Abstract: To provide a liquid crystal display device and an electronic apparatus in which deterioration of contrast due to a protrusion or a slit used for division of alignment can be prevented in the liquid crystal display device including a liquid crystal which has a negative dielectric anisotropy exhibiting vertical alignment as an initial alignment state. There is provided a liquid crystal display device comprising a liquid crystal layer, which includes a liquid crystal having a negative dielectric anisotropy exhibiting vertical alignment as an initial alignment state, between a pair of substrates and disposed to be opposite to each other, in which alignment control means for controlling alignment of the liquid crystal layer is provided on at least one of electrodes provided on the pair of substrates, and in which a light-shielding film BM two-dimensionally overlapped with the alignment control means is provided on at least one substrate of the pair of substrates.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a photoalignable material comprising a photoactive stilbazolium-containing polymer of formula I: wherein, Ma, Mb, Mc are monomer units making up the polymer; x, y, z, are mole fractions of the monomer units Ma, Mb, Mc, wherein in each case 0<x?1; 0?y<1, 0?z<1; Sa and Sb are spacer units; Za is a stilbazolium unit which can undergo photochemical isomerization/dimerization reactions; Zb is a stilbazole unit, and n varies from 4 to 10,000. The present invention also relates to a display using a layer of the photoaligned material and methods for aligning the orientation layer as well as orienting a liquid crystal layer applied to the photoaligned orientation layer.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a liquid crystal display panel and a fabrication method for a liquid crystal display apparatus and makes it possible to assure high productivity when compared with related art apparatus and methods and assure sufficient anchoring strength and picture quality. In the present invention, the shape of a face on which an orientation film 13 is produced is set as a groove shape wherein a groove M extending in a predetermined direction is formed repetitively in a perpendicular direction to provide orientation ability to the orientation film 13.

Abstract: The liquid crystal display device comprising a pair of substrates with alignment layers formed thereon, and a liquid crystal filled between the substrates. Each pixel has pixel display portions CA, CB and non-display portions DA, EA, DB, EB. The pixel display portions are treated for realizing alignment in a different manner from the non-display portions and the alignment of the pixel display portions is controlled by the alignment of the non-display portions. Moreover, the alignment treatment is executed by the irradiation with ultraviolet rays in an inclined direction.

Abstract: A liquid crystal display (LCD) device having an alignment film of which pretilt angle and azimuthal angle can be adjusted without ultraviolet irradiation and a method for fabricating the LCD device are provided. A liquid crystal display having a thin film transistor substrate and a color filter substrate facing each other and a liquid crystal layer sealed between the substrates includes a first alignment film having a pattern which defines a first and second alignment domains on the thin film transistor substrate and a second alignment film formed on the color filter substrate.

Abstract: The liquid crystal display device comprising a pair of substrates with alignment layers formed thereon, and a liquid crystal filled between the substrates. Each pixel has pixel display portions CA, CB and non-display portions DA, EA, DB, EB. The pixel display portions are treated for realizing alignment in a different manner from the non-display portions and the alignment of the pixel display portions is controlled by the alignment of the non-display portions. Moreover, the alignment treatment is executed by the irradiation with ultraviolet rays in an inclined direction.

Abstract: A liquid crystal display device includes a display panel and a viewing angle control panel. The viewing angle control panel includes a pair of substrates, a liquid crystal layer interposed between the pair of substrates, and a pair of electrodes for applying an electric field to the liquid crystal layer. The liquid crystal layer is composed from hybrid-aligned liquid crystal molecules. The viewing angle of the display panel is controlled by changing an alignment state of the hybrid-aligned liquid crystal molecules in the liquid crystal layer by voltage applied by the electrodes.

Abstract: A liquid crystal display device including a pair of spaced and opposed substrates, an electrode and an alignment layer formed on one of the substartes and on the other substrates of said substrates, and a liquid crystal filled between the pair of substrates. The liquid crystal has a dielectric constant of negative anistrophy. The alignment layers on the one and the other substrates are formed so that one pixel has four regions divided by a crosswise boundary line in which the alignments of the liquid crystal are mutually different. A shading layer is provided to cover the crosswise boundary line, wherein the shading layer includes a storage capacity electrode formed on one of the substrates, and has a first portion extending in a first direction and a second portion extending in a second direction substantially perpendicular to the first direction.

Abstract: The liquid crystal display device comprising a pair of substrates with alignment layers formed thereon, and a liquid crystal filled between the substrates. Each pixel has pixel display portions CA, CB and non-display portions DA, EA, DB, EB. The pixel display portions are treated for realizing alignment in a different manner from the non-display portions and the alignment of the pixel display portions is controlled by the alignment of the non-display portions. Moreover, the alignment treatment is executed by the irradiation with ultraviolet rays in an inclined direction.

Abstract: The liquid crystal display device comprising a pair of substrates with alignment layers formed thereon, and a liquid crystal filled between the substrates. Each pixel has pixel display portions CA, CB and non-display portions DA, EA, DB, EB. The pixel display portions are treated for realizing alignment in a different manner from the non-display portions and the alignment of the pixel display portions is controlled by the alignment of the non-display portions. Moreover, the alignment treatment is executed by the irradiation with ultraviolet rays in an inclined direction.

Abstract: A method of manufacturing a liquid crystal display panel is provided. A photo-alignment layer and a patterned pixel electrode are formed on a first and a second substrates respectively. A liquid crystal layer is formed between the photo-alignment layer and the patterned pixel electrode. The patterned pixel electrode includes intersected electrodes having a first directional portion and a second directional portion intersected therewith, and stripe electrodes having slits therebetween connect at least one of the first directional portion and the second directional portion. When an electric field between the first and the second substrates is substantially zero, the liquid crystal molecules near the photo-alignment layer have a pre-tilt angle while those on another side are substantially perpendicular to the second substrate. As the liquid crystal layer is driven, the liquid crystal molecules of the liquid crystal layer are substantially arranged along an extending direction of the slits.

Abstract: To provide a liquid crystal display device and an electronic apparatus in which deterioration of contrast due to a protrusion or a slit used for division of alignment can be prevented in the liquid crystal display device including a liquid crystal which has a negative dielectric anisotropy exhibiting vertical alignment as an initial alignment state. There is provided a liquid crystal display device comprising a liquid crystal layer, which includes a liquid crystal having a negative dielectric anisotropy exhibiting vertical alignment as an initial alignment state, between a pair of substrates and disposed to be opposite to each other, in which alignment control means for controlling alignment of the liquid crystal layer is provided on at least one of electrodes provided on the pair of substrates, and in which a light-shielding film BM two-dimensionally overlapped with the alignment control means is provided on at least one substrate of the pair of substrates.

Abstract: Aspects of the invention can provide a manufacturing method and a manufacturing system of a liquid crystal display which forms a homogeneous alignment layer by changing, depending on the specific area on a substrate, the quantity of an alignment layer material to be applied. The substrate, such as a substrate on which segment electrodes are formed, is conveyed via a belt conveyor which is driven by a driving gear according to signals from a control device, and is cleaned on a cleaning device. Then on a discharge device, an alignment layer material, the quantity of which differs depending on the specific area, can be applied on the substrate which is conveyed via the belt conveyor. Then, the alignment layer material applied on the substrate can be preliminarily dehydrated on a dehydrating device, and the substrate is burned on a burning device to form an alignment layer. Then, a rubbing process can be carried out onto the alignment layer on a rubbing device.

Abstract: A liquid crystal display panel includes: a first substrate and a second substrate facing each other, a first field-generating electrode and a second field-generating electrode formed on at least one of the first substrate and the second substrates, a homeotropic alignment layer formed on the first field-generating electrode and the second field-generating electrode and a liquid crystal material formed between the first substrate and the second substrate. The liquid crystal display panel further includes a polymer fixing a pre-tilt angle of liquid crystal molecules of the liquid crystal material, wherein the polymer is formed by polymerizing at least one selected from monomers represented by Chemical Formulas (I), (II), (III), and (IV). wherein, each of R1 and R2 includes at least one of acrylate, a vinyl group, and an epoxy group, n is 0 to 2, each of X1 to X4 is hydrogen or fluorine, Y is at least one selected from —CH2—, —O—, —CO—, —C(CF3)2—, and a single bond.

Abstract: In a liquid crystal display device, a method for creating desirable pretilt angle by means of topography of the substrates, such as a surface that is sloped with respect to the surface of the electrodes. In combination with a low pretilt but highly photo-stable alignment layer, which may be very resistant to high levels of ultraviolet radiation, a high pretilt and photo-stable alignment structure is generated, by essentially combining two incompatible technical approaches. The ever more stringent requirements for projection displays are met. The methods for producing such sloped surfaces and the considerations related to design of the sloped surfaces are disclosed.

Abstract: A method for forming an alignment layer for a liquid crystal display device, and a method for manufacturing a liquid crystal display device using the same are disclosed. The method includes preparing a substrate, coating an alignment material on the substrate, rubbing the substrate having the alignment material coated thereon, and irradiating ultraviolet (UV) rays onto the substrate having the alignment material coated thereon. The UV rays are irradiated over at least one area of the substrate having the alignment material coated thereon.

Abstract: An object of the present invention is to provide a method for repairing light point defects in which light points can be converted to black spots through a simple process without affecting surrounding pixels, and the repaired pixels can be maintained without their returning to light points even with the passage of time. The present invention provides a method for repairing light point defect pixels of a liquid crystal display device having a liquid crystal panel which comprises a pair of substrates, a liquid crystal layer interposed between the pair of substrates, and a pair of alignment films each of which is provided between the substrate and the liquid crystal layer restraining the orientation of the liquid crystals of the liquid crystal layer.

Abstract: An apparatus for jetting an alignment agent includes a jetting head having a jetting hole, an alignment agent externally provided onto a substrate and a viscosity controlling part controlling a viscosity of the alignment agent stored in the jetting head to facilitate jetting of the alignment agent. The alignment agent is jetted to the substrate through the jetting hole. The apparatus improves the efficiency of jetting the alignment agent.

Abstract: A liquid crystal display device includes a first substrate; a second substrate; a first alignment layer on the first substrate, the first alignment layer including a first additive; a second alignment layer on the second substrate; and a liquid crystal layer between the first substrate and the second substrate.

Abstract: A method of fabricating an alignment layer for a liquid crystal display device includes forming an alignment material layer on a substrate by coating an alignment material, irradiating UV rays onto the alignment material layer and pre-baking the alignment material layer; and post-baking the alignment material layer.

Abstract: There is provided a liquid crystal device including a first substrate, a second substrate, a liquid crystal being held between the first substrate and the second substrate, a base layer having alternating linear grooves and linear protrusions on at least one of the first substrate and the second substrate, and an alignment layer of an oxide film covering the base layer and having wedge-shaped tops over the linear protrusions of the base layer.

Abstract: A liquid crystal display device using a low duty ratio driving method with a duty ratio not smaller than 1/16 is manufactured in the following manner. A first substrate is prepared having a first electrode of a predetermined shape. A second substrate is prepared having a second electrode of a shape different from said predetermined shape, the second electrode having signal line electrodes smaller in number than those of the first electrode. An insulating film having necessary insulation is formed on each of the first and second electrodes. First and second vertical alignment films are formed above the first and second substrates, respectively, the first and second vertical alignment films covering the first and second electrodes, respectively. A rubbing process is executed only for the second vertical alignment film. The first and second substrates are disposed facing each other, and liquid crystal having a negative dielectric constant anisotropy is disposed between the first and second substrates.

Abstract: A method that uses at least one hydrogen ion beam for alignment of liquid crystal molecules is proposed in the present invention. The method of the present invention is proposed to resolve the problems of physical destruction and surface deterioration of the alignment films caused by the conventional method using argon ions beams. The method of the present invention directly uses at least one hydrogen ion beam to impact the alignment film. Hence, the physical destruction of the alignment film is reduced. In addition, via the reaction between hydrogen ions and the alignment films, the quality of the alignment film is improved.

Abstract: A method for forming an alignment layer of a liquid crystal display device includes providing a substrate having a plurality of unit panels formed thereon, loading the substrate onto a stage, selectively dropping an alignment material onto a first one of the unit panel regions by an alignment material dropping unit having a plurality of heads, each of the heads having a plurality of holes arranged along a row at regularly-spaced interval distance d1, and forming an alignment layer on the substrate to have a uniform thickness.

Abstract: Disclosed is an LCD with improved image retention for increased reliability and screen quality. The LCD includes lower and upper substrates provided with predetermined patterns, respectively, and positioned to face each other with a predetermined distance; a liquid crystal layer interposed between the lower and upper substrates; and alignment layers positioned between the lower substrate and the liquid crystal layer and the upper substrate and the liquid crystal layer, respectively, to determine the initial arrangement of liquid crystals. The alignment layers have bubbles formed therein to reduce the capacitance generated by the alignment layers and the difference in level of the lower substrate for improved image retention.

Abstract: It is an object of the present invention to provide an apparatus and a method for forming an alignment layer to align the orientation direction of liquid crystals. In an apparatus 10 for forming an alignment layer according to the present invention, the shape of an edge 32a of a mask 12 for forming a slit 14 is determined by integrating the orientation direction of liquid crystals. The liquid crystals can be uniformly oriented by the edge 32a having such shape. This leads to the manufacturing of a liquid crystal display free from irregularity in brightness and color.

Abstract: A method for fabricating an LCD device includes forming an alignment layer and an overcoat layer substantially simultaneously. The method includes, coating a mixture of an alignment layer material and an overcoat layer material on a substrate and at least partially separating the overcoat layer material and the alignment layer material by the curing the mixture.

Abstract: The present invention provides: a multilayer substrate in which a spacer is selectively disposed in a non-display region without reduction in display quality or productivity of a liquid crystal display device; a production method thereof; and a liquid crystal display panel and a liquid crystal display device each using the multilayer substrate or the production method thereof. The multilayer substrate of the present invention is a multilayer substrate comprising a resin interlayer film and an electrode on a substrate in this order, wherein the multilayer substrate has a depression structure including the resin interlayer film in a surface layer, or a depression structure having a rough bottom surface on the resin interlayer film.

Abstract: A manufacturing method of the present invention is applied to manufacture of a liquid crystal display device comprising an array board, an opposing board opposing the array board, and a liquid crystal layer interposed between the pair of boards. The method includes a step of performing alignment processing on an alignment film formed on the surface of at least one of the pair of boards in contact with the liquid crystal. The alignment processing is performed by irradiating energy having an anisotropy such as ion beams to the alignment film in a plurality of steps while the energy intensity is set to be lowest in the final irradiation step.

Abstract: In a method of manufacturing an LCD device, an atomic beam is irradiated onto a thin film including a carbon-carbon double bond to form a polarized functional group by transforming the carbon-carbon double bond into a carbon-carbon single bond and a radical state. Then, a polarity preserving material is combined with the polarized functional group so as to preserve a polarity of the polarized functional group. According to the present invention, the alignment film is formed on the thin film transistor unit cell and on the color filter unit cell by a non-contact method. Therefore, time of forming the alignment film is reduced and alignment of the liquid crystal molecules is improved.

Abstract: A method for manufacturing a coated sheet that forms a coated layer having a uniform film thickness by a coating liquid even when a substrate has a large area. A method for manufacturing a coated sheet to form a coated layer by a process including a process (1) for coating a coating liquid including a resin material and a solvent on a substrate, and a drying process (2) for drying a coated liquid, wherein a drying speed of a coated liquid in the drying process (2) is set 0.3 [g/m2·s] or less.

Abstract: A method of fabricating a liquid crystal display device includes providing a first substrate, forming an alignment layer on the first substrate using an ink jet method to form a plurality of holes that expose portions of the first substrate, and forming a spacer within each of the plurality of holes using the ink jet method.

Abstract: A process of printing an alignment layer of a liquid crystal display is disclosed. The process of printing an alignment layer of a liquid crystal display includes disposing a substrate on a stage, aligning an inkjet head on the upper surface of the substrate, and printing alignment liquid ejected from the plurality of nozzles on the upper surface of the substrate. During the printing of alignment liquid, the stage or inkjet head is reciprocated in a first direction and the inkjet head is reciprocated in the second direction. The inkjet head includes a plurality of nozzles from which alignment liquid is ejected.

Abstract: A UV irradiating device and a method of manufacturing an LCD device using the same are disclosed. The UV irradiating device includes a UV light source part having a UV lamp and a reflecting plate, a support supporting the UV light source part, and a stage on which a substrate is placed, the UV light source being irradiated at a tilt angle upon the substrate. The UV is irradiated upon the substrate on which the UV sealant is formed, so that a sealant can be hardened even if a light-shielding layer or a metal line layer are formed between a UV irradiating surface and the UV sealant.

Abstract: A superior reflex type vertically-aligned liquid crystal display device wherein the refractive index anisotropy ?n of its liquid crystal material is controlled to be more than 0.1, and the transmissivity of the liquid crystal is saturated with facility at a low voltage below 5 to 6V despite a reduction of the thickness of the vertically-aligned liquid crystal layer to less than 2 ?m, hence achieving satisfactory driving at a practically low voltage while attaining another advantage of remarkable improvement in the transmissivity itself. Therefore, the display device indicates a sufficient transmissivity, an excellent low-voltage driving characteristic and a fast response. Further improvements are realizable in a display apparatus, a projection optical system and a projection display system by the use of such display device.

Abstract: A liquid crystal display panel (LCD panel) includes an active component array substrate, an opposite substrate and an optically compensated birefringence type liquid crystal layer (OCB-type liquid crystal layer). The active component array substrate includes a first substrate, a plurality of first lines, a plurality of second lines, a plurality of pixel structures and a first alignment layer. The first alignment layer possesses a first orientation direction, and the included angle between the first orientation direction and the first lines is between 46 and 74 degree. The opposite substrate has a second alignment layer facing the active component array substrate, and the second alignment layer possesses a second orientation direction parallel to the first orientation direction. The OCB-type liquid crystal layer is disposed between the active component array substrate and the opposite substrate.

Abstract: A method for fabricating an LCD device includes forming an alignment layer and an overcoat layer substantially simultaneously. The method includes, coating a mixture of an alignment layer material and an overcoat layer material on a substrate and at least partially separating the overcoat layer material and the alignment layer material by the curing the mixture.

Abstract: In a manufacturing method of a liquid crystal display unit, a roll of a flexible polymeric substrate having transparent electrodes and a longitudinal length longer than a transversal width is provided. The flexible polymeric substrate is continuously fed from the roll in the longitudinal direction while sequentially forming a vertical orientation film on the flexible polymeric substrate, solidifying the vertical orientation film, and prescribing a falling direction of liquid crystal molecules in the vertical orientation film.

Abstract: Each of a pair of substrates respectively comprises an electrode and a rubbed alignment film on one surface, while the other surface is provided with a polarizer. The substrates are placed so that the surfaces provided with the alignment films are opposed to each other, and the area between the substrates is filled with a medium to form a material layer. Then, a medium made of a negative-type liquid crystalline compound sing a photopolymerizable monomer and a polymerization initiator is injected into the material layer held between the substrates. Further, ultra violet irradiation is performed with the medium exhibiting a liquid crystal phase, so that the photopolymerized monomer is polymerized, thus forming a polymer chain. In this manner, obtained is a display element, that causes change in degree of optical anisotropy in response to application of electric (external) field, which display element can be driven by a lower intensity electric (external) field.

Abstract: A method for forming alignment films in LCDs includes forming a conductive film on an LCD substrate, forming an inorganic alignment film on the conductive film, and etching the alignment film with an etching apparatus that includes a nozzle that sprays a plasma at atmospheric pressure onto a surface of the alignment film without using a mask pattern so as to form an etched region in the alignment film that exposes a portion of the underlying conductive film therethrough. The novel method enables LCD alignment films having sharp thickness profiles to be patterned easily and accurately, reduces the time required to manufacture LCDs, and minimizes the number of devices required to manufacture the LCDs.

Abstract: A method for manufacturing a coated sheet that may form a coated layer having a uniform film thickness by a coating liquid even when a substrate has a large area is provided. A method for manufacturing a coated sheet to form a coated layer by a process including a process (1) for coating a coating liquid including a resin material and a solvent on a substrate, and a drying process (2) for drying a coated liquid, wherein a drying is performed under drying wind flow having an average wind speed of 10 m/s or less until a viscosity of the coated liquid in the drying process (2) reaches at least 50 [mPa·s] at drying temperatures.

Abstract: It was found that the domain in which the disinclination was unstable was a domain located on the periphery of the pixel and in which the alignment orientation of the liquid crystal molecules within the pixel was different from the tilting orientation of the liquid crystal molecules due to the transverse electric field of the outer edge of the pixel and it is larger than 90°. As a result it was found that the liquid crystal within the pixel needed to be aligned in order to minimize the domain for the improvement in the property of withstanding vibrations, and a liquid crystal display panel more excellent in the property of withstanding vibrations could be realized by keeping the domain in which the disinclination was unstable near the short side of the pixel as shown in FIG. 25B.

Abstract: A method of fabricating an active device array substrate is provided. First, a substrate is provided. A pixel array is formed on the substrate. An alignment material layer having a plurality of alignment regions is formed on the pixel array. A mask layer is formed on a portion of the alignment regions on the alignment material layer by using an inkjet printing process, so as to expose another portion of the alignment regions on the alignment material layer. Then, a particle beam alignment process is performed to the exposed alignment material layer. Then, the mask layer is removed. Another mask layer is formed on the alignment material layer which has been treated by the particle beam to expose the alignment material layer not treated by the particle beam. Another particle beam alignment process is performed to the exposed alignment material layer, and then the another mask layer is removed.

Abstract: A liquid crystal display includes a liquid crystal injected between upper and lower plates, wherein the upper and lower plates have electrodes respectively formed thereon, an upper alignment film formed on the upper plate and a lower alignment film formed on the lower plate, wherein only one of the alignment films on the upper plate and the lower plate is aligned in to determine an incipient alignment direction of the liquid crystal.

Abstract: An exemplary liquid crystal display includes two substrates (21, 22) opposite to each other and spaced apart a predetermined distance, each of the substrates having an alignment layer (211, 221); a liquid crystal layer (23) between the two substrates, and having a plurality of liquid crystal molecules; and a plurality of gate lines (241) formed between one alignment layer and one substrate. The two alignment layers have two orthogonal aligning directions, one aligning direction of the two alignment layers being parallel to an extending direction of the gate lines.

Abstract: A liquid crystal panel is provided that has a liquid crystal layer sandwiched between a pair of substrates, wherein the liquid crystal layer comprises a liquid crystal and a cross-linked resin, the cross-linked resin comprises a cross-linked structural part adhered to a liquid crystal layer contacting surface and a terminal part rising from the liquid crystal layer contacting surface, and at least one of three conditions: the outer surface of at least one substrate is curved; a liquid crystal layer contacting surface is curved; and the thickness of one of the substrates is not more than ½ of the thickness of the other substrate, is satisfied. It is possible to obtain a liquid crystal panel having increased freedom in the appearance, device weight reduction, simplified structure, etc. by improving the outer and/or inner surfaces of the device.

Abstract: A bistable nematic liquid crystal device cell is provided with a surface alignment grating on at least one cell wall and a surface treatment on the other wall. Such treatment may be a homeotropic alignment or a planar alignment with or without an alignment direction, and zero or a non zero pretilt. The surface profile on the monograting is asymmetric with its groove height to width selected to give approximately equal energy within the nematic material in its two allowed alignment arrangements. The monograting may be formed by a photolithographic process or by embossing of a plastics material. The cell is switched by dc pulses coupling to a flexoelectric coefficient in the material, or by use of a two frequency addressing scheme and a suitable two frequency material. Polarisers either side of the cell distinguish between the two switched states. The cell walls may be rigid or flexible, and are coated with electrode structures, e.g.

Abstract: A method is provided for manufacturing a liquid crystal device including a substrate and an inorganic homeotropic alignment layer made of an inorganic material and aligning liquid crystal molecules having a negative dielectric constant anisotropy in a direction tilted at a predetermined angle from the direction perpendicular to the surface of the substrate. The method includes forming the inorganic homeotropic alignment layer and treating the surface of the inorganic homeotropic alignment layer with an aluminate coupling agent.

Abstract: A system for the detection of ligands comprising at least one receptor and an amplification mechanism coupled to the receptor wherein an amplified signal is produced as a result of receptor binding a ligand. Examples of suitable amplification mechanisms include antibody-embedded liquid crystalline materials; use of alpha-2-macroglobulin to encage an enzyme, whereby the enzyme is separated from its substrate by an receptor; and a receptor engineered to inhibit the active of site of an enzyme only in the absence of a ligand. Also provided are methods for the automatic detection of ligands.

Abstract: An apparatus for manufacturing a liquid crystal display includes a first roller, a second roller that engages the first roller, a third roller that is disposed substantially opposite to the second roller, wherein the first roller is interposed between the second and third roller and the third roller engages the first roller, a liquid chemical agent supplier that supplies a liquid chemical agent to the first roller, and a printing table on which a substrate contacting the third roller is mounted. The liquid chemical agent includes an aligning agent or spacer ink.