Abstract: A plurality of materials are rolled in an upstream stand. While the transfer speed of a succeeding material and the front end position thereof are detected, the transfer speed and the rear end position of a preceding material are detected by a measuring roll. The transfer speed of the succeeding material is controlled by adjusting at least the drive speed of the pinch rolls so that the front end of the succeeding material contacts the rear end of the preceding material at a specified position in a travelling welder. The rear end of the preceding material is joined with the front end of the succeeding material by flash-butt welding using the travelling welder to form a continuous material while letting the travelling welder move at a speed synchronous with the transfer speed of the continuous material. The welded portion on the continuous material is ground and/or cut to remove burr therefrom. After removing the burr, the continuous material is continuously rolled by a down-stream stand.

Abstract: A shaving or shearing blade utilized in dressing solder joint chip technologies without the use of heat or a copper block wicking process. In essence, any solder debris resulting from the solder shaving process as implemented by the shaving blade is removed through the intermediary of a vacuum arrangement located as an integral structure in the shaving blade so as to inhibit the potential formation of electrical shorts or causing solder damage in subsequent replacement chip joins or other assembly operations.

Abstract: A fabricated gas turbine engine component and method of manufacturing. In one embodiment the component having a structural member with a cover member metalurgically bonded thereto. The bonding of the cover member being controlled by an apparatus that sequentially applies a substantially non-unifrom bonding load across the components radius of curvature. The patterns utilized in the casting process are formed in one embodiment to a precision preformed geometry by a closed die forming operation.

Abstract: A honeycomb extrusion die and a method of making the die are disclosed, the die being made by bonding a die discharge section formed as a separate pin array to a separate die body incorporating an array of feed channels, the pin array comprising a plurality of pins attached to and extending outwardly from a body-compatible pin support which is removed after bonding the pins to the body. The pins may be formed of hard wear materials, and may have any of a variety of cross-sectional shapes adapted to improve extrusion uniformity as well as to form honeycomb cells of a variety of different cross-sectional shapes.

Abstract: Method is for welding billets leaving a heating furnace in a rolling line, the line including, in the segment (10) between the heating furnace (11) and the first rolling stand, at least a drawing unit (14), a rollerway to transport the billets, a movable welding assembly (20) with welding jaws (31) and an emergency shears (13). The trailing end of the billet (12a) being rolled is welded to the leading end of the billet (12b) unloaded afterwards from the furnace (11) while the billets (12) are in movement by a welding assembly (20) mounted on a movable trolley (19). The movable trolley (19) is taken substantially to the rolling speed, grips the billets (12) with the jaws (31) of the welding unit (20) and welds the ends of the billets (12).

Abstract: A method of attaching a lead part and a shield case for preventing a high-frequency signal from being leaked to a printed circuit board includes a solder coating step of coating solder so that the solder should cover the whole of an aperture provided through a printed circuit board into which a lead of the lead part is inserted and so that the solder should cover a part of an aperture provided through the printed circuit board into which an engagement portion of the shield case is inserted, a mounting step of inserting the lead of the lead part and the engagement portion of the shield case into the respective apertures to thereby mount the lead part and the shield case on the printed circuit board, and a soldering step of inserting the printed circuit board mounted with the lead part and the shield case into a reflowing furnace and melting the solder to thereby carry out soldering.

Abstract: A method to produce a composite blank for a knife blade and, to produce knife blades from it. Each half of a pair of substrate halves has a groove filled with a powdered titanium carbide based metal matrix composite (Fe/TiC). It is placed in a metal container which is sealed, evacuated, and subjected to hot isostatic pressing (HIP) to cause the powder to sinter and bond to the halves. The container is cooled and removed from the contents. The metal halves are separated, and sliced to form the blanks, and the blanks are sharpened to form the knife blades.

Abstract: A welding material for hard-facing which is to be hardened by a supercooling treatment after overlaying onto a cast iron base metal has a basic component composition which meets, in an overlaid condition, both a first condition and a second condition. The first condition is that a nickel (Ni) equivalent and a chromium (Cr) equivalent fall within that region to be defined in Schaeffler's structure diagram in which a difference in hardness before and after the supercooling treatment is a predetermined value or above. The second condition is that a starting temperature of martensitic transformation is a predetermined temperature or below.

Abstract: A method of producing a fibre-reinforced metallic circular part having a tral hollow, wherein the reinforcing fibres are disposed in the part in the vicinity of the hollow, comprises providing an annular metallic blank with a channel-sectioned groove opening towards the axis of the blank, placing uncompressed concentric layers of the reinforcing fibres and additional metal alternately in the groove followed by a more rigid expansion ring, evacuating the groove and sealing it by a deformable closure member which covers the groove, placing this assembly in an autoclave and subjecting it to a temperature and pressure sufficient to effect superplastic forging of the layers of additional metal whereby the fibre layers and the additional metal layers are compressed and welded to the blank in a single operation, and machining the resulting assembly to obtain the required shaped part.

Abstract: A spark plug is provided which is suitable for use in a spark ignition system for an internal combustion engine. The spark plug is equipped with a specially configured firing tip on each of its electrodes for the purpose of minimizing the demand voltage of the spark plug, as well as extending the life of the spark plug by maximizing the time over which the demand voltage will remain within an acceptable level. For this purpose, the firing tips are configured such that their firing surfaces include at least three edges and three corners which serve as arc initiation sites of a relatively low resistance arc path between the electrodes.

Abstract: A method of correcting the partially worn die mounting surfaces of the stationary and the movable platen of a die casting machine is capable of correcting the partially worn die mounting surfaces through comparatively simple processes in a comparatively short time without dismounting the stationary and the movable platens from the die casting machine. The method comprises steps of padding welding areas including partially worn areas and areas surrounding the partially worn areas in the die mounting surfaces of the platens on the die casting machine by build-up welding, disposing a compact, portable face cutting machine near the platens, and cutting the padded areas by the face cutting machine to finish the die mounting surfaces of the platens in a desired flatness in the range of 1/100 to 1/10 mm. The build-up welding is carried out under welding conditions realizing a welding heat input of 15,000 J/cm or below to prevent inducing residual stress in the platens.

Abstract: A metallic press die having an edge portion or high pressure portion for processing a workpiece therewith is made by overlaying a welding material to that portion of a base material for the metallic press die which forms the edge portion or high pressure portion, and then machining an overlaid portion into a predetermined shape of the edge portion or high pressure portion. The welding material has a hardness after welding of HRC 45 or below. After the machining step, the overlaid portion is subjected to a subzero treatment to increase the hardness of the overlaid portion. The welding material contains, as a basic composition thereof, 0.5-1.5% by weight of carbon (C), 0.2 -2.0% by weight of silicon (Si), 0.3-6.0% by weight of manganese (Mn), 0.3-10.0% by weight of chromium (Cr), 0.3-10.0% by weight of cobalt (Co), and the remaining parts of iron (Fe) inclusive of unavoidable impurities, and wherein a starting temperature of martensitic transformation is 150 .degree. C. or below.

Abstract: A bearer joint for a vehicle bodywork, and in particular a longitudinal front bearer joint, and a process for placing an aluminum bearer on the bearer joint in the vehicle bodywork. The bearer joint comprises a cast aluminum connector for joining together a first forward bearer and a second adjacent bearer. The connector includes a tubular aluminum recess for receiving the rearward end of the first aluminum bearer which is fixed thereto by a transverse weld seam at the front receiving edge of the recess. To replace a damaged front bearer, a ring cut is made to the outer wall of the aluminum recess at a distance from the forward receiving edge corresponding to the zone of thermal influence of the heat affected zone adjacent the weld. A damaged front bearer is then withdrawn from the recess and replaced by a new front bearer which is also welded to the new forward cut edge of the aluminum recess. In this way the front bearer is replaced without compromising the original strength of the bearer joint.

Abstract: The invention comprises a method and apparatus for handling the weld bead scarfed from the interior surface of continuous seam welded metal tube or pipe incident to its manufacture. A section of tube of predetermined length is cut from the lead and of the advancing continuous tube, having the scarfed weld bead therein, by a rotary cutter. The speed of the individual section is increased to create a gap between the individual section and the continuous tube, and a scissor mechanism severs the weld bead within the gap. The severed section of weld bead is then conveyed within the associated individual section of tube to a tube accumulation or storage area for removal and disposal.

Abstract: A method for bonding leads of a film carrier to electrodes of electronic devices includes a step for positioning the leads and the electrodes with a predetermined clearance aligned to define corresponding pairs of the leads and electrodes, and a step for placing a bonding tool having a conductive bonding material served such that the conductive bonding material is located between the lead and electrode of one of the corresponding pairs. The method further includes a step for pressing the lead of one corresponding pair such that the conductive bonding material is pressed between the lead and the electrode, thereby bonding the lead and electrode. After bonding, the conductive bonding material is pulled to cut and leave the bonded conductive bonding material. Then, while the bonding tool is released from the bonded pair, the conductive bonding material is served to the bonding tool for the next bonding operation.

Abstract: A conveyor belt and drive structure are disclosed for use with a conversion press in which an upper level of an endless metallic conveyor belt, preferably of stainless steel, is positioned between upper and lower tooling in the press. The conveyor belt is formed by seam welding together the ends of a length of thin flexible metal, and includes a plurality of transversely and longitudinally spaced shell-receiving carrier apertures. The edges of the conveyor belt at the ends of the weld seam are relieved with an elongated notch shape having corners formed on a radius to eliminate from the belt stress concentrations which may occur during the welding process.

Abstract: A method of manufacturing multi-characteristic small thin flat metallic parts comprising the steps of providing first and second strips of metal differing in at least one characteristic. The metal strips are welded together along their edges in an electron beam welding process and the small multi-characteristic parts are blanked transversely from their resulting strip whereby each part has a first portion deriving from the first strip and a second portion deriving from the second strip.

Abstract: A method for the production of brush seals, by first forming a linear array of contiguous, parallely aligned brush elements. The elements, each containing a multitude of bristles, are aligned in a resilient, linear support, in which the long axis of the bristles are parallel to each other. The resultant, resiliently supported array of brush elements is easily contoured to various arcuate shapes. For effecting a seal between the rotating elements of a turbine engine, the linear array is contoured in the form of a circular array, in which the free ends of the bristles in the array are joined to an annular backing ring.

Abstract: To apply an erosion resistant tip, for example a platinum tip to an electrode 10, a wire 12 is fed onto the electrode and the tip welded to the electrode; the end of the wire is severed to leave a pellet 20 attached to the electrode; the pellet is coined and a subsequent welding operation takes place which results in the pellet penetrating into the end face of the electrode.

Abstract: There is disclosed a method for arranging a plurality of line filaments above the grid electrode supported on the base plate of a conventional fluorescent displaying tube. The inventive method employs a temporary mounting plate for temporarily supporting the filaments with tension until they are completely arranged above the grid electrode. The mounting plate comprises a plurality of cutting-off lines and a pair of weld portions at opposite ends thereof. The arrangement of the filaments accomplished, the temporary mounting plate is cut along the cutting-off lines so as to remove all the other portions except the weld portions.

Abstract: A segmented brush seal (10) having coaxial annular backing (20) and side (25) plates sandwiching a plurality of tightly packed, circumferentially arrayed bristles (30) which extend radially inwardly at a constant circumferential skew angle, and its method of manufacture, is disclosed. The side plate (25) has a plurality of radially inwardly extending tabs (32) each having a tab end (34) which extends proximate to an inner diameter (22) of the backing plate. The sandwiched plates (20, 25) and bristles (30) are welded together at each tab (32), wherein the resulting weld zone (50) lengthwisely extends from the radially innermost tab end (34) to an outer circumferentially weld (40) at the local bristle skew angle. The seal is then lengthwisely bifurcated through each weld zone (50) at the local bristle skew angle to produce the segmented seal (10).

Abstract: A method of repairing a section of a metallic cylindrical member, such as a turbine shaft, having surface defects and a keyway thereon, by machining the surface to a depth less than the depth of the keyway and inserting a half key in the keyway, and machining the combination to provide a continuous surface for welding. A weld material is then deposited over the continuous surface formed to a thickness which provides a diameter greater than the initial diameter of the shaft. The weld material is machined to give a member having the initial diameter and the key member is removed to provide a repaired member having a keyway therein.

Abstract: An effective, convenient, economical and safe system for installing and removing multi-sided gull-wing semiconductor devices from circuit boards without damaging the semiconductor device is provided. The solder removal system is formed by the combination of a surmo-multi-sided wick formed from welded braids and a solder removal gun that has been adapted with a corresponding multi-sided tip face with vacuum capability. An apparatus and process of using such apparatus thereof to produce the multi-sided shape surmo-wick used in the solder removal system are also provided.

Abstract: A process of forming bumps on respective electrodes of a semiconductor chip comprises the steps of a) preparing a bonding apparatus equipped with a bonding tool three-dimensionally movable, b) forming a small ball at the leading end of a wire passing through the bonding tool, c) causing the bonding tool to press the small ball against the upper surface of one of the electrodes for bonding thereto, d) moving the bonding tool in a direction leaving from the upper surface of the electrode by a distance, e) moving the bonding tool in a horizontal direction substantially parallel to the upper surface of the electrode so that the wire is cut from the small ball with the leading end of the bonding tool, and f) repeating the steps b) to e) for producing bumps on the respective upper surfaces of the other electrodes, in which the horizontal direction is different depending upon the location of the electrode.

Abstract: An excitation coil for a high intensity discharge lamp has an optimized configuration for maximizing efficiency and minimizing output light blockage. The coil comprises a conductive surface having a shape which corresponds to rotating a bilaterally symmetrical trapezoid about a coil center line in the same plane as the trapezoid without intersecting the center line. The conductive surface is disposed on a conductive core for efficient heat removal from the coil, resulting in reduced coil losses. In one embodiment, the coil cross section is increased by adding a rectangular portion to the trapezoidal portion, thereby extending the coil outwardly from the coil center line so as to remove heat from the coil more quickly without affecting light output from the lamp. The coil is constructed by separately casting the coil turns and brazing a connecting member therebetween, and then cutting a slit in each turn so as to electrically connect them in series.

Abstract: A method of splicing together metal webs for use in planography with the ends thereof being butted or lapped against each other. In the metal web splicing method, the ends of the metal webs are spliced together in a butted manner, the splice portion thereof is welded, and the welded splice portion is rolled. According to the splicing method, there is left no level difference in the welded splice portion, which eliminates the possibility of the spliced metal webs being broken during the movement thereof and also has no ill effect on the coating process for the spliced metal webs.

Abstract: A method of producing a warp beam, and the warp beam produced by this method are described.

Abstract: A pair of sheets of a metal capable of exhibiting superplasticity, such as Titanium, are placed in overlapping relationship and the peripheral edges of the sheets are joined, such as by welding, to provide a gas impervious seal. The joined metal sheets are lowered into a press so that they extend vertically between a pair of horizontally spaced apart, vertically extending preheated ceramic dies. The dies are previously transferred inside insulating shrouds from a preheater station before being loaded into the press. At least one of the dies is moved horizontally toward the other one of the dies so that the joined metal sheets are positioned closely adjacent to the dies. As a result, the metal sheets are heated to a predetermined temperature at which they are capable of exhibiting superplasticity. Thermostatically controlled heating platens behind the dies offset any heat losses in the dies as they radiate energy to the joined metal sheets.

Abstract: In a method for producing workpieces of metal having profiled outer and/or inner contours which have any desired shape contours and are or can be profiled in thickness, the workpiece (R) is to be divided in terms of construction into simple part-profiles (4, 7, 13, 14), which are then produced by precision blanking and then fitted together and joined to one another by lamination to form the finished part.

Abstract: A multiple-terminal unit comprises a first and a second group of teeth extending from one edge of a band-shaped. The teeth in the first group and the second group are bent at different positions so that their stem parts are staggered. In another aspect of the invention, the part at which a terminal and wiring pattern on a substrate a fixed by resin, preferably thixotropic resin.

Abstract: In accordance with a preferred embodiment, a monolith extrusion die is formed by a plurality of individual tube elements bonded together as a tube stack defining a plurality of extrudable material feed holes and reference guides for a plurality of individual shaping teeth each having a root segment located in a reference guide and each having a shaping head spaced apart from adjacent shaping heads to form intersecting rows of extrusion slots having a shape corresponding to the monolith formed by extrudable material directed from the feed holes through the shaping teeth.

Abstract: A method for making multi-colored composite laminates comprises stacking a plurality of colored strips in a predetermined pattern and bonding the strips into a composite laminate by continuous bonding. The composite laminate is then rolled before being passed through a deep steel pattern roll which forms a raised pattern on its surface. Next, the laminate is passed through a skiving table where the raised pattern is skived off to expose the multi-colored pattern formed by the underlying layers. The laminate is than flat rolled to a finished dimension and may be reeled up into a cylindrical roll.

Abstract: A connection arrangement with profiled parts contains, in at least one hollow chamber in a profiled part, a connecting element by means of which a connection with the other profile part is effected. The purpose of the invention is to provide, at low manufacturing cost, a reliable connection and to eliminate any after-treatment of surfaces in the vicinity of the connection. It is proposed that the connecting element be secured to the web of the first profiled part and that a length thereof projects, prior to welding, beyond the front surface; and that, after welding, the weld-zone be arranged in the hollow-chamber in the second profiled part and be at a distance from the adjacent front surfaces of the profiled parts.

Abstract: Novel methods for repairing worn surfaces of turbine rotors, are disclosed. These methods include depositing a first layer of weld metal on a worn surface of the component, whereby a heat-affected zone is created. A second layer of weld metal is then deposited over the first layer using a greater amount of heat to temper at least a portion of the heat-affected zone produced by the first layer. The preferred embodiments include the use of gas tungsten arc welding for producing fine-grain size and more creep resistance, especially in the weld and heat-affected zone. The resulting build-up can be machined, for example into a blade fastening to produce a component having properties equal to or better than the base-metal alloy. The invention also provides a longer lasting turbine system, including rotors which have serrated steeples that are more resistant to failure.

Abstract: A relatively large scale low cost method of fabricating optical devices with associated coupling lenses comprises the following steps:(a) producing in one surface of a substrate (1) of suitable material(s) a predetermined array of planar diffused lenses (4);(b) forming or otherwise producing on the opposite surface of the substrate (1) remote from the planar lenses (4) but in predetermined positional relationship to the lenses in the general planar direction of the substrate an array or pattern of metallic bonding pads or other registration means co-operable with corresponding pads or other means provided on a multiplicity of optical devices (10) for the accurate registration of such devices relative to the optical lenses; and,(c) dividing the substrate (1) into a multiplicity of parts each of which comprises an optical device (10) having an associated planar lens (4).

Abstract: The front of a new steel strip is welded to the tail of a strip being formed in a continuous pipe mill or the like at an improved splice station. The ends of the strips are sheared to match and are clamped on a carriage movable in the longitudinal direction of the strips. A pair of pinch rolls downstream from the carriage for holding the tail of the strip in the mill can be translated in a direction transverse to the strip for aligning the tail with the front of the new strip of metal. Movement of the pinch rolls and carriage bring the ends of the strips into alignment and abutment. An automatic welder on the carriage butt welds the seam between the ends of the strips. A milling cutter traverses across the welded seam for removing excess weld bead to prevent damage to rolls in the forming mill.

Abstract: The invention broadly comprises forming a weld preparation groove in the surface of a cylindrical roller, said groove being parallel to the longtitudinal axis of the roller. The groove is filled with a weld material. Subsequently, the outer surface of the cylinder is welded with a compatible welding material to coat the cylinder surface. The weld materials both for the groove and the surface are compatible such that when the surface is welded, the weld material in the groove is recast to form a homogeneous grain structure with the surface weld. The slot is then formed and the surfaces of the facing walls of the slot, the slot edges and the roller surface are uniformly coated.

Abstract: In order to accommodate post-manufacturing, or secondary operations in precision assemblies using composite materials, where the secondary operations consist of drilling, machining, grinding, lapping, or other material-removing processing, without the need to resort to expensive diamond tooling and while maintaining needed structural integrity, a composite formed of a base material, a matrix, and a machineable material is provided. The matrix is bonded to the base material and the machineable material is rendered integral with the matrix and sufficiently thick to accommodate subsequent material-removing processing to a precision dimension.

Abstract: A control wheel intended for welding onto the high-pressure rotor of a steam turbine is manufactured from a ring of individual blades welded together. For this purpose, all of the individual blades are provided with shrouds and root platforms having welding grooves formed therein. After being welded together into a ring, closed on all sides, the control wheel is annealed, machined and finally heat-treated.

Abstract: The invention concerns a process for assembly of the end of a girder (16,18',18",20', 20"and the associated region of a crossbrace (10,12), constituting components of the chassis end of a railway vehicle, with the girder and crossbrace each comprising at least one vertical web and upper and lower flanges. According to the invention, the flanges of the girder are cut away such that its web extends longitudinally beyong the edges of the flanges. Then the flanges of the crossbrace are cut so as to form attachment journals with free edges adapted to the respective free edges of the flanges of the girder, at the same time, forming in the region of the free edges, hook-shaped lateral appendages. The crossbrace and girder are positioned so that the respective free edges of the flanges of the crossbrace and the girder essentially abut one another, and the girder and crossbrace are welded together in the regions of mutual contact.

Abstract: A small-sized gas pressure welding machine for rails comprises a pressure application unit and an excess metal punching unit. The pressure application unit includes a positioning bed disposed along the rail feet of rails to be welded together, a movable pressure application clamp mechanism provided at one end of the positioning bed and a stationary pressure application clamp mechanism provided at the other end of the positioning bed. The movable clamp mechanism clamps the rail foot of one of the rails and provides an abutting pressure. The stationary clamp mechanism clamps the rail foot of the other rail and receives the abutting pressure.

Abstract: A method for depositing gold bumps on metallized pads of semiconductor chips uses a commercially available thermocompression or thermosonic gold wire bonder. The method includes the steps of depositing a gold ball with an attached wire on the metallized pad, and removing the wire so that a gold bump remains on the pad.

Abstract: A method for manufacturing bladed disks, or blisks, for turbines by press welding of blades or outer airfoil elements to blade stives or inner airfoil elements on a disk is characterized by the provision on the outer and inner airfoil elements of flanges of excess flash material having alignment holes for dowel pins that assure alignment of leading and trailing edges of the airfoil elements during pressure welding, followed by removal of the excess flash material and the included dowel pins.

Abstract: The reinforcements in a radiator core assembly are perforated so as to form a shear zone in the legs thereof that maintain rigidity in the reinforcements for stacking and brazing and can be readily sheared thereafter.

Abstract: A spark plug for internal combustion engines provided with a noble metal tip on the pointed top of a spark plug center electrode. The noble metal tip is welded to the center electrode top end by heating and pressing the portion to be welded. After the welding, the center electrode is shaped to provide the pointed top. The noble metal tip is a platinum alloy consisting of platinum of 85 through 70 in weight percentage and iridium of 15 through 30 in weight percentage.

Abstract: A method of manufacturing a brush seal is disclosed which comprises producing a plurality of tufts of brush material and securing the tufts between two side plates to form a seal. Each tuft is produced by forming a tape which comprises one or more layers of parallel contiguous lengths of filaments adhesively bonded together to form a self supporting body. The tape is cut into discrete portions and these constitute tufts of bonded filaments. A plurality of tufts are assembled closely adjacent to each other in a support member with a part of each tuft projecting from the support member, and the tufts are subsequently secured in the support member. Finally the adhesive is removed from at least that part of each tuft which projects from the support member.

Abstract: An apparatus for use in the manufacture of brush seals which comprise a plurality of filaments of brush material sandwiched between two sideplates. The apparatus comprises a workplate onto which is mounted one of the sideplates of the seal. A plurality of first clamping members clamp against the sideplate. Each member can be lifted to enable a tuft of brush material to be inserted and clamped against the sideplate. To enable more than one layer of tufts to be built up on the sideplate a second clamping means is provided to enable the first clamping members to be released. An indexing mechanism allows the first clamping members to be moved relative to the clamped tufts and when the assembly of tufts is complete a second sideplate is clamped onto the tufts and first sideplate. The apparatus also includes means for cutting a prewound ribbon of adhesively bonded wires into short lengths to form the tufts.

Abstract: A rotary notcher is used in a continuous strip processing line for metallic strip to cut out side or edge portions of the joined strips in the welded area. When an arc welder is used, welding may be done only in the center area of the seam remote from where the notching occurs. The rotary notcher is activated in a time relationship with the welding process to notch along the joined seam. The notcher comprises two opposed housings along longitudinal edges of the strip for cantileverly supporting a cooperative pair of rotatable knife drums each having cooperative arcuate surfaces upon which an arcuate knife is mounted, and cooperative flat sections for allowing the strip to travel therebetween without hitting against the drums. The knife has a continuous gradual slope with a desired depth formed between the two extremes of the edge of the knife to effect a smooth continuous cut.

Abstract: A dual alloy cooled turbine is manufactured by casting a hollow cylinder of first nickel-base alloy material with high creep resistance to produce directionally oriented grain boundaries. A preform of a second nickel-base alloy material with high tensile strength and high low-cycle-fatigue strength is diffusion bonded into the bore of the hollow cylinder by subjecting the cylinder and preform to hot isostatic pressing. The resulting cylindrical block is cut into thin precisely flat wafers. A plurality of alignable holes for forming fluid cooling passages are photochemically etched into the individual wafers. The wafers then are laminated by vacuum diffusion bonding techniques, with the holes aligned to form fluid cooling passages. The resulting laminated block is machined to produce the turbine wheel with turbine blades through which the cooling passages extend.

Abstract: A spark plug for internal combustion engines provided with a noble metal tip on the pointed top of a spark plug center electrode. The noble metal tip is welded to the center electrode top end by heating and pressing the portion to be welded. After the welding, the center electrode is shaped to provide the pointed top. The noble metal tip is a platinum alloy consisting of platinum of 85 through 70 in weight percentage and iridium of 15 through 30 in weight percentage.