Abstract: A method is for supporting clinical decisions for a diagnosis or therapy of a patient using a medical imaging system. An embodiment of the method includes receiving a procedure order; based on the received procedure order, automatically identifying a clinical context of the ordered procedure; generating preliminary imaging data of at least a part of the patients anatomy; generating feature extraction data based on the identified clinical context and on the preliminary imaging data; extracting at least one clinical context specific feature using the generated feature extraction data; annotating the at least one extracted clinical context specific feature to obtain at least one annotated extracted feature; and selecting, for the identified clinical context, a similar case data set from a reference database of case data sets based on the at least one annotated extracted feature.

Abstract: An optical sensing module, including a frame, a light sensing element, and a diffusion element is provided. The light sensing element is disposed on the frame. The diffusion element is connected to the frame and is disposed above the light sensing element. In a first sensing mode, ambient light passes through the diffusion element before received by the light sensing element to make the optical sensing module to obtain light intensity of the ambient light. In a second sensing mode, the optical sensing module rotates around a first rotation axis to make the light sensing element face a display surface of the display device for receiving image light of the display surface so that the optical sensing module obtains brightness or chromaticity of the display device. A display device having this optical sensing module is also provided.

Abstract: Various embodiments include integrated approaches to detecting attempts to breach system-level or chip-level security using photo-generated currents induced by lasers or other radiation sources. Various embodiments integrate photo-detection circuits with a secure processor or other circuit in such a manner that the response to a security attack is fast enough to prevent loss of secure or private information are described. Various embodiments include circuits capable of providing a permanent record of photocurrent detection.

Abstract: A method of determining solar radiation exposure at a predetermined location is provided. The method may include generating a first two-dimensional (2D) matrix including a plurality of elements, wherein each element of the plurality of elements of the first 2D matrix includes an elevation/azimuth pair representing a light ray extending from the predetermined location to one or more positions in the sky. The method may further include generating a second 2D matrix including a plurality of elements, wherein each index of the second 2D matrix includes an associated elevation/azimuth pair of the first 2D matrix. Each element of the plurality of elements of the second 2D matrix represents an amount of solar radiation to impinge on the predetermined location from a direction of a respective elevation/azimuth pair.

Abstract: A magnetic field structure is provided and includes: two magnetic poles disposed in a magnetic circuit path and opposite to one another to form a space therebetween for receiving an element to be tested; a magnetic field source for providing a magnetic field in the space; and an optical positioning element disposed in one of the two magnetic poles for optically positioning the element to be tested. Therefore, the magnetic field structure can simultaneously provide a strong magnetic field and a precise positioning function.

Abstract: A component measurement device for measuring a component of interest in blood on a basis of optical characteristics of a mixture containing a color component produced by a color reaction between the component of interest in the blood and a reagent includes: a first light source configured to emit first irradiation light of a first predetermined wavelength to the mixture; and a second light source configured to emit second irradiation light of a second predetermined wavelength to the mixture, the second irradiation light to be used for estimation of a noise amount contained in a measured value of absorbance of the mixture measured by using the first irradiation light of the first light source, the noise amount being derived other than from the color component.

Abstract: Embodiments of the present disclosure provide a detection circuit for a laser fault injection attack on a chip and a security chip. The detection circuit includes a first capacitor, a second capacitor, a first switch, a second switch, a photosensitive element, a first NMOS transistor, and a second NMOS transistor. A drain of the first NMOS transistor is configured to output a first voltage signal, and a drain of the second NMOS transistor is configured to output a second voltage signal. The first voltage signal and the second voltage signal are configured to indicate that the chip is attacked by laser fault injection, thereby realizing detection of the laser fault injection attack, and ensuring the robustness and security of the chips.

Abstract: A system and methods for providing and reclaiming a single use imaging device for sterile environments is disclosed and described. The system may include a single use high definition camera used for general purpose surgical procedures including, but not limited to: arthroscopic, laparoscopic, gynecologic, and urologic procedures, may comprise an imaging device that is a sterile and designed to ensure single use. The imaging device may have a single imaging sensor, either CCD or CMOS, encased in a housing.

Abstract: A system for use in spectral analysis procedures can include a slide and a holder for carrying the slide. The slide includes a substrate forming a plurality of wells that are recessed relative to a surface of the substrate. Each of the wells forms a sample region that is recessed by a sample depth from the surface and a trough region that is recessed by a trough depth from the surface, the trough depth being greater than the sample depth. The holder includes a body defining a cavity between a first side and a second side of the body, a port for receiving the slide into the cavity, one or more first fenestrations on the first side, and one or more second fenestrations on the second side.

Abstract: A method of determining outdoor characteristics of a photochromic optical article includes: determining environmental conditions for an area; positioning the optical article to face a first direction; determining a first incident irradiance on the optical article; determining a first surface temperature and first spectrum of the optical article; rotating the optical article to face a second direction; determining a second surface temperature and Full Characterization of Lens second spectrum of the optical article; determining a second incident irradiance on the optical article; and generating a prediction model of spectral transmission of the optical article. Further using environmental and climate conditions and to select a photochromic article most appropriate for an area.

Abstract: Examples relating to determining stack height in imaging devices are described herein. According to one example, an imaging device includes an input roller assembly to transport a print medium towards an image-forming assembly of the imaging device. The input roller assembly can include a pinch roller for drawing the print medium from a media stack. The imaging device further includes a pressure plate movably coupled to a body portion of the imaging device and biased towards the pinch roller. The pressure plate may hold the media stack between itself and the pinch roller and is movable by a first distance from a neutral position when the media stack is there between. The first distance is measured from a fixed point to a measurement region on the pressure plate and can indicate an instantaneous stack height of the media stack.

Abstract: A system and methods for providing and reclaiming a single use imaging device for sterile environments is disclosed and described. The system may include a single use high definition camera used for general purpose surgical procedures including, but not limited to: arthroscopic, laparoscopic, gynecologic, and urologic procedures, may comprise an imaging device that is a sterile and designed to ensure single use. The imaging device may have a single imaging sensor, either CCD or CMOS, encased in a housing.

Abstract: Disclosed is a method and an apparatus to process a workpiece including producing a first beam of laser energy characterized by a first spatial intensity distribution. A first workpiece is processed using the first beam of laser energy to form a plurality of features at a first distance between the scan lens and the first workpiece and forming a second features at a second distance. The method includes determining which of the plurality of features has a shape that most closely resembles the shape of the first spatial intensity distribution and setting a process distance as the distance that produced that feature. Using this process distance, a surface of a second workpiece is processed using second beam of laser energy with a second spatial intensity distribution.

Abstract: Methods of detecting an analyte in a sample are provided. In one embodiment, the method comprises forming a partition comprising the sample, a binding agent capable of emitting a signal when bound to the analyte, and a marker capable of identifying the partition; allowing the binding agent to bind to the analyte, if present; and detecting the presence of the analyte in the sample by detecting the signal emitted from the binding agent in the partition.

Abstract: An example of a lighting system includes intelligent lighting devices, each of which includes a light source, a communication interface and a processor coupled to control the light source. In such a system, at least one of the lighting devices includes a user input sensor to detect user activity related to user inputs without requiring physical contact of the user; and at least one of the lighting devices includes an output component to provide information output to the user. One or more of the processors in the intelligent lighting devices are further configured to process user inputs detected by the user input sensor, control lighting and control output to a user via the output component so as to implement an interactive user interface for the system, for example, to facilitate user control of lighting operations of the system and/or to act as a user interface portal for other services.

Abstract: An example of a lighting system includes intelligent lighting devices, each of which includes a light source, a communication interface and a processor coupled to control the light source. In such a system, at least one of the lighting devices includes a user input sensor to detect user activity related to user inputs without requiring physical contact of the user; and at least one of the lighting devices includes an output component to provide information output to the user. One or more of the processors in the intelligent lighting devices are further configured to process user inputs detected by the user input sensor, control lighting and control output to a user via the output component so as to implement an interactive user interface for the system, for example, to facilitate user control of lighting operations of the system and/or to act as a user interface portal for other services.

Abstract: The present invention provides a diffuser plate and a method for producing a diffuser plate that can improve variations in luminance of transmitted light or reflected light in a simple structure and that enable easy design and production.

Abstract: A system of light devices including a first light device and a second light device. The first light device having a first housing, a first light, a first transceiver, a first electronic processor. The second light having a second housing, a second light, a second transceiver, a second electronic processor. The first electronic processor is coupled to the first light and the first transceiver, and configured to control operation of the first light, and transmit, via the first transceiver a command to the second light device. The second electronic processor coupled to the second light and the second transceiver, and configured to receive, via the second transceiver, the command from the first light device, and change an operational parameter of the second light in response to the command from the first light device.

Abstract: A system and methods for providing and reclaiming a single use imaging device for sterile environments is disclosed and described. The system may include a single use high definition camera used for general purpose surgical procedures including, but not limited to: arthroscopic, laparoscopic, gynecologic, and urologic procedures, may comprise an imaging device that is a sterile and designed to ensure single use. The imaging device may have a single imaging sensor, either CCD or CMOS, encased in a housing.

Abstract: A system of light devices including a first light device and a second light device. The first light device having a first housing, a first light, a first transceiver, a first electronic processor. The second light having a second housing, a second light, a second transceiver, a second electronic processor. The first electronic processor is coupled to the first light and the first transceiver, and configured to control operation of the first light, and transmit, via the first transceiver a command to the second light device. The second electronic processor coupled to the second light and the second transceiver, and configured to receive, via the second transceiver, the command from the first light device, and change an operational parameter of the second light in response to the command from the first light device.

Abstract: A lighting fixture includes a solid-state light source, a fixture common bus, a driver module, and a control module. The fixture common bus is configured to receive at least one functional module and provide an input signal from the at least one functional module to one or more other modules. The driver module is coupled to the fixture common bus and the solid-state light source, and is configured to receive a power supply signal and provide a drive signal to the solid-state light source based on a driver control signal. The control module is coupled to the fixture common bus and configured to provide the driver control signal via the fixture common bus based on the input signal from the at least one functional module.

Abstract: The invention relates to a system (100) for processing measurement data and/or measurement parameter data which are read from a calibratable tool. The invention is characterized in that said system comprises a data conversion device (11) or protocol conversion device which, on the one hand, can be connected to a tool (10) via an interface in order to read the measurement data from the tool (10), and which, on the other hand, can be connected to a data processing device (12) via the same interface or an additional interface, wherein the data conversion device (11) performs a protocol conversion and/or a check of the measurement values so that measurement data from the different tools (10b, 10c, 10d) can be read with the aid of different interfaces and/or protocols by the data conversion device (11), the system thus allowing the use of tools with different protocols.

Abstract: A method and a device for determining a concentration of lipids in a microorganism such as a micro-alga by illuminating a sample containing microorganisms and acquiring a total diffraction pattern of the sample is acquired, the total diffraction pattern including a plurality of unit diffraction pattern each associated with a microorganism.

Abstract: An optomechanical oscillator for measuring a magnetic field may include a fixed substrate, a moveable mass separated from the fixed substrate by a slot, a photonic crystal comprising an optomechanical cavity formed at the slot, and a current source operably coupled to provide current to the photonic crystal. The moveable mass may be moveable responsive to placement of the optomechanical oscillator in a magnetic field based on interaction of the magnetic field and the current. The magnetic field may be measureable based on displacement of the moveable mass.

Abstract: An irradiation device includes a fluid treatment chamber configured to receive a biological fluid container, the fluid treatment chamber having opposing first and second sides, at least one light source disposed adjacent at least one of the first and second sides of the fluid treatment chamber, and an overflow reservoir in fluid communication with the fluid treatment chamber to receive fluid leaking from the biological fluid container. The device also includes a non-contact sensor disposed adjacent the overflow reservoir and configured to generate a signal according to leaked fluid in the overflow reservoir, an indicator, and a controller coupled to the at least one light source, the non-contact sensor and the indicator, the controller configured to activate the indicator upon receipt of the signal from the sensor and to deactivate the at least one light source subsequent to receipt of the signal from the sensor.

Abstract: A lighting device includes a light source, an image sensor, a controller, a memory, and a wireless transceiver. The light source is configured to emit light for general illumination. The image sensor is configured to acquire an image of an area illuminated by the light source. The controller is coupled to control the image sensor and to receive the acquired image of the illuminated area from the image sensor. The controller is configured to operate the wireless transceiver to receive identification information from a wireless device in the illuminated area. The controller is further configured to automatically generate a visual signature based on image information of a person or object, obtained from the image of the illuminated area. The controller also is configured to store the visual signature of the person or object in the memory in association with the wireless device identification information.

Abstract: An electronic imaging flow-microscope for remote environmental sensing, bioreactor process monitoring, and optical microscopic tomography applications is described. A fluid conduit has a port on each end of a thin flat transparent fluid transport region. A planar illumination surface contacts one flat side of the transparent fluid transport region and a planar image sensing surface contacts the other flat side. Light from the illumination surface travels through the transparent fluid transport region to the planar image sensing surface, producing a light field affected by the fluid and objects present. The planar image sensing surface creates electrical image signals responsive to the light field. The planar illumination surface can be light emitting elements such as LEDs, OLEDs, or OLET whose illumination can be sequenced in an image formation process. The flow microscope can further comprise flow-restricting valves, pumps, energy harvesting arrangements, and power management.

Abstract: Optical computing devices are disclosed. One exemplary optical computing device includes an electromagnetic radiation source configured to optically interact with a sample and at least two integrated computational elements. The at least two integrated computational elements are configured to produce optically interacted light and further configured to be associated with a characteristic of the sample. The optical computing device further includes a first detector arranged to receive the optically interacted light from the at least two integrated computational elements and thereby generate a first signal corresponding to the characteristic of the sample.

Abstract: A relatively high-resolution image from a conventional camera can be computationally combined with a relatively low-resolution wavefront measurement from, for example, a Shack-Hartmann sensor in order to construct a relatively high-resolution light-field image.

Abstract: An imaging device includes an exposure control unit, a determination unit, and an illuminance calculation unit. The exposure control unit is configured to control a plurality of exposure times. The determination unit is configured to determine whether or not saturation occurs using at least one data item of a plurality of data items obtained during the plurality of exposure times. The illuminance calculation unit is configured to calculate, if the determination unit determines that the saturation occurs, an illuminance using a data item different from the at least one data item used in the determination.

Abstract: An electronic imaging flow-microscope for remote environmental sensing, bioreactor process monitoring, and optical microscopic tomography applications is described. A fluid conduit has a port on each end of a thin flat transparent fluid transport region. A planar illumination surface contacts one flat side of the transparent fluid transport region and a planar image sensing surface contacts the other flat side. Light from the illumination surface travels through the transparent fluid transport region to the planar image sensing surface, producing a light field affected by the fluid and objects present. The planar image sensing surface creates electrical image signals responsive to the light field. The planar illumination surface can be light emitting elements such as LEDs, OLEDs, or OLET. whose illumination can be sequenced in an image formation process. The flow microscope can further comprise flow-restricting valves, pumps, energy harvesting arrangements, and power management.

Abstract: An optical analysis tool includes an integrated computational element (ICE) including an ICE core to process light received by the ICE from a sample, when the tool is operated, such that the processed light is related, over a wavelength range, to a characteristic of the sample. Additionally, the ICE includes a filter monolithically coupled to the ICE core, the filter to block light at wavelengths that are either shorter than the wavelength range or longer than the wavelength range, or both, such that the ICE outputs, when the tool is operated, processed light that is passed by the filter.

Abstract: An apparatus includes an ON/OFF controller for regulating an output of a switched mode power supply by selectively enabling current conduction by a power switch within enabled switching cycles and disabling current conduction by the power switch within disabled switching cycles. The controller includes a logic block and a time-to-frequency converter. The logic block generates a drive signal that enables the current conduction by the power switch within respective enabled switching cycles and disables the current conduction by the power switch within respective disabled switching cycles. The time-to-frequency converter generates a variable-frequency clock signal that defines durations of the switching cycles, where the time-to-frequency converter increases a duration of a switching cycle in response to a decrease in duration of current conduction by the power switch in a previously enabled switching cycle.

Abstract: A laser processing machine for processing workpieces includes a beam guide containing a gas atmosphere, and also includes an apparatus for investigating the gas atmosphere in the beam guide for impurities. The investigation apparatus makes use of the photoacoustic effect. The measuring apparatus has a measuring chamber and at least one measuring head, where the beam guide acts as the measuring chamber. As a measuring chamber, the beam guide contains the gas atmosphere that is to be investigated and also a modulated laser beam modulated. The measuring head(s) are integrated into the beam guide and are used to detect the photoacoustic effect in the measuring chamber.

Abstract: In a method of establishing the location of a pair construction points for a stud in a building, the points are defined by x and y coordinates. A beam of laser light is used to determine a z coordinate of each of the pair of construction points on surfaces of the building. The construction points are established by directing a beam of laser light toward defined x and y coordinate locations and establishing the z coordinate location of the construction points on building surfaces that have the defined x and y coordinates.

Abstract: An illumination device (1a) includes a light source section (21) outputting excitation light; a fluorescent member (22) excited by the excitation light to emit illumination light; a first light transmitting section (24) disposed between the light source section (21) and the fluorescent member (22) to guide the excitation light output from the light source section (21) to the fluorescent member (22); and a second light transmitting section (25), which is arranged closer to the distal side than the fluorescent member (22) to guide the illumination light emitted from the fluorescent member (22). According to the invention, it is possible to provide an illumination device and an endoscope apparatus capable of exciting the fluorescent member to radiate illumination light, without directly radiating laser light from the light source section to the outside, even if a bending portion or more distal side than the bending portion is damaged in an insertion part.

Abstract: An imaging apparatus configured to capture an image of an object to be detected is provided. The imaging apparatus includes an imaging unit, a lens, and a front cover. The lens is located on the imaging unit and has a first optical axis. The front cover is rotatably connected to the lens. Relative locations of the front cover and the object are fixed by the leaning-against of the front cover. The lens is rotated with respect to the front cover, so that the first optical axis is rotated with respect to the object.

Abstract: Digital Control Ready (DCR) is a two-way open standard for controlling and managing next-generation fixtures. A DCR-enabled lighting fixture responds to digital control signals from a separate digital light agent (DLA) instead of analog dimming signals, eliminating the need for digital-to-analog signal conditioning, fixture-to-fixture variations in response, and calibration specific to each fixture. In addition, a DCR-enabled lighting fixture may also report its power consumption, measured light output, measured color temperature, temperature, and/or other operating parameters to the DLA via the same bidirectional data link that carries the digital control signals to the fixture. The DLA processes these signals in a feedback loop to implement more precise lighting control. The DCR-enabled lighting fixture also transforms AC power to DC power and supplies (and measures) DC power to the DLA via a DCR interface.

Abstract: A method of manufacturing an EL display device having a light emitting part, in which a plurality of pixels are arrayed, and a thin-film transistor array device to control light emission of the light emitting part, includes a luminance measurement step of obtaining luminance data of pixel, with the light emitting part being lit. The luminance measurement step includes a first luminance measurement step and a second luminance measurement step. In the first luminance measurement step, a first imaging apparatus obtains luminance data by measuring light emission of the each pixel. The first apparatus has a resolution corresponding to that of the pixels of the light emitting part. In the second luminance measurement step after the first step, a second imaging apparatus measures light emission of a plurality of the pixels to correct the luminance data of the each pixel obtained in the first luminance measurement step. The second imaging apparatus is lower in resolution than the first imaging apparatus.

Abstract: The disclosure is based on a hand-held laser distance measuring device comprising at least one laser unit which is configured to determine a first distance using a laser beam emitted in a first relative direction. The laser unit is further configured to determine at least one second distance, near instantaneously, using a laser beam emitted in at least one second relative direction which differs from the first relative direction.

Abstract: A target value of a contrast ratio of an image display apparatus is set, and the number of levels, among which the luminance of a backlight is changed over, and each level of luminance are decided according to the target value of the contrast ratio. The backlight is made to emit light at the individual levels of luminance of the backlight thus decided, and at the same time, the image display apparatus is made to display a predetermined color chart thereon, so that color measurement is thereby carried out, and calibration is carried out at each level of luminance of the backlight based on a color value thus measured. The calibration is carried out only on an appropriate number of levels of the luminance of the backlight required to achieve the target value of the contrast ratio.

Abstract: The range image sensor is a range image sensor which is provided on a semiconductor substrate with an imaging region composed of a plurality of two-dimensionally arranged units (pixel P), thereby obtaining a range image on the basis of charge quantities QL, QR output from the units. One of the units is provided with a charge generating region (region outside a transfer electrode 5) where charges are generated in response to incident light, at least two semiconductor regions 3 which are arranged spatially apart to collect charges from the charge generating region, and a transfer electrode 5 which is installed at each periphery of the semiconductor region 3, given a charge transfer signal different in phase, and surrounding the semiconductor region 3.

Abstract: An optical probe system having a probe with an optical guide (G) having a distal end. The optical guide (G) is mounted inside a housing (H) so that the distal end is displaceable with respect to the housing (H). A set of actuators (A), e.g. electromagnetic drive coils, can displace the distal end by application of a drive signal (Vx, Vy). A control unit (CU) generates the drive signal (Vx, Vy) so as to provide a scanning frequency which varies according to an amplitude of the drive signal (Vx, Vy). With such probe system it is possible to scan a field of view with a scanning frequency that varies with the scanning radius. Taking into account the maximum allowable drive current, it is possible to increase scanning speed compared to scanning at the mechanical resonance frequency of the optical system, since small radii can be scanned at a high scanning frequency.

Abstract: The present invention is related to monitoring movement, and in particular to systems and methods for securing a monitoring device to a monitor target.

Abstract: A transportable goniospectrometer with a constant observation center for a radiometric measurement of the reflection of a natural surface includes a spectrometer having an optical unit and a sensor. A main pillar has a lower and an upper pillar end. An arc has a fixed and a free arc end. A slide is disposed displaceably and fixably along the arc. The slide carries the optical unit orientated towards the observation center. A cantilever has a fixed cantilever end connected to the upper pillar end via a screw connection, and a free cantilever end which has a suspension that is rotatable and fixable about a vertical axis. The suspension is connected to the sensor and to the fixed arc end of the arc. The suspension is configured to position the arc at a distance of the arc radius of the arc above the natural surface.

Abstract: Exemplary lighting devices have sensors, intelligence in the form of programmed processors and communication capabilities. Such a device is configured to monitor one or more conditions external to a lighting device not directly related to operational performance of the respective lighting device. One or more such devices can work in a networked system, to support a variety of applications separate and in addition to the lighting related functions of the devices(s).

Abstract: A spray measuring device/system and method can include a device, and the use of the device, that incorporates an actuation device, an illumination device, and a camera that obtains data relative to a spray event via a single exposure of the camera shutter. The actuation device can be configured to actuate a spray device such as a metered dose inhaler to create a spray event. The camera can include a shutter configured to open and close a single time during the spray event to obtain a single exposure or single image of the spray event. A controller can be provided in communication with the actuation device, the camera and an illumination device, and can be configured to cause the shutter of the camera to open one single time during the spray event. The illumination device can be an LED light source.

Abstract: Disclosed are methods and devices for photometric measurements of a liquid sample. The methods and devices use one or more diffractive reflective surfaces to enable a light beam incident on a measurement chamber to be steered so as to be reflected inside the measurement chamber to achieve relatively long optical paths in the measurement chamber. The liquid sample may be blood or blood serum. The measurement chamber may be provided in a microfluidic device, for example a centrifugal microfluidic device. Some embodiments enable multiplexing of different wavelengths or path lengths. Some embodiments make use of multiple returned beams to determine the position and/or orientation of the measurement chamber.

Abstract: Non-contact measurement of one or more electrical response characteristics of a LED structure includes illuminating an illumination area of a surface of a light emitting diode structure with one or more light pulses, measuring a transient of a luminescence signal from a luminescence area within the illumination area of the light emitting diode structure with a luminescence sensor, determining a first luminescence intensity at a first time of the measured transient of the luminescence signal from the light emitting diode structure, determining a second luminescence intensity at a second time different from the first time of the measured transient of the luminescence signal from the light emitting diode structure and determining an intensity of the electroluminescence component of the luminescence signal from the light emitting diode structure based on the first luminescence signal and the second luminescence signal.

Abstract: A method and device for detecting a precision of a dish parabolic reflecting mirror are provided. Accurate coordinate values of positions on an X-axis and a Y-axis may be obtained by adjusting and controlling a double helix lifting mechanism, a 360-degree plane rotary mechanism, a telescoping mechanism, and an extension rod, and using a photoelectric position sensor with a high precision and the extension rod being measured. Then, the curved surface of the dish paraboloid reflecting mirror being detected is obtained by fitting sampling values of the coordinate values of spatial positions of the detecting points at various, and the precision error value by comparing the curved surface of the dish paraboloid reflecting mirror being detected to the theoretical curved surface, thereby realizing detection of the precision of the curved surface of the dish paraboloid reflecting mirror.