to a phase locked loop (PLL) circuit. The PLL includes a voltage controlled oscillator which outputs a signal at a desired frequency. A phase detector is coupled to an output from the voltage controlled oscillator. The phase detector compares the phase of a signal output from the voltage controlled oscillator (VCO) with the phase of a reference signal. A loop filter is coupled to the VCO and the phase detector. The loop filter has a locking mode of operation for locking the phase of the VCO signal to the phase of the reference signal. The loop filter can subsequently be placed in a tracking mode of operation which adjusts the phase of the VCO signal to track the phase of the reference signal.

Abstract: The present invention provides a signal transmission device in which jitter occurring in a clock signal is eliminated. The signal transmission device has a construction in which a transmission end IC chip provided with a transmission part of a data signal and a reception end IC chip provided with a reception part of the data signal, the transmission part and the reception part are connected via a data signal transmission line, an oscillator that outputs a clock signal to the transmission part is connected with the transmission end IC chip, a clock signal transmission line is provided which leads the clock signal output from the oscillator to the reception part, and a SAW filter is arranged in the clock signal transmission line.

Abstract: A three dimensional (3D) monolithic integrated circuit (MMIC) balun and methods of making the same are provided. A primary spiral winding is spaced apart from a secondary primary winding by a gap in a substantially aligned stacked configuration forming a balun. The gap medium can be a low dielectric constant material if employing a multi-metal process or air if employing a wafer level packaging process.

Abstract: An apparatus in one example has: a substrate having a microstrip line; a capacitor at a predetermined location along the microstrip line, the capacitor producing a discontinuity; and a ground plane assembly on the substrate, the ground plane assembly having an opening that compensates for the discontinuity of the capacitor.

Abstract: A conductor configuration and a power flow of an electric power transmission line set is determined at a location along the line set, and positions in a substantially planar area that is transverse to the line set are determined where a predetermined change in the power flow results in a maximum change in the magnetic field at the positions. A system for monitoring power flow includes a plurality of magnetic field monitors placed at the selected positions, and a central processing facility for communicating the power flow to an end user. A method for monitoring power flow includes selecting positions for placement of a plurality of magnetic field monitors, placing the monitors, determining a power flow, and communicating the power flow to an end user.

Abstract: A resonator is connected in parallel to at least one serial-arm-connected resonator in a resonator type filter having a serial arm and a parallel arm. At this time, the resonance frequency of the resonator connected in parallel is set to be substantially the same as the resonance frequency of the parallel-arm-connected resonator. This makes it possible to prevent the deterioration of attenuation levels at the lower-frequency side of the filter, caused by an increase in the resistance of a connection element due to an increase in packaging density.

Abstract: Dielectrics fixed on holders respectively provided at semi-coaxial cavity resonator stages are movably inserted through an outer conductor. The holders projecting out of the outer conductor are coupled to a coupling member, and the coupling member is directed to slide or turn, so that distances between the dielectrics and the inner conductors of the resonators are varied, and accordingly frequencies of the resonators are varied at the same time. Accordingly, there is provided a tunable filter that avoids an increase in insertion loss, is high-power resistant, does not cause intermodulation, and allows a center frequency of the filter to be varied steplessly and quickly.

Abstract: Telerobotic systems with integrated high frequency feedback to enhance users' telerobotic experience are provided. The controller of the telerobotic system is characterized by combining high frequency information with low frequency position or velocity information. The controller is useful for teleoperations with delay and no-delay between the communication channels of the master and slave device.

Abstract: A MEMS resonator, a method for manufacturing thereof, and a filter are provided in which a first-order oscillation mode can be used and an S/N ratio of an output signal can be improved. Further, a communication apparatus of high reliability using the filter is provided. A MEMS resonator of the present invention includes an output electrode, a beam capable of oscillating disposed on an input side to face the output electrode and an input electrode, in which the output electrode and the input electrode 27 are separated from the beam in terms of DC. A filter of the present invention includes the above-described MEMS resonator. A communication apparatus of the present invention includes a filter to limit a band of a transmission signal and/or reception signal, and the above-described filter according to the present invention is used as the filter.

Abstract: There are many inventions described and illustrated herein, as well as many aspects and embodiments of those inventions. In one aspect, the present invention is directed to one or more microelectromechanical ring resonator structures having a circular or substantially circular outer surface and a circular or substantially circular inner surface. The microelectromechanical ring resonator(s) include an anchor support element having an impedance matching structure coupled to at least one substrate anchor. The impedance matching structure may be a beam, having a predetermined length, which couples the ring resonator(s) to substrate anchor. In one embodiment, the impedance matching structure operates in a bulk-elongation mode. In another embodiment, the impedance matching structure operates in a flexure mode. In operation, when induced, the microelectromechanical ring resonator structure oscillates in an elongating/compressing or breathing mode (or in a primarily or substantially elongating or breathing mode).

Abstract: In a balanced type surface acoustic wave filter, a first longitudinally coupled resonator-type surface acoustic wave filter portion connected to an unbalanced input terminal and a second longitudinally coupled resonator-type surface acoustic wave filter portion connected to first and second balanced input terminals are two-stage cascade connected. In the first longitudinally coupled resonator-type surface acoustic wave filter portion, in a portion in which first and second IDTs are adjacent to each other and a portion in which second and third IDTs are adjacent to each other, weighting is performed on a plurality of electrode fingers including the outermost electrode finger closest to the adjacent IDT, in at least one of the adjacent IDTs.

Abstract: A filter assembly is provided which includes a Faraday cage interface. Electrical noise is filtered by the Faraday cage interface. The Faraday cage interface is configured to prevent passage of electromagnetic waves.

Abstract: A ring millimeter-wave filter is a three-dimensional dual-mode ring filter. The ring millimeter-wave filter makes use of a three-dimensional coupling architecture as the feed of a filter to conquer the limit of the smallest spacing of a planar circuit made by the low-temperature cofired ceramic (LTCC) process so as to achieve the required coupling. Moreover, through the design of an embedded microstrip line, more than 20% of the filter area can be saved to facilitate integration with other components.

Abstract: A coplanar resonator which is comprised of a dielectric substrate, a center conductor formed in the surface thereof, and a ground conductor formed so as to surround the same center conductor, wherein the same center conductor is comprised of a main line conductor 31, formed by extension in a rectilinear shape, and auxiliary line conductors 32a and 32b bifurcating from at least one end of the same main line conductor, folding back and being extended on both sides of the main line conductor.

Abstract: A stripline structure. The stripline structure includes a stripline transmission line, a first ground plane, a first dielectric layer overlaying the first ground plane, a conductive trace overlaying the first dielectric layer, a second dielectric layer overlaying the conductive trace, a second ground plane overlaying the second dielectric layer, multiple first conductive vias, and multiple second conductive vias. Each first conductive via and each second conductive via electrically connects the first ground plane to the second ground plane. The multiple first conductive vias are located along a first line parallel to the conductive trace, and the multiple second conductive vias are located along a second line parallel to the conductive trace. The first line and the second line are located on opposite sides of the conductive trace.

Abstract: A waveguide/strip line converter includes a waveguide and a multilayer substrate. A second end of the multilayer substrate is fixed to an opening of the waveguide. The multilayer substrate includes a plurality of dielectric layers to form a plurality of substrate faces. A top substrate face includes a strip line and a first short-circuiting metal pattern. First and second intermediate substrate faces include second and third short-circuiting metal patterns with openings, respectively. A matching element forming substrate face includes a matching element, which is electromagnetically coupled with the strip line. A waveguide passage extends through the openings between the strip line and the matching element. A cross sectional area of the opening is larger than that of the opening.

Abstract: An impedance tuner may include a transmission media for propagating RF signals, a reflection magnitude control device mounted in a fixed position relative to a direction of signal propagation along said transmission media, and a phase shifter to control a reflection phase. A multi-section probe for an impedance tuner system may include a plurality of probe sections and a holder structure for mechanically supporting the plurality of probe sections.

Abstract: The present invention discloses a superconducting wire transposition method and superconducting transformer whose winding is formed of superconducting wire to enable the formation of transpositions. The superconducting wire transposition method characterized of different winding start positions of at least two disks wound with a plurality of parallel superconductive wires, and usage of different superconducting wires for conductors to be connected between the disks, thereby forming transpositions outside of the disks. Preferably, part of the plurality of disks are rotatably assembled in pairs so as to form transpositions while maintaining a total number of windings equally. Therefore, according to the present invention, transpositions can be formed without bending or welding superconducting wires and thus, deteriorations in superconductivity can be prevented.

Abstract: A bobbin for a superconducting coil includes a cylindrical drum, and a tapered portion extending from each end of the drum. A superconducting wire or a precursor of the superconducting wire shaped like a tape is helically wound around the drum in multiple layers. The tapered portion has a tapered surface that is inclined at an arbitrary angle.

Abstract: A yoke used for an electromagnetic actuator is formed by molding a soft magnetic iron powder, and, in the yoke, a discontinuous portion is formed which prevents the occurrence of eddy current loss. This discontinuous portion prevents eddy current and permits the actuator to operate at high efficiency.

Abstract: An inductance device has a hollow center coil around which a conducting wire is wound so that a hollow portion is formed along a center axis line of the hollow center coil, a filler which is filled into the hollow portion of the hollow center coil, and includes magnetic powder or a compound including the magnetic powder, and an accommodation case which accommodates the hollow core coil and has a bottom, wherein the filler is filled into the accommodation case.

Abstract: Cross-coupled first and second helical inductors formed in an IC. The cross-coupled first and second helical inductors comprise a first helical conductor having a first portion and a second portion, and a second helical conductor having a first portion and a second portion. The second helical conductor is in close proximity to the first helical conductor. The first helical inductor is formed by the first portion of the first helical conductor and the second portion of the second helical conductor. The second helical inductor is formed by the second portion of the first helical conductor and the first portion of the second helical conductor.

Abstract: A variable inductor is provided, which includes a first lead having both ends to receive a pair of difference signals, a second lead having both ends to receive a pair of the difference signals, and a switch selectively supplying a pair of the difference signals to the second lead by turning on/off according to a control signal. Accordingly, a variable inductor can be implemented that is compact and maximizes the variation rate of inductance.

Abstract: A transformer includes a first winding member, a second winding member, a primary winding coil, a secondary winding coil and a magnetic core assembly. The first winding member has a first channel penetrating therethrough. The second winding member has a second channel penetrating therethrough and includes a covering part. The covering part has a receptacle communicating with the second channel. The primary winding coil is wound on the first winding member. The secondary winding coil is wound on the second winding member. The magnetic core assembly is partially embedded into the first the second channels. The combination of the first winding member and the primary winding coil wound on the first winding member is accommodated within the receptacle, such that the primary winding coil and the secondary winding coil are separated from each other by the covering part and the first channel communicates with the second channel.

Abstract: A power converter provides power across an isolation barrier, such as through the use of coils. A coil driver has transistors connected in a positive feedback configuration and is coupled to a supply voltage in a controlled manner by measuring the output power and opening or closing a switch as needed between the power supply and the coil driver. An output circuit, such as a FET driver, can be used with or without isolation to provide power and a logic signal.

Abstract: A semiconductor device includes a first insulating layer, which is formed on a semiconductor substrate (not shown), and formed with a concave portion, and an electric fuse which has a conductive member, a first terminal provided on one end and a second terminal provided on the other end of the conductive member, and which is provided on the first insulating layer. The first insulating layer is embedded with the conductive member. The conductive member has a flowing-out region in which a material forming the conductive member flows out to the outside of the concave portion, and is cut at a location different from the flowing-out region.

Abstract: A hydrogen detecting system is characterized by a passive surface acoustic wave (SAW) sensor. The sensor includes a piezoelectric substrate having a self assembled monolayer arranged on at least a portion of the substrate to create a hydrophobic surface. A palladium nanocluster thin film is deposited on the monolayer and an interdigital SAW transducer is disposed upon the piezoelectric substrate for conversion of an RF signal into an acoustic wave and vice versa. At least one additional SAW element is also disposed on the substrate and spaced from the SAW transducer. The SAW element receives a signal from the SAW transducer and produces a response signal. The response signal is modified by the palladium nanocluster film due to a change in conductivity of the palladium nanocluster film upon exposure to hydrogen. This change in the response signal is measured by an interrogator, and yields a measure of the hydrogen concentration to which the sensor was exposed.

Abstract: Facilitating transactions using non-traditional devices and biometric data to activate a transaction device is disclosed. A transaction request is formed at a non-traditional device, and communicated to a reader, wherein the non-traditional device may be configured with an RFID device. The RFID device is not operable until a biometric voice analysis has been executed to verify that the carrier of the RFID equipped non-traditional device is the true owner of account information stored thereon. The non-traditional device provides a conduit between a user and a verification system to perform biometric voice analysis of the user. When the verification system has determined that the user is the true owner of one or more accounts stored at the verification system, a purchase transaction is facilitated between the verification system.

Abstract: A security management device includes: an at-home determination section (18b) for determining whether or not a member is present in a security management region; a member information obtaining section (19) for obtaining member attribute information of the member determined to be present in the security management region by the at-home determination section; and an external processing decision section (21) for changing the security management mode in the security management region in such a way where the external processing corresponds to the member attribute information obtained by the member information obtaining section (19) when no unauthorized invasion is detected by an unauthorized invasion detection section (18a).

Abstract: A wireless sensing system and method for wireless sensor interrogation within a vehicle are disclosed. The wireless sensing system includes a plurality of radio frequency sensors distributed within a predefined area, a plurality of energizers within the predefined area for transmitting radio frequency signals to the plurality of radio frequency sensors, and at least one reader within the predefined area physically independent from the energizers for receiving radio frequency signals from the plurality of radio frequency sensors wherein the number of energizers exceeds the number of readers.

Abstract: A wireless sensing system and method for wireless sensor interrogation are disclosed. The wireless sensing system includes a plurality of radio frequency sensors distributed within a predefined area, a wiring system with conductors distributed in proximity to the plurality of sensors for providing at least one of electrical power and ground distribution, and a forward communication link with an energizer air link coupled to the wiring system. The method for wireless sensor interrogation includes providing a plurality of radio frequency sensors distributed within a predefined area, providing a forward communication link including an energizer coupled to a wiring system with conductors in proximity to the plurality of sensors for providing at least one of electrical power and ground distribution, transmitting radio frequency signals through the wiring system and air linking transmitted radio frequency signals to the plurality of radio frequency sensors through the conductors.

Abstract: A mounting apparatus for a radio frequency identification system is disclosed. The mounting apparatus includes a base and a frame. The frame has an upper section that is adjustable relative to the lower section to provide different configurations such as heights, and capable of being separated into two or more of its component parts to facilitate storage, shipping (particularly shipping via commercial carriers such as UPS that have maximum container sizes and/or configurations), break down, mobility, adjustability, and the like. A translucent or transparent cover encloses the frame and RFID components to all visual access to the components therein. A system comprising two portals connected by bridge having an adjustable bridge.

Abstract: A window glass for a vehicle is attached and fixed to a window frame with adhesive therebetween in a state where predetermined spacing is kept by a holding member. The electronic tag is mounted on a vehicle interior surface of the window glass for a vehicle located between the end of the window glass for a vehicle and the holding member by adhesive, etc, and the electronic tag is embedded in the adhesive in a state where the window glass for a vehicle is attached to the window frame.

Abstract: A radio frequency identification (RFID) tag encryption method and system using a broadcast encryption (BE) scheme are provided by encrypting an ID of an RFID tag, storing the encrypted ID in a server and the RFID tag, and storing information relating to a reader authorized to read out the RFID tag in the server so that the reader can read out the RFID tag by decrypting the encrypted ID based on the encrypted ID information read from the RFID tag and the reader information. When readers read out ID data from the RFID tag, a privileged reader can read the data. Thus, it is possible to block unintended information leakage to the readers. In addition, user usability can be enhanced since an attacker cannot perform an access lock on the RFID tag.

Abstract: In RFID system having a plurality of reader/writers, the interface between the reader/writers can be reduced without any degradation of communication throughput. The plurality of reader/writers transmit/receive radio signals to/from RF tags. The reader/writers inform their operation modes to each other, whereby they can recognize the usage statuses of channels for communication with the RF tags. If a channel selected by a particular reader/writer is occupied by another reader/writer for a long time, the particular reader/writer selects another channel immediately. If a channel selected by a particular reader/writer is temporarily occupied by another reader/writer, the particular reader/writer waits for a release of that channel.

Abstract: Provided is a Radio Frequency identification (RFID) system and method for protecting information. The system includes: an identification information storing unit which includes identification information and generates an interrupt/interference signal to block access without permission; an RFID calling unit which reads information of the identification information storing unit by loading a basic protocol and a security protocol for recognizing the identification information storing unit; and a storing unit which registers and stores information required for authentication between the RFID calling unit and the identification information storing unit, and information required for access control.

Abstract: An antitheft ignition lock structure for car includes two timing circuits, a monostable circuit, a non-stable circuit, an analog switch, and an RS flip-flop. The first timing circuit causes the monostable circuit to drive a relay for connecting to a voltage. The flip-flop is triggered through turning on and off the ignition lock. When the ignition lock is not turned off within a predetermined time after it is first turned on and then turned on for a second time, the engine of the car could not be started and the horn of the car would sound continuously as a warning to protect the car against theft.