Abstract: Modular anode assemblies are used in electrolytic oxide reduction systems for scalable reduced metal production via electrolysis. Assemblies include a channel frame connected to several anode rods extending into an electrolyte. An electrical system powers the rods while being insulated from the channel frame. A cooling system removes heat from anode rods and the electrical system. An anode guard attaches to the channel frame to prevent accidental electrocution or damage during handling or repositioning. Each anode rod may be divided into upper and lower sections to permit easy repair and swapping out of lower sections. The modular assemblies may have standardized components to permit placement at multiple points within a reducing system. Example methods may operate an electrolytic oxide reduction system by positioning the modular anode assemblies in the reduction system and applying electrical power to the plurality of anode assemblies.

Abstract: A method of fluid sealing a workpiece is provided. The method includes providing a force to cause a ring to form a barrier to fluid entry with the workpiece and preventing fluid from crossing the barrier to fluid entry by forming a pressure differential across the barrier.

Abstract: An oxygen-consuming electrode includes a support in the form of a sheet-like structure and a coating including a gas diffusion layer and a catalytically active component, wherein the support is based on a material having a conductivity of less than 1000 S/cm, measured at 20° C. The supports are simple to produce and have a low weight and good processability in the production of the oxygen-consuming electrodes.

Abstract: The invention concerns a capping board assembly and its multiple connectable sections. Each pair of sections is connected with an interlocking joint, each of which comprises at least one projection and at least one recess that cooperate and prevent the longitudinal and lateral movement of the sections. Each interlocking joint is reinforced by a rod embedded within the section and extending within the projection. The rod has a tip that anchors the projection. The interlocking joints allow precision assembly of the sections of the capping board which greatly benefits strength, installation, replacement and transportation.

Abstract: A system to monitor, control and management of a plant where hydrometallurgical processes of electrowinning or electrorefining of non ferrous metals which enables measuring the process variables which comprises: at least one group of electrolytic cells, said cells having means for the collection and transmission of the variables of the process; a plurality of electrodes (5) installed in the interior of each electrolytic cell, making up, alternately, anodes and cathodes of basic cells; a plurality of electrode (5) hanger bars forming, alternately, hanger bars for electrical contact of anodes (20) and hanger bar for electrical contact of cathodes (18); a plurality of support electrical insulators (15) which are positioned in the upper portion of the lateral walls between two adjacent cells; a plurality of electrical bus bars (6) which are fitted on top of each support electrical insulator (15) and underneath the plurality of electrodes (5); a plurality of electrical spacer insulators (16) each spacer insulator

Abstract: In a sulfuric acid electrolytic cell to electrolyze sulfuric acid supplied to an anode compartment and a cathode compartment comprising a diaphragm, said anode compartment and said cathode compartment separated by said diaphragm, a cathode provided in said cathode compartment and a conductive diamond anode provided in said anode compartment, as said conductive diamond anode, a conductive diamond film is formed on the surface of said conductive substrate, the rear face of said conductive substrate is pasted, with conductive paste, on an current collector comprising a rigid body with size equal to, or larger than, said conductive substrate, an anode compartment frame constituting said anode compartment is contacted via gasket with the periphery on the side of the conductive diamond film of said diamond anode, said diaphragm is contacted with the front face of said anode compartment, further, with the front face of said diaphragm, the cathode compartment frame constituting said cathode compartment, a gasket, and

Abstract: Apparatus and methods for electroplating are described. Apparatus described herein include anode supports including positioning mechanisms that maintain a consistent distance between the surface of the wafer and the surface of a consumable anode during plating. Greater uniformity control is achieved.

Abstract: There is provided a substantially permanent stainless steel cathode plate suitable for use in electrorefining of metal cathodes, the cathode being composed of a low-nickel duplex steel or a lower grade “304” steel, wherein operational adherence of an electrodeposition thereon is enabled by altering various qualities of the cathode surface. There is also provided a method of producing the above duplex or Grade 304 cathode plates, such that the desired operational adherence of the deposit upon the plate is not so strong as to prevent the deposit being removed during subsequent handling.

Abstract: Electrodes for electrolysis of water, for encouraging growth of algae and aerobic bacteria, for removing suspended solids from wastewater during treatment, or for rendering water sterile and potable have a concrete coating over a metallic or carbon fibre core. The coating is from 2 to 50 mm thick; preferably 5 to 25 mm thick. Preferably, a DC current passed between the immersed electrodes periodically reversed but there is no visible “rusting” at the anode if the DC current is steady. The resistive nature of the concrete tends to suppress concentrations of current upon the electrode surface.

Abstract: An electrode for use in producing copper in either a conventional electrowinning cell or the direct electrowinning cell is provided. The electrode includes a hanger bar and an electrode body coupled with the hanger bar. The electrode body includes at least one conductor rod having a core and an outer layer surrounding the core and a substrate coupled with the conductor rod.

Abstract: A current-leveling electrode for improving electroplating and electrochemical polishing uniformity in the electrochemical plating or electropolishing of metals on a substrate is disclosed. The current-leveling electrode includes a base electrode and at least one sub-electrode carried by the base electrode. The at least one sub-electrode has a width which is less than a width of the base electrode to impart a generally tapered, stepped or convex configuration to the current-leveling electrode.

Abstract: An axial flow electrolytic cell includes an outer layer made of a polyolefin material and formed as a tube. An outer layer liner lines an inside surface of the outer layer. The outer layer liner is formed as a metal tube. A middle layer is mounted inside the outer layer. The middle layer further includes a middle flow inlet and a middle flow outlet. The middle layer is formed as a metal tube. An inside layer is mounted inside the middle layer. The inside layer has an inside flow inlet and an inside flow outlet. The inside layer is formed as a middle tube. The first electrical connector is mounted to the middle layer at a middle layer connection. The first electrical connector passes through the outer layer and outer layer liner at an outer layer opening. A second electrical connector mounts to the outer layer liner and the inside layer.

Abstract: An insulating spacer 30 comprises a plurality of unit spacers 40, and a flexible coupling portion 41 for coupling the unit spacers 40 along the axial direction thereof, wherein the unit spacer 40 comprises a plurality of annular plates 42 and 43 each having an insertion hole 44 for inserting the auxiliary anode 11, and a coupling frame 45 for coupling the annular plates 42 and 43 in the axial direction of the auxiliary anode 11 while opening the outer circumference side thereof. The auxiliary anode unit 10 is constituted by inserting the insulating spacer 30 into the auxiliary anode 11, and since each unit spacer 40 is coupled, the distal end of the auxiliary anode 11 is naturally located in proximity to the insertion hole 44 provided in the next unit spacer 40 when the auxiliary anode 11 penetrates one unit spacer 40. Accordingly, the auxiliary anode 11 can be inserted into the insulating spacer 30 by series of works, and as a result, the auxiliary anode unit 10 can be manufactured with good workability.

Abstract: A tending module for a series of electrolysis cells designed for the manufacture of aluminum by igneous electrolysis, each cell including a series of anodes provided with a metal rod designed to fix and electrically connect the anodes to a metal anode frame. The tending module includes a frame to be fixed to a mobile component, and at least one anode handling unit connected to the frame. The module also includes, integral with the anode handling unit, an activator that can exert at least one force or impulse on the anode rod, with a force such that, although the stem is firmly maintained in contact against the anode frame, the contact surfaces are moved in relation to each other by an amount sufficient for electrical contact to be improved. Advantageously, the activator is a jack or an impulse generator integral with the anode clamp.

Abstract: A method of manufacturing a cathode plate (1) that is used in the electrolytic cleaning and recovery of metals, the cathode plate being at least partly manufactured of stainless steel and the surface of the cathode plate being treated in at least one stage, whereby the cathode plate is formed by cutting it from a solid plate-like material (2), whereby, essentially before cutting (4) the cathode plate to shape, at least part of the surface constituting the cathode plate is subjected to a mechanical treatment (3) to improve the adhesion properties of the surface. The invention also relates to the cathode plate.

Abstract: An electrode mounting structure of a surface treatment apparatus in which a metal electrode is disposed so as to oppose to an inner-peripheral surface of a cylinder, the electrode and the cylinder are energized in a state where treatment liquid is interposed between the electrode and the cylinder inner-peripheral surface so as to perform pre-plating or plating to the cylinder inner-peripheral surface, and the metal electrode is detachably attached to a metal electrode holder member. The structure includes a resin coupler having a threaded portion engaged with a threaded portion formed on the electrode holder member.

Abstract: An electrode for use in producing copper in either a conventional electrowinning cell or the direct electrowinning cell is provided. The electrode includes a hanger bar and an electrode body coupled with the hanger bar. The electrode body includes at least one conductor rod having a core and an outer layer surrounding the core and a substrate coupled with the conductor rod.

Abstract: A cathode for receiving electro deposition of metal, the cathode comprising a planar conductive sheet and raised portions disposed on at least one surface of the planar conductive sheet, wherein the planar conductive sheet and the raised portions are integrally formed.

Abstract: The invention relates to a device for supporting electrodes in an electrolysis installation, said support comprising a busbar having electrodes fastened thereto, said electrodes being disposed on either side of the busbar and extending vertically below said busbar, the busbar and said electrodes being designed to be immersed at least in part in an electrolyte that gives off one or more gaseous species of a corrosive nature. The device further comprises a protective element of carbon/carbon material placed under the busbar, the protective element being of length and width that are not less than the length and the width of the busbar.

Abstract: A stand-off for maintaining the separation between an electrode and an object during a flow-through electroplating process is disclosed. The stand-off comprises a substantially streamlined shape that mitigates the effects of shadowing during deposition.

Abstract: In various embodiments, the present invention provides an electrolytic cell contact bar having a first pole and a pair of second poles. The second poles are opposite in charge to the first pole and each of the pair of second poles are adjacent to and parallel to the first pole. In various embodiments, the contact bar may include an electrode holder capable of holding at least one electrode.

Abstract: An electrolytic bath includes a shell, an upper cover joined on an upper end of the shell, an outer supporting member held in the shell, a hollow cylindrical positive electrode plate held in the outer supporting member, a hollow cylindrical negative electrode plate held in the positive electrode plate, an inner supporting member held in the negative electrode plate, a lower cover joined on a lower end of the shell, and a base member on a bottom of the lower cover; a space exists between the positive and the negative electrode plates; the electrolytic bath has a waste water outlet and a water outlet hole for acid waste water and alkaline water to flow out therethrough respectively; because the electrode plates are hollow cylindrical and completely open, they can't change shape easily, and there is no need for a separating plate, and scale can't form on the electrode plates easily.

Abstract: A vertical guide for electrodes characterized in that it includes 1) an upper portion or aligning head and a lower portion that corresponds to the guide itself, whose aligning head, designed to make it easier to introduce the cathode in the guide, has cylindrical-hexahedral perforations that permit attaching the vertical guide by means of bolts or another means to the electrolytic cell's support structure made of insulating material; 2) the head formed by a cylindrical housing having a horizontal axis and two inclined symmetrical surfaces that approach each other in a downward line until they become tangential to the interior faces of the “U” profile that continues downward, so that they are similar to a funnel open on one side; 3) a lower portion made up of the actual guide, whose space through which the electrode slides must be slightly wider than it, consists of a U-type profile with flanges, and which, on the outside, has triangular, or rectangular stiffening ribs, or both types, preferably separated at r

Abstract: A cathodic member for electrochemical cells used in hypochlorite production comprises a zirconium plate coated with a zirconium oxide layer, which is particularly suitable for minimising the decomposition of the hypochlorite product while ensuring a prolonged lifetime. The coated zirconium plate can be used as the cathodic plate in a monopolar cell, or can be welded to a titanium plate for use in a bipolar configuration.

Abstract: The present invention relates to an anode for electroplating, which has an anode base and a shield and is characterized in that additive degradation is reduced when it is used in electroplating.

Abstract: An ion exchange membrane electrolyzer is provided, which is characterized in that a current is passed through at least one electrode in contact with a plate spring member formed at a portion of an electrode retainer member parallel with a flat plate form of electrode chamber partition, wherein said electrode retainer member is joined at a belt junction to the flat plate form of electrode chamber partition with a space between them, said electrode is provided with a floating mount means at a portion thereof other than a portion of contact with the plate spring member, and said floating mount means is provided with an engaging portion that is engaged with a fixed engaging member to enable said electrode to move in a perpendicular direction to an electrode surface and in a range of displacement of said plate spring member.

Abstract: A tooling piece in an electrochemical machining device that includes: an outer cathode surface, the outer cathode surface having a first side and, opposite of the first side, a second side; a plurality of spacer pads disposed on the first side of the outer cathode surface, the spacer pads each comprising thin, non-conducting pads of a predetermined thickness; one or more conducting strips; an electrolyte channel that is configured to direct a flow of electrolyte through an orifice cut through the outer cathode surface; and an elastomeric backing adjacent to the second side of the outer cathode surface, the elastomeric backing being configured to elastically support the outer cathode surface.

Abstract: A cathode plate and method for electro-refining or electro-winning of metal. The cathode includes a cathode blade and hanger bar. A quantity of electrically conductive material is wrapped around the hanger bar and along the cathode blade to a position, in use, proximate the level of electrolyte in the electrolytic bath. The provision of a deeper and preferably thicker coating of electrically conductive material, as compared with conventional cathode plates, reduces power consumption in the electrolytic circuit.

Abstract: An electrode assembly comprising of a plurality of planar electrodes and rods axially ringed with pairs of washer-style fasteners and washer-style spacers, held on the rod by fasteners on the distal ends. Electrode gap spacing is provided by distancing spacers placed along the rod axis in-between pairs of the washer-style fasteners. The electrode assembly is formed by sliding the proximal electrodes edges in-between pairs of the washer-style fasteners and tightening the end fasteners on the rods, which in turn clamps a portion of each proximal electrode edge holding the electrodes together in parallel under compression. At least two rod subassemblies are configured as charging buses of distinct polarity providing their respective monopolar charge to at least two planar electrodes in the assembly. Monopolar charge is provided to a planar electrode by varying the washer-style fastener pairs on the rod subassemblies from electrically-conductive to electrically-insulating types.

Abstract: A conducting belt is used with an anode holder for supplying an electric current to an anode for plating a surface of a substrate such as a semiconductor wafer. The anode and the substrate are vertically disposed so as to face each other in a plating tank of a plating apparatus. The conducting belt includes a belt capable of contacting an outer circumferential edge of the anode and holding the anode.

Abstract: An anode rod is placed between two hooks fixed to an anode beam and onto which a connector bears, including two levers, two coaxial lateral rods and a screw that can pivot levers between a clamping position of the anode rod in contact with the anode beam and a release position. The geometry of at least one hook, a lever and/or a lateral rod and the material from which they are formed are such that the elastic deformation of the holding device with respect to the anode beam when the screw is tightened is sufficient. Thus, this device can compensate for a change in the position of the anode rod by elastic return towards its unstressed position, and thus continues to keep the anode rod firmly in contact with the anode beam.

Abstract: Methods systems and devices for impeding an anode from being corroded or dissolved are provided. In one example, an electrolysis system includes an anode, the anode disposed on a support including a housing, the housing having an inverted cup on an end, the anode on an interior wall of the inverted cup such that electrical contact with an electrolysis solution is made along a concave portion of the inverted cup. Such an example may further include a cathode, the cathode disposed within a collection pipe such that gas produced at the cathode is retained within a channel of the collection pipe.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a manufacturing apparatus for deposition of a material on a carrier body and an electrode for use with the manufacturing apparatus. Typically, the carrier body has a first end and a second end spaced from each other. A socket is disposed at each of the end of the carrier body. The manufacturing apparatus includes a housing that defines a chamber. At least one electrode is disposed through the housing with the electrode at least partially disposed within the chamber for coupling to the socket. The electrode has an exterior surface having a contact region that is adapted to contact the socket. A contact region coating is disposed on the contact region of the exterior surface of the electrode. The contact region coating has an electrical conductivity of at least 9×106 Siemens/meter and a corrosion resistance that is higher than silver in a galvanic series that is based upon room temperature sea water as an electrolyte.

Abstract: An anode mount assembly is provided for facilitating rapid replacement of an anode component. The adapter mount assembly can comprise a mount component comprising a component body having at least one mounting aperture disposed therein and at least one protrusion or recess that can engage a recess or protrusion of the anode component for restricting movement of the anode component with respect to the mount component in at least one of a rotational and a translational direction of movement. Further, the anode component can comprise an engagement aperture, and the mounting aperture and the engagement aperture can be configured to receive a fastener for securing the anode component to the mount component and for restricting at least one additional degree of movement of the anode component with respect to the mount component to thereby secure the anode component to the mount component.

Abstract: A method and apparatus measures the presence of total residual oxidant species in aqueous environments. More specifically, the apparatus is operable to measure hypohalites (e.g., hypochlorite and hypobromite) in water containing halide salts using electrochemistry. The apparatus can be a sensor having four electrodes—a reference electrode, a working electrode, and two auxiliary electrodes. The fourth electrode, i.e., the second auxiliary electrode, can be used to generate ionized water near and in contact with the working electrode. The ionized water can clean the working electrode to minimize effects due to scaling or biofilm formation. As such, the working electrode does not need the capability to clean itself. Thus, other elements, originally believed to be unsuitable for use in saline aqueous environments, can be used for the electrodes, for example, gold.

Abstract: This invention relates to pot tending module intended for aluminium production plants by fused bath electrolysis. According to the invention, the turret (9) of the pot tending module (7) is equipped with a determined set of tools, in which the tool (101, 102, 103) is mounted on a telescopic arm (111, 112, 113) fixed to the turret (9) through an articulated support (121, 122, 123) that enables pendular movements of the telescopic arm with respect to a determined articulation point while preventing rotation movements of the telescopic arm about its principal axis. The telescopic arms are connected to each other through a mechanical connecting device (200) capable of maintaining the relative angular difference between the pendular movements of the telescopic arms within a determined tolerance range. The invention enables the tools to be arranged closer to each other without any risk that they will collide during use.

Abstract: Disclosure of an electrode arrangement (1) as high voltage electrode for continual plasma treatment or plasma coating of web material with several knife electrodes (3) arranged at a right angle to any transport direction of the web material and essentially located parallely to each other which is characterized by the fact that the distances (a?e) of adjacent knife electrodes (3) vary. In tests it has turned out that a more uniform coating result or, respectively, treatment result can be achieved with such an electrode arrangement than with comparable arrangements in which the knife electrodes are arranged equidistant. Preferably, the distances (a) between adjacent knife electrodes (3) are larger at the edges of the electrode arrangement (1) than the distances (e) between adjacent knife electrodes (3) in its center.

Abstract: A mounting plate assembly for selectively securing a sacrificial anode to the exposed surface of a tank or boat hull. The mounting plate assembly provides for a pair of watertight space mounting studs to be extended through the attached surface and provide anode engagement thereon. The studs are welded to both the mounting plate and a fixation nut on the plate to which the anode is correspondingly registerably engaged.

Abstract: A symmetrical double-double contact mechanism for an electro-deposition mechanism. Using a base insulator, a cap block insulator is formed to support four series of electrodes of two different types (anode and cathode). Because of the contact mechanism employed, redundant contacts are provided so that should a short occur, alternative electrical pathways are available to maintain operation of the affected cathode or anode.

Abstract: A hydrogen generating system includes a housing defining an interior chamber, an electrolyte solution contained within the interior chamber of the housing, and an electrode plate assembly disposed in the interior chamber of the housing and at least in part submerged in the electrolyte solution. The electrode plate assembly comprises a cathode plate, an anode plate separate from the cathode plate and disposed in spaced relationship therewith, and at least one neutral plate separate from both the anode plate and the cathode plate and disposed therebetween in spaced relationship with the anode plate and the cathode plate.

Abstract: An electrode for use in producing copper in either a conventional electrowinning cell or the direct electrowinning cell is provided. The electrode includes a hanger bar and an electrode body coupled with the hanger bar. The electrode body includes at least one conductor rod having a core and an outer layer surrounding the core and a substrate coupled with the conductor rod.

Abstract: The present invention is directed to a frame for an electrolyser module as well as to an electrolyser module and an electrolyser incorporating such frames. The frames include a variety body having at least one electrolyser chamber opening and at least one degassing chamber defined therein. The degassing chamber opening preferably has a rounded shape as does the unitary body and the electrolyser chamber opening.

Abstract: There is provided a substantially permanent stainless steel cathode plate suitable for use in electrorefining of metal cathodes, the cathode being composed of a low-nickel duplex steel or a lower grade “304” steel, wherein operational adherence of an electrodeposition thereon is enabled by altering various qualities of the cathode surface. There is also provided a method of producing the above duplex or Grade 304 cathode plates, such that the desired operational adherence of the deposit upon the plate is not so strong as to prevent the deposit being removed during subsequent handling.

Abstract: There is provided a substantially permanent stainless steel cathode plate (1) suitable for use in electrorefining of metal cathodes, the cathode being composed of a low-nickel duplex steel or a lower grade “304” steel, wherein operational adherence of an electrode-position thereon is enabled by altering various qualities of the cathode surface. There is also provided a method of producing the above duplex or Grade 304 cathode plates, such that the desired operational adherence of the deposit upon the plate is not so strong as to prevent the metal deposit being removed during subsequent handling.

Abstract: A current-leveling electrode for improving electroplating and electrochemical polishing uniformity in the electrochemical plating or electropolishing of metals on a substrate is disclosed. The current-leveling electrode includes a base electrode and at least one sub-electrode carried by the base electrode. The at least one sub-electrode has a width which is less than a width of the base electrode to impart a generally tapered, stepped or convex configuration to the current-leveling electrode.

Abstract: A composite anode assembly is provided, the assembly including a permeation resistant portion and a porous conductive portion circumscribing at least the bottom of the permeation resistant portion. The composite anode assembly reduces corrosion and restricts thermal expansion stresses.

Abstract: The present invention relates to an electrochemical cell comprising a vibratile electrode (eg a vibratile microelectrode).

Abstract: An apparatus and method are provided for simultaneously electropolishing a plurality of metallic stents. A plurality of elongated members on the apparatus are movably engaged with a plate such that movement of the plate relative to the elongated members causes each of the elongated members to rotate on its respective longitudinal axis when immersed in an electrolytic solution. A continuous cathode is located in close proximity to each of the elongated members when they are immersed in the electrolytic solution.

Abstract: Cathodes for aluminum electrolysis cells are formed of cathode blocks and current collector bars attached to those blocks. The cathode slots receiving the collector bar are lined with expanded graphite lining thus providing longer useful lifetime of such cathodes and increased cell productivity. The expanded graphite provides a good electrical and thermal conductivity especially with its plane layer.

Abstract: Cathodes for aluminum electrolysis cells are formed of cathode blocks and current collector bars attached to those blocks. The cathode block has a cathode slot for receiving the collector bar and has a higher depth at a center than at both lateral edges of the cathode block. Additionally, the collector bar thickness is higher at the center than at both lateral edges of the cathode block. This cathode configuration provides a more even current distribution and, thus, a longer useful lifetime of such cathodes and increases cell productivity.