Abstract: The present teachings are directed towards supercapacitors including an electrode composed of a functionalized carbon nanotube-containing material, and also an organic electrolyte solution. The organic electrolyte solution can contain a non-aqueous solvent and an ionic salt, examples of non-aqueous solvent include propylene carbonate, ethylene carbonate, sulfolane and acetonitrile. The functional groups present on the carbon nanotubes can include hydroxyl groups, carboxyl groups, alkoxyl groups and mixtures thereof.

Abstract: An improved conductive adhesive and capacitor formed using the improved conductive adhesive. The conductive adhesive has: 60-95 wt % conductor; 5-40 wt % resin; wherein the resin has: 55-98.9 wt % monomer defined by the formula: wherein: R is an aliphatic group of 1 to 10 carbons; R1 is an aliphatic group of 1 to 10 carbons; R2 is an alkyl, alkyl ether, aryl ether, silane or silicone; and wherein R and R1, R and R2 or R1 and R2 may be taken together to form a cyclic alkyl or aryl group; 0.1-15 wt % catalyst; 1-30 wt % accelerant defined by the formula: wherein R3 is an alkyl or substituted alkyl of 1-10 carbons; and R4 is an alkyl or substituted alkyl of 1-10 carbons with the proviso that at least one of R3 and R4 is substituted with a OR5 wherein R5 is selected from hydrogen, alkyl and aryl; and 0-15 wt % filler.

Abstract: An electronic component has an element, a pair of terminal portions which are disposed on the element, and an external covering material which covers a part of the terminal portions and the element. The electronic component is configured such that inclined portions are disposed on corner portions of a bottom surface and side surfaces of the external covering material, and the terminal portions are protruded from corner portions where the inclined portions and the bottom surface of the external covering material intersect.

Abstract: A surface mount energy storage device in the form of a supercapacitor (1) includes a generally rectangular folded prismatic housing (2) and two energy storage elements (not shown) that are sealingly contained within the housing (2) and which are connected in series. A mount, in the form of an integrally formed tinned metal frame (3), extends about and captively retains housing (2) in the folded configuration shown. Two terminals, in the form of elongate contacts (4, 5) extend from the energy storage elements and terminate outside housing (2) for allowing external electrical connection to the elements.

Abstract: A solid electrolytic capacitor including an anode body, a dielectric layer arranged on the anode body, a conductive polymer layer arranged on the dielectric layer, and a cathode layer including a carbon layer arranged on the conductive polymer layer and a silver layer arranged on the carbon layer. The conductive polymer layer includes ridges and valleys formed in a surface that faces toward the cathode layer. The silver layer includes a first silver layer, which is arranged on the carbon layer, covers the ridges and valleys, and mainly contains spherical silver particles, and a second silver layer, which is arranged on the first silver layer and mainly contains silver flakes.

Abstract: Solid electrolytic capacitors are provided with decreased equivalent series resistance (ESR). The solid electrolytic capacitors include: an anode containing a valve metal or an alloy that is mainly made of a valve metal; a dielectric layer formed on a surface of the anode; an electrolyte layer formed on the dielectric layer; a carbon layer formed on the electrolyte layer; and a silver paste layer formed on the carbon layer, wherein the silver paste layer contains a nonionic surfactant.

Abstract: A solid electrolytic capacitor that can be miniaturized while maintaining the function for breaking current when excessive short-circuit current flows to a capacitor element. The solid electrolytic capacitor includes an anode body, a dielectric layer formed on the anode body, a conductive polymer layer formed on the dielectric layer, and a cathode layer formed on the conductive polymer layer. The conductive polymer layer contains thermally expandable graphite.

Abstract: A chip-type filter has a laminated body formed by stacking a plurality of capacitor elements, a pair of positive electrode terminals, a pair of negative electrode terminals, insulating outer resin, and an inductor section. The laminated body includes capacitor elements in a first group and capacitor elements in a second group, the positive electrode sections in both groups are disposed on the opposite sides with respect to the negative electrode sections. Positive electrode terminals are electrically connected to the positive electrode sections of capacitor elements in the first group and those of capacitor elements in the second group, respectively. Negative electrode terminals are electrically connected to the negative electrode sections in the laminated body, and are disposed at both ends of the direction crossing the connecting direction between the positive electrode terminals. The inductor section is insulated from the negative electrode sections and couples the positive electrode terminals.

Abstract: Provided is a solid electrolytic capacitor including a capacitor element with a positive polarity; an anode wire inserted and connected to a lower portion of the capacitor element; a cathode extraction layer formed on the capacitor element; an anode lead frame provided on one side of the lower surface of the capacitor element so as to be electrically insulated from the cathode extraction layer, the anode lead frame having an insertion portion into which a projecting lower portion of the anode wire is inserted; a cathode lead frame provided on the other side of the lower surface of the capacitor element so as to be electrically connected to the cathode extraction layer; a molding portion formed to surround the capacitor element and exposing the lower end surface of the anode wire, the lower surface of the anode lead frame, and the lower surface of the cathode lead frame; an anode lead terminal provided on the molding portion so as to be electrically connected to the lower end surface of the anode wire and the

Abstract: Provided is a solid electrolytic capacitor including a capacitor element with a positive polarity; an anode wire of which one end is inserted into the capacitor element and the other end projects outward from the capacitor element; a cathode extraction layer formed on the capacitor element; a plurality of conductive bumps formed on the cathode extraction layer; a molding portion formed to surround the capacitor element and exposing the projecting end of the anode wire and ends of the conductive bumps; an anode lead terminal provided on the molding portion so as to be electrically connected to the exposed end of the anode wire; and a cathode lead terminal provided on the molding portion so as to be electrically connected to the exposed ends of the conductive bumps.

Abstract: The powder of an Nb compound has a composition represented by NbxOy, NbxNz or NbxOyNz. The powder of the Nb compound has an electric conductivity which is not less than 1/10 of that of Nb. A porous sintered body used for manufacturing a solid electrolytic capacitor is formed using the powder of the Nb compound. The solid electrolytic capacitor achieves both of a reduction in size and an increase in capacitance.

Abstract: In a lead frame for use in fabricating a face-down terminal solid electrolytic capacitor having a capacitor element an anode terminal, and a cathode terminal, a frame body has a connecting portion for being connected to the capacitor element. The connecting portion extends from a cathode terminal forming portion in a first direction to a position near an anode terminal forming portion. The anode terminal forming portion is connected to the frame body and used for forming the anode terminal. The cathode terminal forming portion is connected to the frame body and used for forming the cathode terminal. The anode terminal forming and the cathode terminal forming portions are spaced to each other in the first direction on a principal surface of the frame body.

Abstract: An aspect of the present invention provides a solid electrolytic capacitor that comprises: an anode mainly formed of a valve metal or an alloy thereof; an anode lead terminal a part of which is buried in a side surface of the anode; a dielectric layer formed on surfaces of the anode and mainly formed of an oxide; a conducting polymer layer formed on the dielectric layer; a cathode layer formed on the conducting polymer layer on an outer circumferential surface of the anode, the cathode layer comprising: a carbon layer; and a silver paste layer formed on the carbon layer; a thermal expansion layer provided on the side surface of the anode and on a part of the outer circumferential surface continuing from the side surface; and a rein outer package provided to cover the anode, dielectric layer, cathode layer, and thermal expansion layer, wherein a thermal expansion coefficient in a temperature range lower than a glass transition temperature of the thermal expansion layer is larger than that of each of the silver

Abstract: Methods and structures are provided for electrically coupling a conductor and a conductive element containing a dissimilar material. A method for electrically coupling a first element containing a first conductive material to a conductor formed of a dissimilar second material includes cladding a second conductive element with the conductor. The second element contains a facilitator material that facilitates the melting of the dissimilar material. A third element containing a third conductive material that is metallurgically compatible with the facilitator material is cladded with a fourth element containing a fourth conductive material that is metallurgically compatible with the first conductive material to form a connector. The fourth element is welded to the first element and the second element is welded to the third element.

Abstract: A solid electrolytic capacitor that prevents leakage current from increasing. The solid electrolytic capacitor includes an anode, a cathode, and a dielectric layer arranged between the anode and the cathode in contact with the cathode. The dielectric layer includes a plurality of recesses arranged in the surface of the dielectric layer, each recess having an opening in an interface with the cathode. Each of the recesses has a depth that is 0.1 to 1.5 times the diameter of the opening.

Abstract: A non-aqueous electrolyte of the present invention contains a lithium salt (A), a quaternary ammonium salt (B) containing a straight chain alkyl group having carbon atoms of 4 or less and a solvent (C) composed of at least one compound selected from the group consisting of ethylene carbonate, propylene carbonate, butylene carbonate, ?-butyrolactone, dimethyl carbonate, ethyl methyl carbonate, diethyl carbonate, dimethoxyethane, ethoxymethoxyethane and diethoxyethane. The molar ratio C/A of the solvent (C) to the lithium salt (A) or the molar ratio C/B of the solvent (C) to the ammonium salt (B) is 6 or less. The non-aqueous electrolyte has a single phase. Consequently, there can be obtained a non-aqueous electrolyte of a high ion concentration having an excellent oxidation resistance and reduction resistance.

Abstract: A solid electrolytic capacitor comprising an anode body, a dielectric layer placed on the surface of the anode body, a conductive polymer layer placed on the surface of the dielectric layer, and a housing accommodating at least the anode body, the dielectric layer and the conductive polymer layer, wherein a water-retaining layer having higher water absorption than that of the housing is placed between the conductive polymer layer and the housing.

Abstract: According the present invention, anode foils are encapsulated in separator material so as to insulate them from the metal housing of an electrolytic capacitor. The present invention also provides for enclosed capacitor configurations for use in stacked capacitor configurations. Preferably, heat-sealable polymeric materials are used as separator materials to encapsulate or enclose the anode assemblies and capacitor configurations. The encapsulated anode assemblies and capacitor configurations of the present invention may be used in implantable cardioverter defibrillators.

Abstract: An energy storage device comprises a pair of electrodes in contact with an electrolyte and a dielectric separator therebetween. The separator comprises a chelating material capable of binding parasitic to ions with the electrolyte, so to prevent the free circulation of the parasitic ions within the electrolyte. In one embodiment, the chelating material comprises chitosan, which may be provided in fibrous form and which may be included within a non-woven fabric of cellulosic and/or olefinic, or which may be instead coated on the separator or otherwise comprised in the separator. In another embodiment, the chelating material comprises chitosan, and the ion-binding capability of the chitosan is enhanced by chemically binding a chelating agent to the chitosan so to create a multi-dentate ligand that binds with the parasitic ions, particularly multi-valent metal ions, to create coordination compounds. One such chelating agent is ethylendiamine tetraacetic acid (EDTA).

Abstract: The invention relates to a novel method for preparing electrodes based on activated carbon and carbon nanotubes on a collector. The invention also relates to the electrode obtained thereby and the supercapacitor comprising same.

Abstract: A solid electrolytic capacitor according to this invention includes a capacitor element with a drawn-out anode lead, a conversion substrate mounted with the capacitor element, and a casing resin covering the capacitor element mounted on the conversion substrate. The conversion substrate has, on one surface thereof, a connection pattern composed of an anode portion connected to the anode lead and a cathode portion connected to the body of the capacitor element. The conversion substrate further has, on another surface thereof on the side opposite to the foregoing one surface, a terminal pattern composed of an anode terminal and a cathode terminal connected to the anode portion and the cathode portion through the conversion substrate, respectively. The terminal pattern differs from the connection pattern.

Abstract: The invention provides a solid electrolytic capacitor wherein the anode has a dielectric oxide film of a structure less susceptible to damage due to mechanical stresses and which is diminished in leakage current and less prone to short-circuiting, and a process for fabricating the capacitor. The capacitor of the invention comprises an anode of aluminum having a dielectric oxide film formed over a surface thereof from amorphous alumina, and is characterized in that a plurality of tunnel-shaped etching pits are formed in the anode.

Abstract: A solid electrolytic capacitor is provided which is capable of exhibiting an excellent characteristic and high reliability against thermal stress. The solid electrolytic capacitor includes a base member having a capacitor element connecting face on its upper surface side and an electrode mounting face on its lower surface side and being made up of an insulating plate having first conductors and second conductors, disposed in a staggered format, each providing conduction between the upper and lower surface sides of the base member, and the capacitor element having anode portions and cathode portions, each being disposed in a staggered format, connected to each of the first and second conductors.

Abstract: An electronic apparatus has an electric load, an electrochemical capacitor, and an applying section. The electric capacitor includes a positive electrode, a negative electrode and an electrolyte placed between the positive electrode and the negative electrode and supplies electric power to the electric load. The applying section opens an electrical connection between the electrochemical capacitor and the electric load, and applies a minus potential to the positive electrode and a plus potential to the negative electrode.

Abstract: A solid electrolytic capacitor with face-down terminals includes a capacitor element having an anode lead drawn out therefrom in an offset manner, an anode terminal, a cathode terminal, and an insulating casing resin. At a rectangular mount surface having a first and a second side parallel to each other and forming an outer bottom portion, four terminal exposed portions are provided such that a terminal pair composed of the two terminal exposed portions are located at the first side and a terminal pair composed of the other two terminal exposed portions are located at the second side. The two terminal exposed portions located at the first side serve as mount-surface exposed portions of the anode terminal and the cathode terminal, while, the two terminal exposed portions located at the second side serve as dummy terminals that are not electrically connected to the capacitor element.

Abstract: A molecular electronic device, and a method of fabricating the same, includes a first electrode having a plurality of prominences and depressions on which a plurality of molecules are self-assembled. Capacitance of a molecular electronic device used as a capacitor is increased by forming prominences and depressions on the surface of the first electrode thereby enabling more molecules to be self-assembled on the surface of the lower electrode.

Abstract: A multiterminal solid electrolytic capacitor includes a capacitor element including a porous sintered body which includes a plurality of anode leads projecting from a surface of the porous sintered body and which is made from a valve metal powder, a dielectric oxide coating disposed on the porous sintered body, and a cathode including a solid electrolyte layer disposed on the dielectric oxide coating. The multiterminal solid electrolytic capacitor further includes a substrate which carries the capacitor element, which includes a plurality of anode-mounting terminals and a cathode-mounting terminal, and which is covered with resin. The anode leads are portions of a valve metal pattern which extends in the porous sintered body and which bends at a plurality of locations so as to have a desired path length.

Abstract: Provided is a solid electrolytic capacitor comprising an anode of a porous body formed of a valve metal or its alloy, a dielectric layer formed on the surface in the inside part of the porous body and on the surface in the outer peripheral part thereof, a conductive polymer layer formed on the dielectric layer, a cathode layer formed on the conductive polymer layer in the outer peripheral part of the porous body, and an anode lead of which one end is embedded inside the anode, wherein the conductive polymer layer in the first region which is in the inside part of the porous body and the periphery around the anode lead as the center is formed of a polypyrrole layer, and the conductive polymer layer in the second region which is the periphery around the first region is formed by laminating a polypyrrole layer on a polyethylenedioxythiophene layer.

Abstract: The invention relates to a method for producing a solid electrolytic capacitor with excellent LC value, comprising sequentially stacking a dielectric oxide film, a semiconductor layer and an electrode layer on a sintered body of conductive powder to which an anode lead is connected and then encapsulating the whole with an outer jacket resin, wherein surface area of a cathode plate used in forming the semiconductor layer on the dielectric oxide film by applying current between the conductor having the dielectric oxide film thereon used as anode and the cathode plate provided in electrolysis solution is made larger by 10 times or more than its apparent surface area to thereby efficiently form the semiconductor layer, a capacitor produced by the method, and electronic circuits and electronic devices using the capacitor.

Abstract: A wet electrolytic capacitor that includes an anode, cathode, and an electrolyte is provided. The cathode contains a substrate and a coating overlying the substrate. The coating comprises a sintered body containing carbonaceous particles (e.g., activated carbon) and inorganic particles (e.g., NbO2).

Abstract: A method and implementation for improved performance and sealing of an energy storage device are disclosed.

Abstract: A solid electrolyte capacitor that prevents the capacitance from decreasing. The solid electrolyte capacitor includes an anode, a cathode, and a dielectric layer, which is arranged between the anode and the cathode in contact with the cathode. The dielectric layer includes a plurality of recesses arranged at an interface between the dielectric layer and the cathode.

Abstract: A solid electrolytic capacitor which is easy to make and a method of making the same are provided. In a solid electrolytic capacitor in accordance with the present invention, a substrate on which a capacitor device is mounted includes anode electrode parts and cathode electrode parts of a lead frame, and a resin plate, whereas parts exposed from the upper face of the resin plate construct anode electrode terminals and cathode electrode terminals. Therefore, this substrate can easily be made by mold-sealing the anode electrode parts and cathode electrode parts with the resin plate. Consequently, the solid electrolytic capacitor in accordance with the present invention using such a substrate can also be made easily.

Abstract: Dry process based energy storage device structures and methods for using a dry adhesive therein are disclosed.

Abstract: A chip type solid electrolytic capacitor includes a capacitor element-laminate. In the capacitor element-laminate, a plurality of capacitor elements, each having an anode portion and a cathode portion, are laminated so that the anode portions of the adjacent capacitor elements are disposed in the direction opposite to each other. Anode lead terminals are joined to the bottom faces of the anode portions of the capacitor elements disposed at both ends of the capacitor element-laminate. A cathode lead terminal is joined to the bottom face of the cathode portion of the capacitor element disposed in the center of the capacitor element-laminate. An Electrically insulating exterior resin coats the capacitor element-laminate so as to expose at least a part of the bottom faces of the anode lead terminals and a part of the cathode lead terminal.

Abstract: A solid electrolytic capacitor element includes an anode foil, a solid electrolytic layer, a cathode foil, and a connection portion. The anode foil is composed of valve metal and has at least one through hole passing therethrough in thickness direction thereof. The solid electrolytic layer is made of conductive polymer and is provided on a surface of the anode foil. The cathode foil is provided on a surface of the solid electrolytic layer. The connection portion is provided in the through hole and electrically connects a first solid electrolytic layer and a second solid electrolytic layer, the first solid electrolytic layer being a region of the solid electrolytic layer on one face of the anode foil, the second solid electrolytic layer being another region of the solid electrolytic layer on the other face of the anode foil.

Abstract: An electrochemical device having excellent safety at a high temperature is provided by using a separator for an electrochemical device, which is made of a porous film including a first separator layer and a second separator layer. The first separator layer includes, as a main ingredient, at least one kind of resin selected from the group consisting of resin A that has a melting point in a range of 80° C. to 130° C., and resin B that absorbs a nonaqueous electrolyte and swells due to heating and whose swelling degree is increased as the temperature rises, the second separator layer includes, as a main ingredient, a filler that has a heat-resistant temperature of not lower than 150° C., and at least one of the first separator layer and the second separator layer includes flakes.

Abstract: Piezoelectric ultracapacitor is disclosed capable of converting the kinetic energy of ordinary motion into an electrical potential. The piezoelectric ultracapacitor of the present invention may be used in various contexts, including power generation, switching and control and memory.

Abstract: Solid electrolytic capacitors and methods for manufacturing the solid electrolytic capacitor are provided. The solid electrolytic capacitor has excellent reliability by virtue of stress reduction inside an electrolyte layer, which alleviates decrease in capacitance, increase of ESR and leakage current, and suppression of short circuits. The anode of the solid electrolytic capacitor is formed of a valve metal or an alloy thereof as a porous body. Subsequently, a dielectric layer is formed on a surface inside the porous body of the anode, and the electrolyte layer is formed on a surface of the dielectric layer. Here, the electrolyte layer is formed of a conductive polymer and the electrolyte layer inside the porous body of the anode contains an elastomer. Thereafter, a cathode is formed so as to come in contact with the electrolyte layer.

Abstract: A solid electrolytic capacitor that is capable of withstanding laser welding without a significant deterioration in its electrical performance is provided. The capacitor contains an anode body, dielectric layer overlying the anode body, and a solid organic electrolyte layer overlying the dielectric layer. Furthermore, the capacitor of the present invention also employs a light reflective layer that overlies the solid organic electrolyte layer. The present inventors have discovered that such a light reflective layer may help reflect any light that inadvertently travels toward the capacitor element during laser welding. This results in reduced contact of the solid organic electrolyte with the laser and thus minimizes defects in the electrolyte that would have otherwise been formed by carbonization. The resultant laser-welded capacitor is therefore characterized by such performance characteristics as relatively low ESR and low leakage currents.

Abstract: A method of manufacturing an electrolytic capacitor including the following steps as well as an electrolytic capacitor manufactured by the method are provided. The method includes: a dispersion impregnation step of impregnating, with a dispersion containing electrically conductive solid particles or powder and a solvent, a capacitor element having an anode foil with a dielectric coating film formed thereon and an opposite cathode foil that are wound with a separator interposed therebetween; a dry step of evaporating the solvent after the dispersion impregnation step to form an electrically conductive solid layer on a surface of the dielectric coating film; and an electrolytic solution impregnation step of impregnating a gap in the electrically conductive solid layer with an electrolytic solution. Accordingly, an electrolytic capacitor that can be manufactured more easily that is excellent in voltage proofing property and that has a lower ESR and a lower leakage current is provided.

Abstract: The invention provides an apparatus for producing solid electrolytic capacitors having uniform properties with excellent ESR value efficiently at low costs and a production process using the apparatus. The production process using the apparatus is characterized in that a plurality of conductors for producing solid electrolytic capacitors are fixed to a jig for producing capacitors, the jig is transferred to above treatment baths to immerse the conductors in treatment solution in each of the baths sequentially and electric currents are passed to the conductors therein to thereby form a dielectric layer and a semiconductor layer sequentially on the conductors and that on the jig for producing capacitors, a plurality of sockets are provided for inserting and fixing ends of wires leading out of the conductors by using a robotics device.

Abstract: Provided is a solid electrolytic capacitor with low ESR (equivalent series resistance) and excellent reliability during high-temperature storage. The solid electrolytic capacitor includes an anode formed of a valve metal, a dielectric film provided on the anode, a conducting polymer layer provided on the dielectric layer, and a cathode extraction layer provided on the conducting polymer layer. The conducting polymer layer contains a metal-based conductive filler in at least one of a flake form and a fiber form.

Abstract: A solid electrolytic capacitor body is attached to lead frame by a secondary adhesive and a method for forming the capacitor assembly. The assembly consists of a chip that has conductive adhesive formed on the cathode surface. Secondary adhesive is placed adjacent to the conductive adhesive. Lead frame is attached to these adhesives and the adhesives are cured simultaneously. Secondary adhesive can be thermally or UV cured. The solid electrolytic capacitor formed by this method showed improved adhesion between lead frame and capacitor body.

Abstract: A solid capacitor and the manufacturing method thereof are disclosed. The solid capacitor consists of a dielectric layer and two electrodes. A plurality of holes formed by an opening process is disposed on surface of the dielectric layer. The two electrodes connect with the dielectric layer by the holes. By means of a plurality of high temperature volatile matters, the plurality of holes is formed on surface of the dielectric layer during sintered process. The holes are connected with the outside so as to increase surface area of the dielectric layer and further the capacity is increased. And the solid capacitor stores charge by physical means. Moreover, the solid capacitor can be stacked repeatedly to become a multilayer capacitor.

Abstract: The method comprises fabricating a layer stack on a substrate, the layer stack comprising at least two electrically conducting layers and at least one electrically insulating layer arranged between the two electrically conducting layers, and displacing a first portion of the layer stack away from its original position, the first portion comprising an edge portion of the layer stack, and bending the first portion back towards a second portion of the layer stack. The bending may comprise a rolling-up of the first portion of the layer stack.

Abstract: A coated electrode is provided for use in energy storage devices. The coated electrode comprises a dry particles that are fibrillized.

Abstract: A capacitor element comprises an anode, a dielectric layer formed on the anode, an electrolyte layer formed on the dielectric layer, and a cathode formed on the electrolyte layer. On the cathode formed by the surface of the capacitor element, a conductive adhesive layer containing silver particles and an organic silane layer made from aminopropyltriethoxysilane (APTES) are sequentially formed, and the cathode and a cathode terminal are connected through the conductive adhesive layer and the organic silane layer. In addition, an anode terminal is connected to an anode lead which exposed from the anode by welding.

Abstract: There are provided a porous plate dielectric substance, pillar-shaped electrodes respectively formed in pores belonging to a first group and pores belonging to a second group alternately arranged on the dielectric substance, insulator layers made of an organic insulator formed on tips of pillar-shaped electrodes in the pores of the first and second groups so as to fill the pores and hide electrodes respectively provided on one principal surface and another principal surface of the dielectric substance and connected to base ends of the pillar-shaped electrodes.

Abstract: A capacitor anode (1) includes a substrate (10) which is formed from an alloy, metal, or metal compound which has a high tensile yield strength and high elastic modulus. The material has a composition which can be anodized, yielding an adherent and compressively stressed dielectric film (12) of pure, mixed, alloyed, or doped oxide that has a high usable dielectric strength (e.g., over 50 V/?m) and high dielectric constant (e.g., 20 to over 10,000). A capacitor formed from the anode has a high energy density.