Abstract: The present invention relates to an anodic oxidation method and a treatment apparatus thereof which is suitable, for example, for generation of an oxide film and electropolishing of aluminum, capable of generating an oxide film at a low cost and rapidly by eliminating the use of electrolytic solution having a strong acid property and using a carbonated water as the electrolytic solution, capable of improving the oxide film generating operation and rationalizing the water discharging treatment, capable of preventing increase in temperature of the electrolytic solution without a need of a special equipment, capable of generating an oxide film in a stable manner and obtaining a good oxide film by eliminating the generation of oxide in the vicinity of an object to be treated, and capable of rationalization of the oxide film generating treatment and enhancing the productivity by using supercritical carbon dioxide. An object (3) to be treated is electrolyzed as an anode in an electrolytic solution.

Abstract: In a process of forming a HA/ZrO2 complex coating on a Co—Cr—Mo alloy substrate, the substrate is subjected to electrolytic deposition respectively in a ZrO(NO3)2 bath and a mixed solution of Ca(NO3)2.4H2O and NH4H2PO4 to respectively form Zr(OH)4 colloidal layer and Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2 layer. Then, the substrate is subjected to a low-temperature sintering process to convert the two layers into a HA/ZrO2 complex coating.

Abstract: This invention is to reduce the influence of a gas generated by an anodizing reaction. A silicon substrate (101) to be processed is horizontally held. A negative electrode (129) is arranged on the upper side of the silicon substrate (101), and a positive electrode (114) is brought into contact with the lower surface of the silicon substrate (101). The space between the negative electrode (129) and the silicon substrate (101) is filled with an HF solution (132). The negative electrode (129) has a number of degassing holes (130) to prevent a gas generated by the anodizing reaction from staying on the lower side of the negative electrode (129).

Abstract: A method for inhibiting corrosion, e.g., pitting corrosion, of alloys is provided. Particularly, the method comprises contacting at least a portion of a surface of the alloy with an aqueous solution comprising a salt of one or more rare earth elements selected from the group consisting of yttrium, gadolinium, cerium, europium, terbium, samarium, neodymium, praseodymium, lanthanum, holmium, ytterbium, dysprosium and erbium; and establishing a voltage differential between an anode comprising the alloy and a cathode in the solution at an effective level and for a sufficient period of time wherein a rare earth element oxide-containing coating is formed on the surface of the alloy to inhibit corrosion thereof.

Abstract: The disclosure relates to a process for forming a deposit on the surface of a metallic or conductive surface. The process employs an energy enhanced process to deposit a silicate containing coating or film upon a metallic or conductive surface.

Abstract: A method for forming a highly adherent coating of a desired calcium phosphate phase on titanium-based substrates for use as orthopedic and dental implants. The calcium phosphate phase coating is electrochemically deposited onto the substrate from a metastable calcium phosphate electrolyte solution using a modulated electrical potential under pH, temperature and electrolyte composition and concentration conditions favorable for forming the desired calcium phosphate.

Abstract: A ceramic coating is formed on a conductive article by immersing a first anodic electrode, including the conductive article, in an electrolyte comprising an aqueous solution of alkali metal hydroxide and an alkali metal silicate, providing a second cathodic electrode in contact with the electrolyte, and passing an alternating current from a resonant power source through the first electrode and to the second electrode while maintaining the angle ? between the current and the voltage at zero degree, while maintaining the voltage within a predetermined range. The resulting ceramic coated article comprises a coating which includes a metal, silicon, and oxygen, wherein the silicon concentration increases in the direction from the article surface toward an outer surface of the ceramic coating surface layer.

Abstract: The disclosure relates to a process for forming a deposit on the surface of a metallic or conductive surface. The process employs an electrolytic process to deposit a silicate containing coating or film upon a metallic or conductive surface.

Abstract: There is disclosed a process and apparatus for carrying out plasma electrolytic oxidation of metals and alloys, forming ceramic coatings on surfaces thereof at a rate of 2-10 microns per minute. The process comprises the use of high-frequency current pulses of a certain form and having a given frequency range, combined with the generation of acoustic vibrations in a sonic frequency range in the electrolyte, the frequency ranges of the current pulses and the acoustic vibrations being overlapping. The process makes it possible to introduce ultra-disperse powders into the electrolyte, with the acoustic vibrations helping to form a stable hydrosol, and to create coatings with set properties. The process makes it possible to produce dense hard microcrystalline ceramic coatings of thickness up to 150 microns. The coatings are characterised by reduced specific thickness of an external porous layer (less than 14% of the total coating thickness) and low roughness of the oxidised surface, Ra 0.6-2.1 microns.

Abstract: A process for forming oxide based dense ceramic composite coatings on reactive metal and allow bodies involves suspension of at least two reactive metal or alloy bodies in a non-metallic, non-conducting, non-reactive chamber in such a way that it causes either partial or full immersion of the bodies in a continuously circulating electrolyte. Thyristor controlled, modified shaped wave multiphase alternating current power supply is applied across the bodies where in each body is connected to an electrode. Electric current supplied to the bodies is slowly increased to a particular value till the required current density is achieved and the maintained at the same level throughout the process. Visible arcing at the surface of the immersed regions of the bodies is identified when the applied electric potential crosses 60V. Electric potential is further increased gradually to compensate the increasing resistance of the coating.

Abstract: A conductive oxide solid formed through an electrochemical process. The resulting solid predominantly contains oxides of the highest oxidation state. Additionally, the solid can be thick, uniform, stable across a wide range of acidity and temperature, fully hydrated, and conductive with a very low redox potential. A preferred embodiment is an iridium solid formed at high temperature in molten carbonate, said solid containing intercalated lithium. The solid has application as an electrode with reduced drift. An electrochemical acidity sensor is disclosed which pairs an electrode bearing the solid with a reference electrode. Additionally, sensor apparatuses for measuring carbon dioxide and other materials as well as methods for measuring materials using an embedded acidity sensor are disclosed.

Abstract: Titanium resistant to discoloration in an atmospheric environment characterized by having an average carbon concentration of 14 at % or less in a range to a depth of 100 nm from the surface and having an oxide film of a thickness of 12 to 40 nm at its surface. Titanium resistant to discoloration in an atmospheric environment characterized in that, in X-ray diffraction of its surface, a ratio (X1/X2) of a (200) peak intensity X1 of TiC to a (110) peak intensity X2 of titanium is not more than 0.18 and by having an oxide film of a thickness of 12 to 40 nm at its surface.

Abstract: A process for producing a zinc oxide acicular structure by growing an acicular zinc oxide on a substrate, the process comprising the steps of holding the substrate in an electrolytic solution in which at least zinc ions are present, and forming zinc oxide on the substrate by electrodeposition. The electrolytic solution contains at least one cosolute. Also disclosed is a photoelectric conversion device comprising a charge transport layer having the zinc oxide acicular structure.

Abstract: The present invention presents a method of fabricating a processing element for use in a plasma processing system from spun metal. In particular, the method comprises fabricating a dark space shield and a ring shield from spun metal, wherein the two ring-components are designed for use in a physical vapor deposition (PVD) system.

Abstract: The present invention presents a method of roughening one or more exposed surfaces on a processing element in order to improve the adhesion of materials on these surfaces during processing. The roughening procedure comprises the application of a belt sanding technique to these one or more exposed surfaces to produce an average surface roughness in excess of Ra=250 mil.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for anodizing a component. The component is placed in a container having a supply port, a drain port and a supply passage. The supply passage faced on a surface of the component to be anodized. A reaction medium is supplied from the supply port to the drain port. An electric current is supplied from an electrode provided on the drain port side of the surface. The apparatus prevents any hydrogen gas created by the electrode from recirculating to the surface of the component.

Abstract: Process for obtaining a ceramic coating on the surface of a metal having semiconducting properties, such as aluminium, titanium, magnesium, hafnium, zirconium and their alloys, by a physico-chemical transformation reaction of the treated metal. This process consists in immersing the metal workpiece to be coated in an electrolytic bath composed of an aqueous solution of an alkali metal hydroxide, such as potassium hydroxide or sodium hydroxide, and of an oxyacid salt of an alkali metal, the metal workpiece forming one of the electrodes, and in applying a signal voltage of overall triangular waveform to the electrodes, that is to say a signal having at least a rising slope and a falling slope, with a form factor that can vary during the process, generating a current which is controlled in its intensity, its waveform and its ratio of positive current to negative current.

Abstract: The present invention relates to an anodic oxidation method and a treatment apparatus thereof which is suitable, for example, for generation of an oxide film and electropolishing of aluminum, capable of generating an oxide film at a low cost and rapidly by eliminating the use of electrolytic solution having a strong acid property and using a carbonated water as the electrolytic solution, capable of improving the oxide film generating operation and rationalizing the water discharging treatment, capable of preventing increase in temperature of the electrolytic solution without a need of a special equipment, capable of generating an oxide film in a stable manner and obtaining a good oxide film by eliminating the generation of oxide in the vicinity of an object to be treated, and capable of rationalization of the oxide film generating treatment and enhancing the productivity by using supercritical carbon dioxide. An object (3) to be treated is electrolyzed as an anode in an electrolytic solution.

Abstract: The present invention provides a method of producing a zinc oxide thin film in which a current is passed between a conductive substrate immersed in an aqueous solution containing at least zinc ions, ammonium ions and zinc ammonia complex ions, and an electrode as an anode immersed in the aqueous solution to form a zinc oxide thin film on the conductive substrate. This method stabilizes formation of the zinc oxide thin film and improves adhesion between the thin film and the substrate.

Abstract: Disclosed are aqueous compositions and methods to produce durable and vitreous colored interference films of nickel zinc oxide electroplating, including white zinc metallic colored electrodepositions for the zinc embodiment; brass, bronze, burgundy, purple, blue, green and black electroplatings covering both high and low bath concentration embodiments. The films are useful for decorative and functional purposes. The distinguishing features of the coating are its vivid colorfulness, its specular reflection and the perception of binocular depth by the observer caused by translucence of the deposited film. The baths can coat a variety of metal substrates, including brass, copper and most ferrous metals. The alkaline plating bath embodiment of this invention permits the coating to be directly electroplated over zinc, as well as aluminum.

Abstract: A reactive solution with an amount of 250 mL is made of distilled water and LiOH·H2O (4M) melted in the distilled water. Then, the reactive solution is put in a flow-type reactor, and is flown in between an anode electrode and a cathode electrode set in the flow-type reactor at a given temperature and a given flow rate. Then, a given voltage is applied between the anode electrode and the cathode electrode with dropping an oxidizer of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) into the reactive solution to form a lithium-cobalt oxide thin film on the anode electrode.

Abstract: A method of manufacturing a decorative plate (1) includes the steps of: preparing a metal substrate and covering selected areas (11, 16) of the substrate with a protective film; anodizing the substrate; and removing the protective film to expose metallic surfaces in the selected areas of the substrate.

Abstract: A process for use in a continuous electrochemical treating line for electrochemically treating at least one surface of a continuous web moving through an electrolyte solution contained within a tank. The process includes the steps of providing at least one electrode extending across the surface of the continuous web in combination with at least one rigid non-flexible and non-conductive bumper devices also extending across the continuous web surface. The bumper devices include a contact surface positioned against the continuous web surface at spaced apart locations that prevent the continuous web from moving outside a pass-line through the electrolyte solution and arcing against the electrode. The bumper devices may comprise either a bumper strip or a conduit.

Abstract: An object of the invention is to provide: a treated manganese ore for use in manganese sulfate production therefrom which has a high degree of manganese dissolution when dissolved in sulfuric acid and which can hence be effective in reducing the amount of slags generating in a production step and can be reduced in potassium content according to need; a process for producing the treated manganese ore easily and economically; manganese dioxide which is useful in primary batteries, secondary batteries, etc.; and a process for easily producing the manganese dioxide. A treated manganese ore for use in producing manganese sulfate therefrom, the treated ore having a degree of manganese dissolution of 98.0% by weight or higher based on the manganese contained in the treated manganese ore when dissolved in sulfuric acid; a process for producing the treated ore; manganese dioxide obtained from the treated ore; and a process for producing the manganese dioxide are described.

Abstract: The invention relates to a method for darkening a superficial layer of a workpiece which contains zinc by anodic oxidation. The workpiece is oxidized in a soaking bath containing an aqueous solution comprised of a hydroxide and of a nitrate. The anodic oxidation may be carried out in an aqueous solution containing NH4NO3 or NaNO3, and having a pH value ranging from 8 to 14, at a dipping bath temperature (T) ranging from 15 to 45° C., and with a current density (i) ranging from 3×10−4 to 0.5 A/cm2. The workpiece is placed in the soaking bath at the beginning of the anodic oxidation after the voltage has already been applied.

Abstract: The present invention provides a web conveying apparatus for conveying a web while holding the web and applying tension to the web, wherein the conveying apparatus has a plurality of rollers with which the web contacts to be conveyed, and at least one roller of the plurality of rollers has a mechanism for limiting deformation of the web within Y/E, and a web conveying method using a web conveying apparatus for conveying a web while holding the web and applying tension to the web, wherein the conveying apparatus has a plurality of rollers with which the web contacts to be conveyed, and the web is conveyed while the deformation of the web is limited within Y/E by a mechanism that is provided for at least one roller of the plurality of rollers. The apparatus and the method prevent meandering of the web.

Abstract: A method is provided for forming an inorganic layer on a surface of a copper material, made of copper or of a copper-based alloy: a browning anodic oxidation process is performed on the copper material in an electrolytic bath containing only an alkali (for example NaOH) at a specified concentration in aqueous solution, under controlled condition of temperature and anodic current density and for a period of time suitable to form a continuous layer basically formed of copper (I) oxide (Cu2O): layers highly adherent to the copper substrate and having good mechanical behavior are produced: different colors and optical properties may be obtained by controlling the process conditions so as to influence the crystalline form of the Cu2O layers.

Abstract: The present invention provides a method of forming a transparent conductive film at a low temperature that is suitable for use with a synthetic resin substrate. According to the production method of a substrate with an electrode of the present invention, an oxide conductive film composed of an amorphous material or mainly composed of an amorphous material is formed on a substrate at a temperature equal to or less than the crystallization temperature of the film, and subsequently, the formed oxide conductive film is crystallized by heating. The oxide conductive film is processed into the shape of an electrode either before or after crystallization, according to necessity.

Abstract: A bearing manufacturing method for a compressor is disclosed. Since an oxide-coated layer is formed at the surface of the bearing and electrolized in a tiomolybedenic acid ammonium aqueous solution so that the molybedene emulsion can be infiltrated in the fine pores of the oxide-coated layer. Accordingly, the abrasion resistance of the bearing can be increased while the friction coefficient is remarkably reduced, and thus, a reliability of the compressor and an energy efficiency can be increased.

Abstract: Disclosed are a process for producing a zinc oxide film comprising the steps of transporting a conductive long substrate via above at least one electrode comprised of zinc in an electrodeposition bath held in an electrodeposition tank and applying an electric field between the electrode and the conductive long substrate, thereby forming a zinc oxide film on the conductive long substrate, the process comprising a first step of forming the zinc oxide film on a part of the conductive long substrate; a second step of stopping the application of the electric field and the transportation; and a third step of bringing at least a region of a part of the conductive long substrate being in contact with the electrodeposition bath in the second step into non-contact with the electrodeposition bath, and an apparatus suitably used for the process. The process and apparatus enables high-quality zinc oxide films to be produced.

Abstract: An anodic oxidation apparatus and an anodic oxidation method are provided that enable uniform photoirradiation of a treatment part of a target substrate, thereby realizing enhancement in uniformity of anodic oxidation in the surface of the target substrate; The anodic oxidation apparatus includes: a lamp that emits light; a target substrate holder provided at a position reached by the emitted light and capable of holding the target substrate; a cathode electrode that is provided on the way of the emitted light to reach the target substrate and that has an opening portion to allow light to pass therethrough and has a conductor section not transmitting light; and a vibrating mechanism to periodically vibrate a spatial position of one of the cathode electrode, the lamp, and the target substrate holder.

Abstract: A hard, wear-resistant ceramic surface is applied to spinning rotor cups in an electrolytic bath on which is imposed a shaped-wave electric current. A special electrode has been designed to facilitate application of the coating to the unique shape of a spinning rotor cup under the shaped wave conditions.

Abstract: A metal member is produced with enhanced corrosion resistance by salt bath nitriding. Specifically, in a nitriding salt bath containing Li+, Na+ and K+ ions as cation components and CNO− and CO3−− ions as anion components and enhanced in oxidizing power by addition of an oxidizing-power-enhancing substance selected from the group consisting of alkali metal hydroxides, bound water, free water and moist air, the metal member is immersed such that an nitrided layer is formed on a surface of the metal member and concurrently, an oxide film is formed on an outermost layer of the nitrided layer. As a subsequent step to the immersion in the nitriding salt bath, the metal member is immersed in a displacement cleansing salt bath which contains an alkali metal nitrate.

Abstract: An epitaxial article and method for forming the same includes a substrate having a textured surface, and an electrochemically deposited substantially single orientation epitaxial layer disposed on and in contact with the textured surface. The epitaxial article can include an electromagnetically active layer and an epitaxial buffer layer. The electromagnetically active layer and epitaxial buffer layer can also be deposited electrochemically.

Abstract: A substrate for a solar cell is provided which comprises a support having a metal surface and a zinc oxide film formed on the metal surface and having a water content of 7.5×10−3 mol/cm3 or less, preferably 4.0×10−4 mol/cm3 or more. Thereby, the increase of series resistance and the generation of shunt are prevented and the efficiency such as Jsc and the chemical stability are improved, thus obtaining a solar cell with a zinc oxide film having optimal overall characteristics.

Abstract: Methods of forming a nano-supported catalyst on a substrate and at least one carbon nanotube on the substrate are comprised of configuring a substrate with an electrode (102), immersing the substrate with the electrode into a solvent containing a first metal salt and a second metal salt (104) and applying a bias voltage to the electrode such that a nano-supported catalyst is at least partly formed with the first metal salt and the second metal salt on the substrate at the electrode (106). In addition, the method of forming at least one carbon nanotube is comprised of conducting a chemical reaction process such as catalytic decomposition, pyrolysis, chemical vapor deposition, or hot filament chemical vapor deposition o grow at least one nanotube on the surface of the nano-supported catalyst (108).

Abstract: Disclosed is an electrochemical sensor for measuring carbon monoxide in a gas sample, the sensor comprising a working electrode including a working electrode catalyst, and a diffusion restriction means for restricting the diffusion of the gas sample to the working electrode; wherein the working electrode catalyst comprises oxidised platinum having a hydrogen cross-sensitivity of less than 10% and being present in an amount such that the activity capacity is at least 5.

Abstract: A porous layer having a multilayered structure is formed. An Si substrate (102) to be processed is anodized in a first electrolytic solution (141, 151) while being held between an anode (106) and a cathode (104) in an anodizing bath (101). The first electrolytic solution (141, 151) is exchanged with a second electrolytic solution (142, 152). The Si substrate (102) is anodized again, thereby forming a porous layer having a multilayered structure on the Si substrate (102).

Abstract: The present process for electrodepositing a zinc oxide film comprises the steps of immersing a substrate and an opposing electrode in an electrodeposition bath which contains zinc nitrate and is kept heated, and forming the zinc oxide film on the substrate by passing a current between the substrate and the opposing electrode, wherein the process further includes a step of trapping the particles of zinc oxide precipitated in the electrodeposition bath by circulating or stirring the bath before the formation of the zinc oxide film, whereby the present process can prevent the generated zinc oxide powder from depositing on the surfaces of the substrate and the zinc oxide film formed by electrodeposition when restarting or starting the formation of a zinc oxide film by the electrodeposition using an electrodeposition apparatus, and hence the formation of a uniform zinc oxide film free from defects.

Abstract: The disclosure relates to a process for forming a deposit on the surface of a metallic or conductive surface. The process employs an electrolytic process to deposit a silicate containing coating or film upon a metallic or conductive surface.

Abstract: The present invention provides a method of forming a zinc oxide film on a conductive substrate, which comprises dipping the conductive substrate and a counter electrode in an aqueous solution containing at least nitric acid ion and zinc ion and supplying a current between these electrodes to form a zinc oxide film, wherein the aqueous solution further contains polycarboxylic acid in which a carboxyl radical is bonded to each of carbon having sp2 hybrid orbital, or its ester with a concentration of 0.5 &mgr;mol/L to 500 &mgr;mol/L. Thereby, it is possible to form in a short time a thin film having texture structure exhibiting an optical confinement effect, to prevent abnormal growth of a deposited film, and to obtain a zinc oxide thin film having excellent uniformity and adhesion on a surface thereof where the film is formed. Also, by applying the photovoltaic device to a stacked structure, it is possible to enhance the photoelectric characteristics and mass producibility.

Abstract: A method is provided for forming an inorganic layer on a surface of a copper material, made of copper or of a copper-based alloy: a browning anodic oxidation process is performed on the copper material in an electrolytic bath containing only an alkali (for example NaOH) at a specified concentration in aqueous solution, under controlled condition of temperature and anodic current density and for a period of time suitable to form a continuous layer basically formed of copper (I) oxide (Cu2O): layers highly adherent to the copper substrate and having good mechanical behaviour are produced: different colors and optical properties may be obtained by controlling the process conditions so as to influence the crystalline form of the Cu2O layers.

Abstract: A reactive solution with an amount of 250 mL is made of distilled water and LiOH·H2O (4M) melted in the distilled water. Then, the reactive solution is put in a flow-type reactor, and is flown in between an anode electrode and a cathode electrode set in the flow-type reactor at a given temperature and a given flow rate. Then, a given voltage is applied between the anode electrode and the cathode electrode with dropping an oxidizer of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) into the reactive solution to form a lithium-cobalt oxide thin film on the anode electrode.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for anodizing a component. The component is placed in a container having a supply port, a drain port and a supply passage. The supply passage faced on a surface of the component to be anodized. A reaction medium is supplied from the supply port to the drain port. An electric current is supplied from an electrode provided on the drain port side of the surface. The apparatus prevents any hydrogen gas created by the electrode from recirculating to the surface of the component.

Abstract: A ZnO film forming method is a method of letting an electric current flow between a conductive substrate immersed in at least one forming bath containing at least zinc ions, and a counter electrode immersed in the at least one forming bath, thereby forming a zinc oxide film on the conductive substrate, wherein deposition of a zinc oxide film on a back surface of the conductive substrate is decreased by adjusting (1) a distance between the back surface of the conductive substrate and a region facing at least the periphery of the back surface in a surface facing the back surface, and (2) an electric conductivity of the forming bath, and (3) an electric current density between the conductive substrate and the counter electrode, thereby establishing a mass production technology based on electrolytic deposition of the zinc oxide film as a low cost technology and providing the method of forming the ZnO film with high performance and excellent adhesion to the substrate while reducing the amount of the film deposited

Abstract: Using pulsed current and relatively low average voltages, articles containing light metals such as magnesium may be rapidly anodized to form protective surface coatings. The anodizing solutions employed may contain phosphate, pennanganate, silicate, zirconate, vanadate, titanate and/or complex fluoride, optionally with other components present.

Abstract: Using pulsed current and relatively low average voltages, articles containing light metals such as magnesium may be rapidly anodized to form protective surface coatings. The anodizing solutions employed may contain phosphate, permanganate, silicate, zirconate, vanadate, titanate, hydroxide, alkali metal fluoride and/or complex fluoride, optionally with other components present.

Abstract: Using pulsed current and relatively low peak ceiling voltage, articles containing light metals such as magnesium may be rapidly anodized to form protective surface coatings. The anodizing solutions employed may contain phosphate, permanganate, silicate, zirconate, titanate and/or complex fluoride, optionally with other components present.

Abstract: The method of the present invention is a method of producing a thin film of zinc oxide, which comprises immersing a counter electrode and a conductive substrate as a negative electrode in an aqueous solution containing nitrate ions and 0.05 mol/liter or more of zinc ions, and passing a current between the counter electrode and the conductive substrate to electrochemically deposit zinc oxide on the conductive substrate from the aqueous solution, thereby forming a thin film of zinc oxide, wherein a film forming rate of the thin film is varied at least one time midway during an electrolytic deposition reaction for forming the thin film.

Abstract: A housing made of a magnesium material is colored by a non-painting process. In this process, an anode oxide film is grown on the surface of the housing by subjecting the housing to anodization. The anode oxide film is colored without a paint being applied to the surface of the film.