Abstract: A radio communication apparatus at a transmission side that includes a plurality of transmission antennas and performs a communication using at least one carrier. The radio communication apparatus includes a channel dividing unit configured to divide a transmission signal into a plurality of channels based on channel structure information returned from another radio communication apparatus at a reception side and indicating a structure of a space-division-multiplexing-channel and a space-time-coding channel between transmission and reception antennas, and a space-time-coding unit configured to realize transmission diversity by performing a space-time-coding processing for each of the plurality of channels.

Abstract: The invention has for its object to provide a base station for UMTS which makes it possible to implement the transmission of different transmission methods and of different time-slot types in the simplest possible manner. The base station according to the invention is a so-called node B of a UMTS mobile radio system. It includes a downlink power control unit. This unit is designed to transfer to a so-called chip processing unit for carrying out the CDMA coding at least one unit of information about at least one time-slot type to be transmitted. The downlink power control unit is a processor, for example. The implementation is done by suitable software programming of the processor. Using the received information, the chip processing unit generates a suitable time-slot type for a current time slot. This time-slot type is then CDMA-coded.

Abstract: A method for handling of messages between a terminal and a data network, in which messages of a specific protocol are handled using correspondingly defined specific contexts for messages of the protocol. Messages based on the same specific protocol relate to different service categories. A message is received at the network, and an analysis of the message is performed to determine a service category of the received message. A different specific context is assigned to each received message dependent on the analyzed service category.

Abstract: The invention describes methods and apparatus to structure the air link resources, e.g. traffic channel, into segments of different transmission segment types and effectively use that novel structure. Different segment types are structured to achieve different performance characteristics. The segments may be aligned with different offsetting start times chosen to minimize the variation in the maximum number of segments starting at any given time slot. This staggering of segment start times minimizes waste in unused assignment messages due to structural inefficiencies, and has an overall effect of balancing the traffic. Information collected on the channel quality that various user's are experiencing may be used to classify the users. Stored information on different segment types, each with different benefits, is used in the allocation process to effectively match classified users to well-suited segment types to increase performance, balance the system, conserve power, and satisfy the users.

Abstract: A system and method for serving short messages in high rate packet data system for transmitting short messages to a predetermined terminal by registering location and state information of the terminal and using the registered information is disclosed. The system includes a short message service center for general short message transmission, a location and information management server for registering and managing location and state information of the terminal, and providing the information to the short message service center, a packet data service node for reporting the state information of the terminal to the Location and Information Management Server and a PCF for reporting the location information of the terminal to the Location Information Management Server, and providing call state change information of the corresponding terminal to the packet data service node.

Abstract: Infrastructure relays are used to relay signals to multi-antenna receivers where the received signals are then processed using MIMO processing. The transmissions can use spatial multiplexing and/or space time block coding.

Abstract: The present invention relates to network communication systems for managing client/server connections in a wireless environment. In accordance with the invention, a mobile communication unit (i.e., client), deploys keepalive packets at selected times in order to reset a keepidle timer of a server (e.g., host computer). By periodically resetting the keepidle timer a current connection between the mobile communication unit and server can be maintained as long as desired even when the mobile communication unit is in a power suspend mode. When in a power suspend mode, the mobile communication unit can briefly awake long enough to activate its transmitter and send a keepalive packet to the server to maintain the current connection. In this manner, the mobile communication unit can obtain the power savings of being in primarily a power suspend mode, but still prevent the current connection from timing out.

Abstract: A method for selecting one channel from a plurality of channels in a wireless network system is disclosed. The channels include at least one in-use channel, a first idle channel, and a second idle channel. The method includes comparing the frequency band of the in-use channel with the frequency band of the first idle channel and the second idle channel to determine a first reference value for the first idle channel and a second reference value for the second idle channel, and comparing the first reference value with the second reference value to select one from the first idle channel and the second idle channel.

Abstract: Disclosed is a method for receiving by a mobile station a broadcast service from a base station that transmits in the same time period data on a packet data channel and a packet data control channel corresponding to the packet data channel. In the method, the mobile station receives a broadcast service parameter message including parameters for a broadcast service, and transmits desired broadcasting data along with a packet data channel assignment request message based on the parameters. Further, the mobile station receives a packet data channel assignment message for the desired broadcast service in response to the packet data channel assignment request message. Thereafter, the mobile station decodes reception data on a packet data control channel corresponding to the assigned packet data channel to acquire control information, receives packet data on a packet data channel for the broadcast service according to the control information, and processes the received packet data as broadcast service data.

Abstract: Mobile terminals have the problem of large packet loss during movement because the mobile terminal has no opportunity to detect movement and generate a new care-of address until a new router advertisement is received, and also cannot register the position in the home agent. The present invention is characterized in including a means to automatically collect network information on access router devices in the vicinity of a particular access router device, and a means to send information in the router advertisement including information on at least one or more adjacent access router devices. The mobile terminal selects an access router device to become the next movement destination, and the most essential characteristic is a means to register the position information beforehand in the home agent.

Abstract: Method and apparatus for reducing interference in a wireless communication system when the source of interference is a deterministic component of the system. In one embodiment, the receiver weights the transmitters according to when the source of interference is transmitted. Further, the transmitter may employ power boosting to overcome the source of interference. In one embodiment, a W-CDMA system transmits a sync channel concurrently with physical channels, wherein the sync channel is not orthogonal to the physical channels. The receiver may cancel the sync channel when receiving control or data information. Similarly, the receiver may weight the transmissions from multiple transmitters.

Abstract: The present invention of the modulation and demondulation removes the carry synchronization requirement for spread spectrum systems and code-division multiple access communication systems. The invention uses the PN codes that are specially selected and asynchronous demodulation procedure. If number of transmitters is limited, the Multiple Access Interference (MAI) due to carry differences of transmitters can be completely cancelled. Using this invention, signal from a desired transmitter can be demodulated and detected from received signals included from other transmitters in multiple access applications, even when the frequencies of transmitters are different from each other and are not synchronized with a receiver. The invention greatly reduces complexities of a wireless system where Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA) or spread spectrum is used. It expands applications of wireless communication. One of the applications is for a CDMA communication for multiple users without a centralized base station.

Abstract: The present invention discloses a MIMO system and method, which is suitable for MC-CDMA communication system with multiple paths to obtain the spectrum efficiency and gain simultaneously. The transceiver performs steps of simultaneously transferring transmitting data to a plurality of parallel data streams, and space time block encoding each data, followed by spreading the encoded data streams with a pre-designed space-path spreading code, and transmitting data with the transmit antennas through multiple paths. Finally, at each receiver, despreading received data by the matched filters, and separating mutually interfering signals with a linear combiner and a BLAST detector to obtain the diversity gain.

Abstract: A Radio Local Area Network (RLAN) includes a Radio Access Network Internet Protocol (RAN IP) gateway that enables connectivity to the public Internet. The system may serve as a stand-alone system or be incorporated into a UMTS used with conventional Core Network, particularly for tracking and implementing AAA functions in the Core Network.

Abstract: A wireless packet communication system conforming to the IEEE 802.11 standard includes a plurality of access points (APs) most of which have wired connections only for power and an ISDN telephone line. The APs communicate at 8.5 Ghz with a regional point-of-presence that is one end of a VPN through the internet to a national office. The registered users' data and control of the system including the IP assignment and SIP proxy and the control of the 802.11 communication reside in the national office. By retaining for a short period the SIP connection, IP address and key encryption information after a user has disassociated from an AP, the user can quickly reauthenticate and reassociate using the same SIP connection, IP address, and encryption key at a different AP. Voice data and computer data can both be processed through an AP by the addition on another 802.11 frame encoder/decoder.

Abstract: Whether to abort reception of a multi-part message in a code division multiple access communication system is determined by receiving a part of the multi-part message. Correlating the received part of the multi-part message with a known sequence generates a correlation value. The correlation value is compared with a threshold level. Reception of the multi-part message is aborted if the correlation value is less than a threshold level. In another aspect, the threshold level is dynamically adjusted based on a communication traffic behavior. The communication traffic behavior may be, for example, whether traffic directed to a particular user equipment (UE) is part of a burst directed to that UE.

Abstract: The invention provides a GeoIP resolving system (GIRS) which is able to resolve between the IP addresses and the geographic location of servers/hosts/access ports in a wide area network, in particular the internet. GIRS servers are provided which contain resolution tables indicating the correlation between IP addresses and geographic positions of servers/hosts/access ports. The GIRS system can be accessed by indicating a certain geographic area wherein the GIRS system responds by listing all IP addresses of servers/hosts/access ports located in the indicated geographic area. In addition, the service types provided or requested by the found servers/hosts/access ports may be listed. The GIRS system can also be accessed by specifying an IP address. The GIRS system then responds by issuing the geographic coordinates of the location of the host having the indicated IP address and, maybe, the associated service, policy server, as well as administrated area.

Abstract: A method of transmitting signals between a source modem and a destination modem. The method includes transmitting the signals from the source modem, over a first switched network path, to a first interface, encapsulating the at least some of the signals received by the first interface into packets, transmitting the packets from the first interface over a packet-based network to a second interface, removing the encapsulation of the signals at the second interface; and transmitting the data signals from the second interface over a second switched network path to the destination modem.

Abstract: A method and system for providing intelligent network control services in IP telephony, wherein the system includes a location manager and an IP telephony proxy server. The location manager includes an interface to a legacy telephony service control entity and the IP telephony proxy server includes an IP interface to the location manager. If the IP telephony proxy server requires intelligent network services, then the IP telephony proxy server sends an IP telephony session initiation request to the called party at the location manager. The location manager uses the information to query the legacy telephony service control entity for routing information. When the location manager receives a routing response from the service control entity, the location manager maps the response to an IP telephony session control message back to the IP telephony proxy server.

Abstract: Multiple requests to set up and/or tear down connections in a node of a communication network (or multiple failure notifications) are bundled together for transmission within the network. In an “inter-nodal” embodiment, multiple connection requests/failure notifications are bundled together as a single message for transmission between pairs of nodes in the network. In an “intra-nodal” embodiment, multiple connection requests/failure notifications received at one component of a node in the network are bundled together as a single group for forwarding to another component within the same node for implementation. In either case, the bundling of multiple connection requests/failure notifications can reduce the total amount of time required to communicate and implement the desired connection requests/restoration processing. This reduction in time can be critical to the ability of a network to satisfy requirements associated with restoration processing following a network fault.

Abstract: A small cost-effective crossbar switch is provided. A switch circuit is disposed in each of a plurality of nodes which are cascade connected with each other in a plurality of stages. Each switch circuit receives from a node of a previous stage a designated address to specify directly or indirectly the relative position in which a target switch circuit is present, determines whether the designated address represents a specific value “0”. When it is determined that the specific value is represented, each switch circuit allows data output to a node-out line, decrements the received designated address by “1” to generate a new designated address, and supplies this new designated address to a node of the subsequent stage.

Abstract: The frame disassembly unit receives the MAC frame to insert/identify a destination address and tag. The information retrieval unit retrieves the VLAN information DB to discover the tag and port which correspond to the destination address. The type determination unit determines whether the MAC frame received is unicast, multicast or broadcast. The unicast transmission control unit controls the switching device so as to transmit the MAC frame to the communication node of the destination. The multicast transmission control unit controls the switching device so as to confine within a VLAN to transmit the MAC frame by multicast or broadcast.

Abstract: An apparatus and method provide MAC logic enabling the use of two or more reverse link rate controls at the same time in one or more sectors of a radio base station. That enables the base station to control reverse link loading via reverse link rate control, while assigning mobile stations to the type of reverse link rate control best suited to their needs. For example, the base station MAC logic may implement both a common rate controller that generates per-sector rate control commands, and a dedicated rate controller that generates per-user rate control commands and assign mobile stations having relatively lax reverse link service needs to the common rate controller, while assigning mobile stations having more demanding reverse link service requirements to the dedicated rate control. More than two rate controls can be implemented, and exemplary choices include per-user, per-sector, per-group, and scheduled rate control in any combination.

Abstract: A method and wireless communication system for providing QoS in a wireless network communicating through a point-to-point network are provided. The method includes: (a) at least one of intermediate nodes and a receiving node, selecting at least one QoS management node among different nodes within a predetermined range which are not included on a forwarding route, the forwarding route reaching from a transmitting node to the receiving node via at least one intermediate node satisfying QoS requirements; (b) the selected QoS management node, managing QoS management information of the different nodes which are not included on the forwarding route; and (c) the QoS management node, changing the forwarding route on the basis of the QoS management information so that the changed forwarding route passes through a different node satisfying the QoS requirements, if it is expected that at least one intermediate existing on the forwarding route will not satisfy the QoS requirements.

Abstract: The present invention provides a repeater which automatically closes a dynamically opened port in accordance with prior setting, the repeater including: a port mapping table where a global IP address and an external port number, or an external port number on the Internet is associated with a local IP address and an internal port number of a terminal connected to a LAN; a control unit which, receiving a communications packet to which an external port number is specified, converts the external port number to an internal port number based on the port mapping table and transfers the internal port number to the LAN; a timer unit which counts the unoccupied time of the port after transferring a communications packet to which an external port number is specified; and a port management unit which checks whether the registered machine is present on the LAN and in case it is absent, deletes registration concerning the external port number from the port mapping table.

Abstract: A method and structure is provided for buffering data packets having a header and a remainder in a network processor system. The network processor system has a processor on a chip and at least one buffer on the chip. Each buffer on the chip is configured to buffer the header of the packets in a preselected order before execution in the processor, and the remainder of the packet is stored in an external buffer apart from the chip. The method comprises utilizing the header information to identify the location and extent of the remainder of the packet. The entire selected packet is stored in the external buffer when the buffer of the stored header of the given packet is full, and moving only the header of a selected packet stored in the external buffer to the buffer on the chip when the buffer on the chip has space therefor.

Abstract: In a network device for setting a configuration definition remotely, a storage generates, upon changing a first (current) IP address to a second IP address, a virtual address which holds the second IP address, a message transceiver transmits a response request message whose source IP address is the second IP address, and a configuration definition setting portion changes the first IP address to the second IP address when the response message for the request is received.

Abstract: In a packet-based data network, packets are duplicated and a sequence number is inserted into each duplicate packet, where the duplicate packets are transmitted along two different paths from a source node to a destination node in the network. Depending on the implementation, the source node inserts different types of sequence numbers into the duplicate packets, and the destination node processes those sequence numbers accordingly to determine whether to accept or reject each received packet. In certain implementations, the number of sequence bits allocated to each packet is smaller than the size of the effective sequence number for the packet as interpreted by the destination node.

Abstract: Described is a method and system for processing data packets of a data stream in a communication system. The data packets are processed depending on a feature of the header of a data packet in a faster path or in a slower path. To avoid a disorder by the different processing paths, the fast processed data packets are stored in a memory. The stored fast processed data packets are output after all slowly processed data packets which before the processing were in order before the fast data packets have been put to the output. In this way, the processed data packets are in the same order as prior to the processing.

Abstract: A telephone switching network having a plurality of nodes interconnected through the network through channels having dynamically changeable capacity. The telephone switching network includes a plurality of switching nodes and a network manager responsive to each one of the nodes for allocating traffic capacity of the network among the nodes dynamically in accordance with the traffic requested at the plurality of nodes. Each one of the nodes is coupled to the network through an ATM ADM. Each one of the ATM ADMs is coupled to a narrowband switch through an ATM switch. The nodes are interconnected through an ATM SONET.

Abstract: A method for obtaining virtual path identifier, virtual channel identifier, and encapsulation values in an asynchronous transfer mode access device for a network using either non-static or static internet protocol address assignments and asynchronous transfer mode adaptation layer 5. In the non-static environment, a plurality of discovery packets are generated, but in the static environment, a plurality of address resolution protocol packets are generated. Headers are added to the plurality of packets, such that a first set of packets, each packet including a logical link control header, and a second set of packets, each packet including a virtual channel multiplexed header, are realized. The first and second sets of packets are encapsulated and then transmitted to a central office.

Abstract: Improved method and apparatus for parallel processing. One embodiment provides a multiprocessor computer system that includes a first and second node controller, a number of processors being connected to each node controller, a memory connected to each controller, a first input/output system connected to the first node controller, and a communications network connected between the node controllers. The first node controller includes: a crossbar unit to which are connected a memory port, an input/output port, a network port, and a plurality of independent processor ports. A first and a second processor port connected between the crossbar unit and a first subset and a second subset, respectively, of the processors. In some embodiments of the system, the first node controller is fabricated onto a single integrated-circuit chip.

Abstract: A network device includes an interface (105), a TCP/IP protocol fast processing path (115), and a TCP/IP protocol slow processing path (110). The interface (105) receives a packet and parses the packets to determine a characteristic of the packet. The TCP/IP protocol fast processing path (115) processes the packet if the characteristic of the packet includes a first characteristic. The TCP/IP protocol slow processing path (110) processes the packet if the characteristic of the packet includes a second characteristic.

Abstract: A method and system for service interworking between an Ethernet communication network and an ATM network, in which a first network interface is operable to communicate with the Ethernet communication network using an Ethernet communication protocol. A second network interface is operable to communicate with the ATM communication network using an ATM protocol. A processing unit is in communication with the first network interface and the second network interface, in which the processing unit terminates frames received from a one of the ATM communication network and the Ethernet communication network and maps parameters corresponding to the received one of the ATM and Ethernet frames into the other of the ATM and Ethernet frames. The mapped parameters include connection configuration control plane information and data plane parameters corresponding to individual frames. The described methods can support single or multiple QoS levels.

Abstract: A system processes packets in a network device and includes a memory for buffering the packets. The memory may store the packets in memory in data cells. To expedite packet processing, portions of the packet are extracted and placed in a notification, which is then used for packet processing operations, such as route lookup, policing, and accounting. The notification may also include address elements, such as address offsets, that define the locations of the data cells in memory. The address elements can be used to read the data cells from the memory when packet processing is done. If the notification cannot hold all the address elements, additional cells, indirect cells, are created for holding the remaining address elements. The indirect cells are formed in a linked list. The notification contains an address element. To prevent reading incorrect indirect cells, each indirect cell is written with a signature that is created based on the notification.

Abstract: A method and apparatus to perform buffer management for media processing are described.

Abstract: Distributing communications between paths, comprises providing a plurality of destinations, providing a plurality of communications paths such that each of the plurality of destinations can be accessed over each of the plurality of communications paths, defining destination addresses interleaved over the plurality of destinations, sending communications from a source to a plurality of the interleaved addresses, and selecting different ones of the plurality of paths for successive communications that are sent to addresses on different destinations, wherein the path for a communication is selected using at least a part of the address of the communication.

Abstract: A method and switch element for assigning priority to pseudo virtual lanes (“PVL”) using a fibre channel switch element is provided. The method includes, assigning received R_RDYs based on a PVL distribution scheme; and determining traffic congestion on a PVL if there is no credit available to transfer frames from the PVL. A minimum bandwidth feature is enabled to avoid lower priority PVLs from getting no credit for transmitting frames; and distributing credit and R_RDYs based on frame age bits, wherein a lower priority PVL gets credit if a frame is waiting in the PVL for a longer duration compared to a higher priority PVL. The switch element includes, a PVL module having credit counters for plural PVLs; and a timer that monitors frame traffic for each PVL lane. If a PVL gets congested, then a state machine adjusts priority of R_RDY distribution scheme of other PVLs to transmit frames.

Abstract: To perform rapid and sure connection processing in a wireless communication system that performs communication in compliance with a wireless communication method having a congestion control function. A starting station transmits a discovery request frame and determines whether or not data is received from other communication devices in response to transmitted data. As a result of receiving data and checking FCS (Field Check Sequence), if it is detected that a received frame has been destroyed, or if no data is received from the other communication devices, a transmission distance control part decides a new transmission distance and sends a command to control transmission power to a power control part of a transmitting part, and the power control part transmits the discovery request frame again on the basis of the newly decided transmission distance to repeat discovery processing. This prevents a collision of responses from plural communication devices and ensures discoveries of other communication devices.

Abstract: A media access control (MAC) controller is disclosed for a network providing communication for network stations located at a plurality of customer premises and sharing a communication medium, each of the premises having a plurality of network stations. The MAC controller includes a virtual local area network (vLAN) controller, providing access to the communication medium for and communication among the stations located at a single customer's premises, to define a vLAN between them. A group local area network (gLAN) controller provides access to the communication medium for and communication among interfering vLANs, two vLANs being considered to be interfering when one can sense communications over the medium from a station in the other. A MAC controller is provided in at least one station in a vLAN.

Abstract: A transport stream (TS) is recorded and the recorded TS is reproduced simultaneously. An input PID parser extracts the first packet only to be recorded, the second packet to be recorded and to be used for controlling, and the third packet to be used only for controlling from among the TS packet that constitutes the TS supplied from a descrambler. The first and second packets are supplied to a receiver and supplied to a hard disk drive (HDD) for recording. The second and third packets are supplied to an MUX. On the other hand, the TS packet stored in the HDD is read out and supplied to the MUX by way of an output PID parser. The MUX multiplexes the second or third packet supplied from the input PID parser and the TS packet read out from the HDD, and supplies the multiplexed packet to a CPU that controls a descrambler or the like.

Abstract: Techniques are presented herein to provide tandem-free operation between two wireless terminals through two otherwise incompatible wireless networks. Specifically, embodiments provide tandem-free operation between a wireless terminal communicating through a continuous transmission (CTX) wireless channel to a wireless terminal communicating through a discontinuous transmission (DTX) wireless channel. In a first aspect, inactive speech frames are translated between DTX and CTX formats. In a second aspect, each wireless terminal includes an active speech decoder that is compatible with the active speech encoder on the opposite end of the mobile-to-mobile connection.

Abstract: A method for accomplishing a handoff between mobile communication systems includes: a first mobile communication system having means for matching elements of a low generation mobile communication system; a second mobile communication system having means for matching elements of a high generation mobile communication system; a gateway connected with each of the mobile communication systems and having means for performing protocol conversion and address mapping.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for allocating and using a resource to transmit wireless information signals to a plurality of subscriber units wherein application flows are selected based on associated Quality of Service (QoS) requirements. Compensation factors are evaluated for a plurality of QoS requirements. For a violation of a given QoS requirement, the corresponding compensation factor is calculated and applied to an adaptive weight, else the compensation factor is set to a default value.

Abstract: A data coding device for coding data, to be transmitted as part of data communication, to signals of a first frequency range, not used for voice communication with a first set of performance features, and a conversion device are provided. The conversion device has an interface for connecting a voice terminal having a second set of performace features and for transmission of data coded to signals of a second frequency range that are to be transmitted with the second set of performance features as part of voice communication. The conversion device also has a coding means for recording signals of the second frequency range to signals of a third frequency range that is located outside the first frequency range. Furthermore, a frequency-separating filter for feeding signals of the first and third frequency range into the subscriber line is provided.

Abstract: A single-wire, bi-directional communication protocol is provided in which the sending device transmits its clock frequency and its bit transmission period and data through a predefined waveform pattern or “learning sequence” that is recognizable by the receiving device and in a period of time, as measured in number of sending clock cycles, that is known to the receiving device. By clocking the full length of the predefined waveform pattern using its own internal clock, the receiving device becomes aware of the bit transmission period of the sending device.

Abstract: A system and method is provided for making highly accurate data propagation delay measurements in a serializer/deserializer (SERDES) integrated circuit. The invention detects a selected special character when the special character is present at the input of a transmit data path of the SERDES integrated circuit. The invention also detects the special character when the special character appears at the output of the transmit data path. The invention then counts the number of clock cycles during which the selected character was in the transmit data path. This provides the data propagation delay of the special character through the transmit data path. The invention also makes data propagation delay measurements for a receive data path of a SERDES integrated circuit.

Abstract: A method of multi-mode communications includes receiving signals from multiple sources at a plurality of sample buffers, referencing the plurality of sample buffers for a first source at one time and referencing the plurality of sample buffers for a second source at another time, and communicating data from the referenced plurality of sample buffers to a processing unit. The processing unit concurrently receives inputs from buffers in the plurality of sample buffers and outputs to other buffers in the plurality of sample buffers.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for transmitting data from an optical network unit (ONU) to an optical line termination (OLT) in a Gigabit Ethernet passive optical network (GE-PON) on the basis of a time division multiple access (TDMA) scheme are provided. A measurement of a data transmission time when the data is transmitted to the OLT is obtained, and the measured data transmission time is compared with a predetermined normal transmission time. The transmission of the data is maintained if the measured data transmission time is determined to be less than or equal to the normal transmission time from the comparison result. However, if the measured data transmission time is determined to be greater than the normal transmission time, the transmission of the data is stopped.

Abstract: A system for transmitting information as frames in digital format between users on a network using a single frequency and TDMA and/or CDMA communications. Broadcasting, multicasting and unicasting are provided, and communications may be part of a downlink and/or an uplink signaling scheme that allows user-user and user-central station communication. A synchronization segment or pre-amble for a frame may include identification of the source and/or the intended recipient. Walsh, Haar, Rademacher coding of selected frame components, among others, can be incorporated. Reed Solomon encoding, signal interleaving and intra-leaving, trellis encoding and turbo encoding are used for error detection and correction. The system provides two-way communication with the Internet and/or with a cellular network and/or for smaller networks of users.