Abstract: An integrated circuit that includes at least one tunneling device voltage reference circuit for use in low voltage applications is disclosed. The tunneling device voltage reference circuit includes a pair of voltage dividing device stacks, one having a linear voltage output and the other having a non-linear voltage output. A feedback circuit supplies a regulated voltage to each of the voltage dividing stacks so that the output voltages of the two device stacks equalize. Once the feedback circuit has locked, any one of the device stack output voltages and the regulated voltage may be used as a voltage reference.

Abstract: A reference voltage generation circuit includes a current-mirror circuit formed of a plurality of MOS (Metal Oxide Semiconductor) transistors each having a source terminal connected to a power source and a gate terminal connected to with each other; and a plurality of transistors each connected to a drain terminal of each of the MOS transistors of the current-mirror circuit for controlling the current-mirror circuit, so that an output current of the current-mirror circuit is converted to a voltage to be output as a reference voltage. Each of the MOS transistors of the current-mirror circuit has the drain terminal connected to a collector terminal of each of the transistors. Accordingly, when a voltage of the power source varies, it is possible to maintain a collector voltage of each of the transistors at a specific level and a collector current of each of the transistors constant.

Abstract: A low supply voltage band-gap reference circuit is provided, which includes a positive temperature coefficient current generation unit and a negative temperature coefficient current generation unit, and it is implemented by way of current summing. Through the current-mode temperature compensation technique, the present invention is able to reduce the voltage headroom and the number of operational amplifiers required by the conventional voltage-summing method, as well as the influence to the output voltage due to the offset voltage, thereby providing a stable and low voltage band-gap reference voltage level. In addition, by reducing the number of operational amplifiers and resistors of high resistance, the circuit area is reduced, and chip cost is saved.

Abstract: A series regulator for supplying a stable output voltage to a load has a differential amplifier circuit and an output stage. The output stage has an output control transistor that supplies the output voltage in accordance with a control signal, and a voltage divider circuit that divides the output voltage and outputs the divided voltage. The differential input stage includes a differential pair (source-coupled pair) of two NMOS transistors, an NMOS transistor, and a current mirror circuit formed by PMOS transistors. The differential input stage detects a differential voltage between a reference voltage and the divided voltage output from the voltage divider circuit. The differential amplifier circuit also has an amplification stage including a PMOS transistor that has a resistor connected between its gate and drain and that has its drain connected to a node, and an NMOS transistor that supplies a current proportional to a constant current to the PMOS transistor.

Abstract: A voltage transformation circuit comprising a first input, a second input, a first output, first and second impedances and a current mirror having master and slave terminals, wherein the first impedance is connected between the first input and the master terminal of the current mirror, the second impedance is connected between the second input and the slave terminal of the current mirror, and the first output is connected to the slave terminal of the current mirror.

Abstract: A multipath current source has separate reference current, control current and output current paths. Voltages in the reference current and control current paths are monitored. Any differences between those two voltages are fed to the gates of current control devices in the reference, control and output current paths to maintain the currents in all paths substantially constant with changes in supply voltage.

Abstract: Disclosed are current sink and source circuits, a charge pump that incorporates them, and a phase locked loop that incorporates the charge pump. The current sink and source circuits each have a current mirror that biases a transistor connected to an output node. These circuits each further have a two-stage feedback amplifier to sense the current mirror drain voltage and to control the transistor gate voltage in order to stabilize the current mirror drain voltage independent of output voltage at the output node. The amplifier also increases output resistance at the output node. This configuration allows for a wide operation voltage range and ensures good circuit performance under a very low power supply. A charge pump that incorporates these circuits generates highly matched charging and discharging currents. A PLL that incorporates this charge pump exhibits minimal bandwidth shifts and minimal locking speed and jitter performance degradation.

Abstract: The present invention is directed to a device and method for generating a reference voltage. A reference voltage generator comprises a first circuit, a second circuit, and an external device. The first circuit generates a positive temperature coefficient voltage. the second circuit is coupled to the first circuit, biased with a substantially constant current, produces a negative temperature coefficient voltage, and combines the negative temperature coefficient voltage with the positive temperature coefficient voltage as a reference voltage. The external device is coupled to the second circuit, and yields the substantially constant current.

Abstract: The invention concerns a circuit arrangement (2) for the regulation of a current (IL) through a load (RL), with: a resistance (RS), through which a load current (IL) flows and across which a voltage (VS) drops, which serves as a control variable for the regulation of the load current (IL), a tapping point (P) for a reference voltage (Vref), which serves as a command variable for the regulation of the load current (IL), and a differential amplifier for the amplification of the control deviation (Vref?VS).

Abstract: Techniques pertaining to a circuit architecture capable of controlling a current source to a predefined precision are disclosed. According to one aspect of the present invention, an automatic trimming circuit is proposed to automatically trim a current generated from a current generator or circuit in accordance with a reference current. The automatic trimming circuit includes a comparator, an ADC and a register. The comparator that may be implemented as a subtractor finds a difference between a generated current and a reference current. The difference is then digitized to an n-bit precision. A digital representation of the difference is then kept in a register and used subsequently correct or modify the generated current to produce a precisely controlled current.

Abstract: A regulated internal power supply and method are provided. According to various embodiments, a regulated internal power supply system includes a DC to DC converter adapted to connect to an external supply voltage. The converter is further adapted to increase voltage level above a level of the external supply voltage. A low pass filter is connected to the DC to DC converter, and a current-mode bandgap voltage reference (BVR) is connected to the low pass filter. The BVR is adapted to provide second order curvature correction and to provide a tunable voltage reference gradient with respect to the external supply voltage. A power amplifier is connected to the BVR and to a circuit die, to provide a stable internal supply voltage to the die. Other aspects and embodiments are provided herein.

Abstract: An apparatus includes a first voltage reference circuit, a second voltage reference circuit and a third circuit that is coupled to the second voltage reference circuit. The first voltage reference circuit provides a first reference voltage between a terminal of the first voltage reference circuit and a first power line. The second voltage reference circuit provides a second reference voltage between a terminal of the second voltage reference circuit and a second power line that is separate from the first power line. The third circuit is coupled to the second voltage reference circuit to establish a magnitude of the second reference voltage in response to a potential difference between the terminal of the first voltage reference circuit and the second power line.

Abstract: A reference current generating apparatus is provided which is capable of generating a reference current having no temperature dependency, without increasing a layout area. The reference current generating apparatus includes a constant current generating circuit having a differential amplifier, a constant current generating circuit connected to the constant current generating circuit and having a differential amplifier, and an output circuit connected to the constant current generating circuit for outputting first and second reference voltages. The constant current generating circuit generates a reference current by enabling selection of a mirror ratio of a transistor that conducts summing of a constant current proportional to a thermal voltage, and by enabling switching of a dividing voltage from a resistor to an input of the differential amplifier, to generate a constant current proportional to a diode voltage via a high impedance MOS gate.

Abstract: A current supply includes a current mirror arrangement having a feedback circuit. The current supply includes a current mirror input stage connected to a constant current source providing a reference current; a current mirror output stage providing an output current substantially mirroring the reference current; and a feedback circuit feeding back to the current mirror input stage a feedback signal representing perturbations in the output current to cause the output current to more accurately mirror the reference current. In one embodiment, a dummy current mirror output stage substantially mirrors the reference current, and the feedback circuit receives a signal from the dummy current mirror output stage, and in response thereto, supplies the feedback signal to the current mirror input stage to cause the output current to more accurately mirror the reference current.

Abstract: A current mirror has a first transistor and a second transistor. Current through the first and second transistors are an input current and an output current, respectively. The ratio of the output current to the input current is constant. The first and second transistors have the same voltage difference between the gate and source. The voltage difference between the drain and source of the second transistor is equalized to that of the first transistor by a first operational amplifier, and the voltage difference between the drain and source of the first transistor is equalized to a control voltage by a second operational amplifier. By setting the value of the control voltage, the first and second transistors can operate in triode region to simultaneously provide high output current and sufficient potential for a load.

Abstract: In a power circuit which makes phase compensation by utilizing ESR of an output capacitor, a feedback signal based on an output voltage is supplied by a coupling capacitor to an N-channel MOS transistor on a saturated coupling side of a current mirror circuit inside an error amplification circuit.

Abstract: A circuit includes a bandgap core and a bandgap amplifier. The bandgap core is capable of receiving an input voltage and generating an output voltage. A second-order temperature coefficient in the output voltage is at least partially reduced by the bandgap core while a first-order temperature coefficient in the output voltage remains substantially unchanged.

Abstract: A linear regulator and methods of regulation are provided. In one implementation, a linear regulator is provided that includes a mode selection circuit operable to determine whether a power source voltage received by the linear regulator exceeds a pre-defined operational range of a load in communication with the linear regulator, and a power switch to directly supply the power source voltage to the load if the power source voltage is within the pre-defined operational range.

Abstract: A detector receives energy pulses and a lossy integration circuit generates a lossy integration that, for each pulse, increases over the pulse duration to a maximum value and then decays. The lossy integration is sampled, with a sampling rate and decay rate such that the sample is within a given acceptable error of the maximum value. The sample represents the pulse total energy, within the given acceptable error. An optional circuit and processing function calculates a total accumulated energy over a plurality of pulses.

Abstract: A current driving circuit includes a bias voltage generator that generates a bias voltage and multiple constant current drivers that output driving currents. Each constant current driver includes first and second transistors coupled in series between two power supply potentials, and a third transistor that forms a current mirror with the second transistor. The control terminal of the first transistor receives the bias voltage. The control terminals of the second and third transistors are both connected to the node at which the first and second transistors are interconnected. This circuit configuration makes the output current, which is obtained from the third transistor, comparatively immune to fabrication process variations and variations in power-supply potentials.

Abstract: A sub-bandgap reference voltage generator, generates a pair of variable voltages one having a positive temperature coefficient and one having a negative voltage coefficient. The pair of voltages are added to generate an output voltage whose value and temperature may be varied. To achieve this, a first voltage having a positive temperature coefficient is multiplied by a first ratio defined by first and second resistive values to generate a second voltage. A third voltage having a negative temperature coefficient is multiplied by a second ratio defined by third and fourth resistive values to generate a fourth voltage. The second and fourth voltages are added together to generate the output voltage of the sub-bandgap voltage generator.

Abstract: A low-voltage current mirror circuit is provided. The low-voltage current mirror circuit includes a current mirror including first and second transistors, a buffer circuit, and a third transistor. The first transistor is the input transistor to the low-voltage current mirror circuit. Additionally, the source of the third transistor is coupled to the drain of the first transistor. The buffer circuit is configured to cause the voltage at the gate of the third transistor and the voltage at the gage of the first transistor to be substantially equal. Also, the low-voltage current mirror circuit is arranged such that the drain current provided to the third transistor is relatively small such that the Vgs of the third transistor is roughly equal to the threshold voltage VTH. Accordingly, the input voltage of the low-voltage current mirror circuit is approximately equal to Vgs-VTH.

Abstract: A DC current regulator circuit comprises a first circuit node (32) which is operable to receive an external input voltage. A transistor (M1) has an input, a first leg and a second leg. The first leg of the transistor is isolated from the first circuit node (32). An amplifier (10) has an output connected to the input of the transistor (M1), a first amplifier input for receiving a reference voltage (VREF) and a second amplifier input connected to the first circuit node (32). A low-pass filter (33) connects between the output of the amplifier and the first circuit node (32). A current mirror (36) connects in series with the second leg of the transistor (M1) and has a first branch (38) for providing a regulated output current and a second branch (37) which connects to the first circuit node (32). The current regulator has reduced sensitivity to conducted EMI received at the first circuit node (32).

Abstract: A bandgap voltage reference circuit having temperature curvature correction, comprises a bandgap voltage source configured to generate an output voltage, and a novel curvature correction circuit. The correction circuit is responsive to the bandgap voltage source output voltage and connected to apply a curvature correction signal to the bandgap voltage source to compensate for output voltage temperature dependency of the bandgap voltage source.

Abstract: An internal voltage generating apparatus adaptive to a temperature change includes a reference voltage circuit including a complementary to absolute temperature (CTAT) type transistor and a proportional to absolute temperature (PTAT) type transistor for generating a first to a third initial reference voltage signals. A buffer circuit for buffering a first, a second and a third initial reference voltage signal is included to generate a first, a second, and a third reference voltage signal in response to enable signals. An internal voltage generating circuit is included to generate an internal voltage signal based on the first, the second and the third reference voltage signal by using an inputted power voltage.

Abstract: An electrical circuit that provides accurate, regulated output voltage over a wide range of input voltages, while exhibiting each of three desired characteristics: accuracy across different supply/process/temperature; stability and linearity yielding phase/gain margins; and high (good) power supply rejection ratio (PSRR). The circuit comprises an output node having a load current and an amplifier having a first input coupled to a reference voltage and receiving a bias input current that is a pre-established proportionate size of the load current across the output node, such that a change in the load current results in a proportionate change in the bias input current. The electrical circuit represents a voltage regulator that provides accurate, linear output voltage that is a predictable portion of the reference voltage.

Abstract: A voltage-controlled current source (VCCS) is provided. The VCCS controls an output current according to a controlling voltage. The VCCS includes an operational amplifier (OP-amplifier), a transistor, a resistor and a current mirror. The present invention utilizes the characteristics of the OP-amplifier to compensate for the voltage difference between the gate and the source of the transistor so that the resulting terminal voltage on the resistor is equal to the input control voltage. Therefore, the VCCS of the present invention can reduce the factors including process drift, fluctuation in the DC voltage source or the output current that can affect the terminal voltage difference of the resistor and hence the accuracy of the output current.

Abstract: A semiconductor device provided with a monitor transistor for detecting electric current flowing in a driver transistor mounted on a semiconductor chip is disclosed. The semiconductor device includes plural transistors provided in the monitor transistor and connected in parallel. The plural transistors are disposed at a periphery of an area of the semiconductor chip on which the driver transistor is mounted.

Abstract: A control circuit U1 comprises four PMOS transistors MP1-MP4 and receives a voltage Vn and a voltage Vss. MP1 and MP3, and, MP2 and MP4 are respectively connected in series between power supply Vdd and a fixed voltage Vss. Gate terminal of MP2 is connected to Vss. Reference current and its copy current F1 respectively flow through NMOS transistors M1 and M2, of which respective source terminals are connected to Vss. Gate width of M2 is a quarter of that of M1. Drain terminal is connected to the gate terminals of MP1 and MP2. Node between source terminal of MP2 and drain terminal of MP3 is connected to gate terminal of MP1, and node between source terminal of MP2 and drain terminal of MP4 is connected to gate terminal of MP2. The control circuit U1 controls gate terminal voltage of M1 to make an overdrive voltage of M1 becomes Vn.

Abstract: According to one general aspect, an apparatus includes a first resistor in a first current path of a resistor-capacitor (RC) circuit, the resistor connected to a power source. A variable capacitor is included in a second current path of the RC circuit and operably connected to the power source and a virtual ground generator. A comparison circuit is configured to make a determination regarding a voltage VR across the resistor to a ground relative to a voltage VC across the capacitor to a virtual ground from the virtual ground generator. A control circuit is configured to make an adjustment of a value of the variable capacitor, based on the determination.

Abstract: A voltage regulator has a sense transistor through which a sense current flows in accordance with a magnitude of a load current, and a sense resistor through which the sense current flows. A control transistor controls the load current in accordance with a voltage across the sense resistor. A current measurement transistor measures the sense current flowing through the sense transistor and is disposed adjacent to the sense transistor. A measuring characteristics transistor measures characteristics of the control transistor and is disposed adjacent to the control transistor.

Abstract: An extender circuit for handling a communication signal transmitted over a transmission line includes a voltage clamp and a current booster circuit. The voltage clamp is connected to a receive end of the transmission line and is operable to clamp a reflection signal caused by the communication signal received at the receive end of the transmission line. The current booster circuit is connected to the receive end of the transmission line and is operable to provide a boost current at the receive end of the transmission line during a positive transition of the communication signal.

Abstract: A band-gap reference circuit comprising a first current source for generating a first reference current and a first circuit branch for receiving part of the first reference current. The first circuit branch comprises a first resistor having a positive temperature coefficient in series with a base-emitter junction of a first PNP diode having a negative temperature coefficient. An emitter current of the first PNP diode develops a first combined voltage across the first resistor and the base-emitter junction. A comparison circuit compares the first combined voltage to a base-emitter voltage of a second PNP diode and adjusts a band-gap reference voltage. A correction current generating circuit injects a correction current into an emitter of the second PNP diode that at least partially offsets a non-linear drop-off in the band-gap reference voltage caused by the second PNP diode as temperature increases.

Abstract: A control circuit for a DC voltage supply is provided that includes a circuit, an error amplifier and modulator. The circuit is operable to measure a voltage difference between a negative voltage rail and a ground reference in the DC voltage supply. The circuit is further operative to create an offset voltage proportional with the measured voltage difference. The circuit is further yet operative to add the offset voltage to a reference voltage to create a modified reference voltage. The error amplifier has a first input coupled to receive the modified reference voltage and a second input coupled to a positive voltage rail in the DC voltage supply. The error amplifier further has an output. The modulator is coupled to the output of the error amplifier. The modulator is operative to maintain the positive rail at a select value corresponding to the modified reference voltage.

Abstract: A regulator circuit having a voltage output terminal is provided. The regulator circuit includes a current mirror module, a plurality of source followers, and a switch. The current module receives a driving voltage, and has a first current terminal coupled to a driving current and a plurality of second current terminals, so that the driving current is copied to each second current terminal. Furthermore, each of second current terminals is coupled to one of source followers respectively. An output terminal of each source follower is coupled to an input terminal of next source, and the input terminal of the first source follower receives a control voltage. So that the source followers can determine whether the switch conducts the driving voltage to the voltage output terminal or not according to the copied driving current and the control voltage.

Abstract: A low-voltage band-gap reference voltage bias circuit according to the present invention can provide a stable reference voltage at a supply voltage of about 1V or lower irrespective of a power supply voltage or temperature variation by flowing a PTAT mirror current into diodes and resistors and obtaining the average of voltages at two nodes. Furthermore, the low-voltage band-gap reference voltage bias circuit has simple configuration, reduces the resistance of a resistor that occupies a large chip area, uses small-sized diodes, and thus increases the integration density of the band-gap reference voltage bias circuit.

Abstract: A voltage-down converter for providing an output voltage lower than a power supply voltage of the converter is proposed. The converter includes voltage regulation means for obtaining an intermediate voltage corresponding to the output voltage from the power supply voltage by controlling a variable-conductivity element with a control signal resulting from a comparison between the intermediate voltage and a reference voltage, and an output stage for obtaining the output voltage from the power supply voltage by controlling a further variable-conductivity element with the control signal, wherein the further variable-conductivity element has a modular structure with at least one set of multiple basic modules, the converter further including means for enabling and/or disabling the modules of each set in succession according to a comparison between the output voltage and the intermediate voltage.

Abstract: In a driver circuit constructing a switching power supply device that switches power transistors passing a current through a coil by a PWM mode, a current detection transistor, which is smaller in size than the low-potential side power transistor, and a current detection resistor are provided in parallel to the low-potential side power transistor. The same control voltage as the power transistor is applied to the control terminal of the current detection transistor. An operational amplifier is formed, that has the potential of the connection node between the current detection transistor and the current detection resistor applied to its inverse input terminal and a feedback loop, so as to make a pair of input terminals of the operational amplifier be at the same potential. A signal produced by the current detection resistor is thus outputted as a current detection signal.

Abstract: The voltage source and current source circuits including an amplifier, a first current mirror circuit, a first PMOS transistor, a second current mirror circuit and a NMOS transistor are provided. The amplifier has a positive input terminal and a negative input terminal coupled to the source terminal of the NMOS transistor. The first current mirror circuit is coupled to a reference current and duplicates the reference current to the source terminal of the first PMOS transistor. The first PMOS transistor has a drain terminal, a gate terminal and a source terminal. The drain terminal of the NMOS transistor is coupled to the third current terminal, and the gate terminal of the NMOS transistor is coupled to the source terminal of the first PMOS transistor. The second current mirror circuit duplicates the current from the third current terminal.

Abstract: A reference buffer includes a first current mirror, a second current mirror, a first source follower coupled in series to a branch of the first current mirror and receiving a first initial reference voltage and outputting a first reference voltage, a second source follower coupled in series to a branch of the second current mirror and receiving a second initial reference voltage and outputting a second reference voltage, and a resistor coupled between a first node and a second node outputting the first and second reference voltages, respectively. The first node is disposed between the first current mirror and the first source follower and the second node is disposed between the second current mirror and the second source follower. The voltage difference between the first reference voltage and the first initial reference voltage is substantially same as that between the second reference voltage and the second initial reference voltage.

Abstract: A stabilized DC power supply circuit comprises an error amplifier circuit U1, an output amplifier circuit U2, an output voltage division circuit U3, and a reference voltage circuit U4. A bias current boost circuit U6 capable of stabilized operation is added to the DC power supply circuit. Since the feedback loop of the bias current boost circuit U6 is provided with a hysteresis function or an artificial hysteresis function by a large delay element, it is possible to adaptively control bias current without sacrifice of stability and realize a stabilized DC power supply circuit exhibiting high response and high stability with low current consumption.

Abstract: Provided is a low-reference-current generator that includes a circuit employing two feedback loops enabling it to operate even at a low voltage, has a high power supply rejection ratio (PSRR) to control power supply noise, and simply forms a voltage without a voltage-to-current converter used in a conventional general reference current generator. The reference current generator includes: a first voltage generator receiving a predetermined current and generating a first voltage that decreases as temperature increases; a second voltage generator generating a second voltage that increases as temperature increases; a first current generator generating a first current corresponding to the first voltage; a second current generator generating a second current corresponding to the second voltage; and a reference current generator receiving the first current and the second current and generating a reference current that is the sum of the first current and the second current.

Abstract: A difference between both emitter voltages of a first transistor having an emitter through which a first current flows, and at least one second transistor having an emitter through which such a second current as to reach a current density thereof smaller than that of the emitter of the first transistor flows, is applied across a first resistor. A second resistor is provided between the emitter of the second transistor and a circuit's ground potential. A third resistor and a fourth resistor are respectively provided between collectors of the first and second transistors and a power supply voltage. Such an output voltage that a collector voltage of the first transistor and a collector voltage of the second transistor become equal is formed in response to the collector voltage of the first transistor and the collector voltage of the second transistor and supplied to bases of the first and second transistors in common.

Abstract: The invention provides a temperature reference circuit that is adapted to provide a ?Vbe of sufficiently large value that no amplification is required, and therefore any offset contribution is not gained. Using a stacked arrangement of three pairs of transistors, the invention reduces the requirement for multiple resistors within a circuit and can therefore minimize errors due to resistor matching and value. By driving at least some of the transistors with a proportional to absolute temperature (PTAT) current it is possible to ensure that the ?Vbe as a temperature sensitive variable.

Abstract: A circuit is used for providing an output current that is proportional to an applied input current with high accuracy. The circuit includes an input circuit, a trimmable coupling circuit and an output circuit. The input circuit receives the input current and generates a reference input current in response to the input current. The trimmable coupling circuit is coupled to the input circuit for receiving the reference input current from the input circuit and for generating a reference output current for the output circuit. The trimmable coupling circuit is operable to achieve a predetermined ratio of the reference input current to the reference output current by causing internal terminals of the trimmable coupling circuit to settle to a substantially equal value. The output circuit receives the reference output current and outputs the output current in response to the receipt of the reference output current.

Abstract: A constant voltage circuit is disclosed that includes a constant voltage generator circuit part converting an input voltage into a predetermined constant voltage in accordance with an externally input control signal and outputting the constant voltage; a first capacitor connected to the output end of the constant voltage generator circuit part; a second capacitor charging the first capacitor; and a switch circuit part controlling charging and discharging of the second capacitor in accordance with the control signal. The switch circuit part charges the second capacitor and blocks the discharging of the second capacitor to the first capacitor when the constant voltage generator circuit part is caused to stop outputting the constant voltage by the control signal, and stops applying the input voltage to the second capacitor and charges the first capacitor when the constant voltage generator circuit part is caused to start outputting the constant voltage by the control signal.

Abstract: The present invention provides a reference current generator circuit that suppresses variations in the production of parts and attains a voltage reduction, thereby suppressing power consumption. The reference current generator circuit comprises current generating circuit parts, differential amplifying circuit parts, output circuit parts that output first and second reference currents respectively, and a resistor for converting a reference current to a reference voltage. Since respective voltages are kept at the same potential, respective PMOSs are operated in a linear region by means of the differential amplifying circuit parts.

Abstract: A constant voltage source is disclosed having an output current control element, which adjusts an output voltage of the constant voltage source by varying its output current, a control circuit, which acquires a measure for an actual value of the output voltage and processes it to a control signal for the control of the output current control element, and a limiting circuit, which limits the output current to a predefined maximum value by action on the control signal, whereby the limitation is independent of an actual value of the output current.

Abstract: Bidirectional power conversion systems provide the ability to change power attributes to and from a component. Current bidirectional power conversion systems use a unidirectional power converter for each direction. The integration of the two normally independent power converters results in a bidirectional power converter with nearly half the size, weight, volume, cost and complexity. Described are embodiments of bidirectional power conversion systems that allow power transfer between two or more components without requiring the use of separate unidirectional power converters.

Abstract: A reference current generator for outputting a current proportional to absolute temperature includes a fixed current source transistor, a variable current source transistor and an output transistor which are connected to a drain voltage line. The fixed current source transistor is connected to a source voltage via a series of resistor and first diode. The variable current source transistor is connected to the source voltage via a second diode. A first node between the variable current source transistor and the resistor is connected with a noninverting input of an operational amplifier, and a second node between the variable current source transistor and the second diode is connected with an inverting input of the operational amplifier. The operational amplifier has its output connected to the gate electrode of both the fixed current source transistor and the output transistor, which outputs a PTAT current depending upon the gate voltage.