Abstract: A method for manufacturing a tungsten capacitor element, which includes: a sintering process for forming an anode body by sintering a tungsten powder or a molded body thereof, a chemical conversion process for forming a dielectric layer on the surface layer of the anode body, a process for forming a semiconductor layer on the dielectric layer, a post-chemical conversion process for repairing the defects generated on the dielectric layer, a non-aqueous electrolysis process for conducting electrolysis operation by immersing the anode body in a solution of a non-aqueous solvent containing an oxidizing agent, and a process of forming a conductor layer on the anode body, in this order.

Abstract: There is provided a tantalum capacitor, including: a capacitor body including a tantalum powder and having a tantalum wire, a molding part formed to expose an end portion of the tantalum wire and enclose the capacitor body, an anode lead frame including an anode mounting part and an anode terminal part, the anode terminal part being connected to the tantalum wire, a thin plate electrode formed on a lower surface of the capacitor body and exposed through the other end surface of the molding part, and a cathode lead frame including a cathode mounting part and a cathode terminal part, the cathode terminal part being connected to the thin plate electrode.

Abstract: A point of sale system includes a display device, a pivoting mechanism, a first electronic component and a base having a top surface. The display device includes a casing formed with a first receiving groove and a screen coupled to the casing and movable relative to the base between unfolded and folded positions. The pivoting mechanism interconnects pivotally the display device and the base. The first electronic component is connected to the casing and is movable between an inactive position where the first electronic component is retracted within the first receiving groove, and an active position where the first electronic component protrudes out of the first receiving groove.

Abstract: An apparatus, the apparatus including first and second circuit boards, and an electrolyte, the first and second circuit boards each including a capacitive element, wherein the apparatus is configured such that a chamber is defined between the first and second circuit boards with the capacitive elements contained therein and facing one another, the chamber including the electrolyte, and wherein the apparatus is configured to store electrical charge when a potential difference is applied between the capacitive elements.

Abstract: A solid electrolytic capacitor that is capable of exhibiting good electrical properties even under the extreme conditions of high temperature and humidity levels is provided. More particularly, the capacitor contains a capacitor element that includes a sintered porous anode body, a dielectric that overlies the anode body, and a solid electrolyte that overlies the dielectric. The solid electrolyte contains a conductive polymer and an organometallic coupling agent. The capacitor also contains a moisture barrier layer that overlies the solid electrolyte and is formed from a hydrophobic elastomer that has a low surface energy such that it is not readily wettable by an aqueous medium.

Abstract: [Problem] To provide a conductive polymer for solid electrolyte capacitor having outstanding solubility in solvents or dispersibility in solvents and which can produce a capacitor having outstanding capacitor characteristics in high-temperature environments. [Means Used to Resolve the Problem] A conductive polymer (A) for solid electrolyte capacitor containing substituted polythiophene (P) having thiophene repeating units (D) substituted by a least one type of group (s) selected from a group made up of a polyether group (a) indicated in general formula (1); an alkoxy group (b) having 1 to 15 carbon atoms; an alkoxy alkyl group (c) indicated in general formula (2); an alkyl group (d) having 1 to 15 carbon atoms; and a group (e) indicated in general formula (3); as well as thiophene repeating units (E) wherein the hydrogen atoms at position 3 and position 4 on the thiophene ring have been substituted by group (s) and sulfo group (—SO3H) (f).

Abstract: A solid electrolytic capacitor includes an anode body, a dielectric coating formed to cover the anode body, a first solid electrolyte layer formed to cover the dielectric coating, a second solid electrolyte layer made of a conductive polymer and formed to cover a relatively thin portion of the first solid electrolyte layer, and a cathode layer formed to cover the first solid electrolyte layer and the second solid electrolyte layer.

Abstract: A silver paste layer constituting a collector layer in a solid electrolytic capacitor includes first silver particles having a peak particle size of 150 nm or less, second silver particles having a peak particle size of 500 nm or more, inorganic particles composed of material different from silver, and resin material. The inorganic particles are included at a volume ratio of 15% or more and 50% or less with respect to the total of the first silver particles and the second silver particles.

Abstract: Described is a capacitor assembly that is thermally and mechanically stable under extreme conditions. Thermal stability is provided by enclosing and hermetically sealing the capacitor element within a housing in the presence of a gaseous atmosphere that contains an inert gas, thereby limiting the amount of oxygen and moisture supplied to the solid electrolyte of the capacitor. To provide good mechanical stability, the assembly contains at least one external termination (e.g., anode and/or cathode termination) extending beyond an outer periphery of a surface of the housing. The degree to which the external termination extends beyond the outer periphery relative to the dimension of the housing is selectively controlled to increase the surface area available for soldering to a circuit board.

Abstract: An electrolytic capacitor includes a multilayered-capacitor-elements unit, a pair of positive electrode terminals, a negative electrode terminal, and an outer-package resin. The multilayered-capacitor-elements unit includes multiple capacitor elements of which positive electrodes are oriented oppositely to each other. The positive electrodes are connected to the positive electrode terminals, respectively, and negative electrodes of the capacitor elements are connected to the negative electrode terminal. Each of the positive electrode terminals includes a bottom section and a double-back section on which the positive electrodes of the capacitor element is disposed. The double-back section is formed by doubling over an end section extending toward the negative electrode.

Abstract: To provide a solid electrolytic capacitor capable of high performance, the capacitor including: an anode element having a dielectric film disposed on a surface thereof; a cathode element; and a solid electrolyte interposed between the anode element and the cathode element, the solid electrolyte being a conductive polymer having a first repeat unit (A) expressed by the following formula (1) and a second repeat unit (B) expressed by the following formula (2): where L is an arbitrarily replaceable alkylene or silyl group having 2 or 3 carbon atoms; and Rx and Ry are each arbitrarily replaceable alkyl groups having a linear or branched structure and having 1 to 14 carbon atoms, each being different from the other.

Abstract: Provided is a method of manufacturing a solid electrolytic capacitor that suppresses spreading up of a solution. The method includes forming a porous sintered body made of a valve metal and having an anode wire sticking out therefrom; forming an insulating layer made of a fluorine resin, so as to surround the anode wire; and forming a dielectric layer on the porous sintered body; forming a solid electrolyte layer on the dielectric layer, after forming the insulating layer. The process of forming the insulating layer includes melting granular particles made of a fluorine resin.

Abstract: A wet electrolytic capacitor that contains a casing within which is positioned an anode formed from an anodically oxidized sintered porous body and a fluidic working electrolyte is provided. The casing contains a metal substrate over which is disposed a hydrogen protection layer that contains a plurality of sintered agglomerates formed from a valve metal composition. The present inventors have discovered that through careful selection of the relative particle size and distribution of the agglomerates, the resulting protection layer can effectively absorb and dissipate hydrogen radicals generated during use and/or production of the capacitor, which could otherwise lead to embrittlement and cracking of the metal substrate.

Abstract: A solid electrolytic capacitor package structure includes a capacitor unit, a package unit and a conductive unit. The package unit includes a package body for enclosing the capacitor unit. The conductive unit includes at least one first conductive terminal and at least one second conductive terminal. The first conductive terminal includes a first core layer and a first enclosing layer. The first core layer has a first top exposed surface exposed from the first enclosing layer, and the first top exposed surface has a first top covering area covered by the package body. The second conductive terminal includes a second core layer and a second enclosing layer. The second core layer has a second top exposed surface exposed from the second enclosing layer, and the second top exposed surface has a second top covering area covered by the package body.

Abstract: A process for providing an improved hermetically sealed capacitor which includes the steps of applying a solder and a flux to an interior surface of a case; flowing the solder onto the interior surface; remove flux thereby forming a flux depleted solder; inserting the capacitive element into the casing; reflowing the flux depleted solder thereby forming a solder joint between the case and the solderable layer; and sealing the case.

Abstract: As consistent with various embodiments, an electronic device includes a fibrous material having a conductive coating thereon. The conductive coating includes conductive nanoparticles coupled to fibers in the fibrous material. The structure is implemented in connection with a variety of devices, such as a capacitive device or a battery. Other embodiments are directed to forming conductive fibrous sheets, in dispersing a nanomaterial in a solution and applying the solution to a fibrous sheet, such as commercial paper, to form a conductive sheet.

Abstract: The present invention is a niobium nitride which has a composition represented by the composition formula Nb3N5 and in which a constituent element Nb has a valence of substantially +5. The method for producing the niobium nitride of the present invention includes the step of nitriding an organic niobium compound by reacting the organic niobium compound with a nitrogen compound gas.

Abstract: A stacked-type solid electrolytic capacitor package structure includes a capacitor unit, a package unit and a conductive unit. The conductive unit includes a plurality of stacked-type capacitors stacked on top of one another and electrically connected with each other, and each stacked-type capacitor has a positive portion and a negative portion. The package unit includes a package body for enclosing the capacitor unit. The conductive unit includes a first conductive terminal and a second conductive terminal. The first conductive terminal has a first embedded portion electrically connected to the positive portion and enclosed by the package body and a first lateral exposed portion connected to the first embedded portion. The second conductive terminal has a second lateral exposed portion, a second front exposed portion, a second rear exposed portion, and a second embedded portion electrically connected to the negative portion and enclosed by the package body.

Abstract: The present invention is a niobium nitride which has a composition represented by the composition formula Nb3N5 and in which a constituent element Nb has a valence of substantially +5. The method for producing the niobium nitride of the present invention includes the step of nitriding an organic niobium compound by reacting the organic niobium compound with a nitrogen compound gas.

Abstract: Provided are electrochemical cells and electrolytes used to build such cells. The electrolytes include ion-supplying salts and fluorinated solvents capable of maintaining single phase solutions with the salts at between about ?30° C. to about 80° C. The fluorinated solvents, such as fluorinated carbonates, fluorinated esters, and fluorinated esters, are less flammable than their non-fluorinated counterparts and increase safety characteristics of cells containing these solvents. The amount of fluorinated solvents in electrolytes may be between about 30% and 80% by weight not accounting weight of the salts. Fluorinated salts, such as fluoroalkyl-substituted LiPF6, fluoroalkyl-substituted LiBF4 salts, linear and cyclic imide salts as well as methide salts including fluorinated alkyl groups, may be used due to their solubility in the fluorinated solvents.

Abstract: A decoupling device including a lead frame and at least one capacitor unit assembly is provided. The lead frame includes a cathode terminal portion and at least two opposite anode terminal portions located at two ends of the cathode terminal portion. The two anode terminal portions are electrically connected with each other through a conductive line. The capacitor unit assembly includes multiple capacitor elements. The multiple capacitor elements of the capacitor unit assembly is connected in parallel, arrayed on the same plane and disposed on the lead frame. Each capacitor element has a cathode portion and an anode portion opposite to each other. The cathode portion of the capacitor element is electrically connected with the cathode terminal portion. The anode portion of the capacitor element is electrically connected with the anode terminal portion. When multiple capacitor unit assemblies exists, the capacitor unit assemblies are arrayed in a stacked way.

Abstract: An electrolytic material formulation and a polymer polymerized therefrom are provided. The formulation includes: (a) a monomer of formula (I); and (b) a monomer of formula (II), wherein, A, X, B1, B2, R1 to R3, q and w are defined as recited in the specification, and the amount of monomer (b) is about 1 part by weight to about 800 parts by weight per 100 parts by weight of monomer (a). The polymer is useful as an electrolytic material of a solid capacitor.

Abstract: A improved process for preparing a conductive polymer dispersion is provided as is an improved method for making capacitors using the conductive polymer. The process includes providing a monomer solution and shearing the monomer solution with a rotor-stator mixing system comprising a perforated stator screen having perforations thereby forming droplets of said monomer. The droplets of monomer are then polymerized during shearing to form the conductive polymer dispersion.

Abstract: An electrical component includes an inkjet-printed graphene electrode. Graphene oxide flakes are deposited on a substrate in a graphene oxide ink using an inkjet printer. The deposited graphene oxide is thermally reduced to graphene. The electrical properties of the electrode are comparable to those of electrodes made using activated carbon, carbon nanotubes or graphene made by other methods. The electrical properties of the graphene electrodes may be tailored by adding nanoparticles of other materials to the ink to serve as conductivity enhancers, spacers, or to confer pseudocapacitance. Inkjet-printing can be used to make graphene electrodes of a desired thickness in preselected patterns. Inkjet printing can be used to make highly-transparent graphene electrodes. Inkjet-printed graphene electrodes may be used to fabricate double-layer capacitors that store energy by nanoscale charge separation at the electrode-electrolyte interface (i.e., “supercapacitors”).

Abstract: In one embodiment a charge storage device includes first (110) and second (120) electrically conductive structures separated from each other by a separator (130). At least one of the first and second electrically conductive structures includes a porous structure containing multiple channels (111, 121). Each one of the channels has an opening (112, 122) to a surface (115, 125) of the porous structure. In another embodiment the charge storage device includes multiple nanostructures (610) and an electrolyte (650) in physical contact with at least some of the nanostructures. A material (615) having a dielectric constant of at least 3.9 may be located between the electrolyte and the nanostructures.

Abstract: An embodiment of the invention relates to providing an electrical component that provides an electrical functionality, the component comprising: a fiber felt comprising a tangle of fibers and characterized by a fill factor; and at least two layers of material formed on the fibers that contribute to providing the electrical functionality.

Abstract: Provided is a solid electrolytic capacitor that is excellent in productivity, has improved volumetric efficiency aiming for capacity increase, a stable fillet shape when mounted, and has excellent ESL characteristics. Included is a capacitor stack element composed of a stack of capacitor elements. The capacitor element includes one anode part of an anode body made of linear, foil-like, or plate-like valve metal and a cathode part composed of dielectric, solid electrolyte, graphite, and silver paste layers, which are sequentially formed to another surface of the anode body separated by insulating resin. A fillet formation part with a recessed part is provided to an end surface of anode and cathode terminals of a mounting electrode side of a first direction end surface of the electrode substrate to which the capacitor stack element is mounted. Further, the anode and cathode terminals for element connection reach the end surface of the first direction.

Abstract: An electrode foil includes a substrate and a coarse film layer having a void therein and formed on the substrate. The coarse film layer includes at least a first coarse film layer formed on the substrate. The first coarse film layer is composed of arrayed first columnar bodies. Each of the first columnar bodies is composed of metallic microparticles stacked on a surface of the substrate and extending in a curve from the surface of the substrate.

Abstract: A capacitor with improved ESR and improved volumetric efficiency. The capacitor has an anode body wherein the anode body comprises a face and an inward offset which is inset from the face by a distance. An anode wire extends from a front side of the anode body wherein the front side is adjacent the face. A dielectric is on the anode body and a conductive cathode layer is on the dielectric. A cathode lead is in the inward offset and in electrical contact with the conductive cathode layer wherein the conductive cathode layer is between the cathode lead and the inward offset.

Abstract: In a solid electrolytic capacitor, resistance welding is carried out to bond a valve metal substrate and a spacer together while controlling a welding current so that only a bonding material provided in spacers and having a relatively low melting point is melted. At least a portion of the bonding material provided in the spacer penetrates an etching part of the valve metal substrate, and thickness Ta of a core part located at a positive electrode part in the valve metal substrate and thickness Tc of the core part located at a negative electrode part satisfy the requirement of |Tc?Ta|/Tc×100?10[%].

Abstract: A method of increasing the area of carbon nanotubes used in fabricating capacitors is described. The method involves reacting carbon nanotubes with electrically conductive ions, molecules or nanoparticles that increase the surface area of the nanotubes. The capacitance and the energy stored in the capacitor can be increased by such treatment. Devices constructed from such treated materials and their properties are described.

Abstract: A solid electrolytic capacitor includes an anode body, a dielectric coating provided on a surface of the anode body, and a first conductive polymer layer provided on the anode body. The first conductive polymer layer includes a bis(perfluoroalkanesulfonyl)imide anion and an organic solvent having a boiling point of 240° C. or higher.

Abstract: Disclosed herein is a structural sheet includes an energy storage density that is greater than 10-mWh/ft2 and is capable of withstanding greater than 5-KPa stress under at least 5% strain. Further provided is an energy storing structural sheet comprising an electrically conducting current carrying layer that is print formed over a sub assembly that comprises a separator, a foundation, an electrode, and a current bus.

Abstract: Described is a process for the production of a capacitor, where an electrode body (1) of an electrode material (2) is provided, wherein a dielectric (3) covers one surface (4) of this electrode material (2) at least partly to form an anode body (5), where the in situ polymerization of at least one thiophene monomer in at least a part of the anode body (5) in the presence of at least one oxidizing agent and at least one polymer with the structural formula (I).

Abstract: The present invention relates to a lithium ion capacitor having excellent capacitance characteristics and high energy density. More particularly, the present invention relates to a cathode active material for a lithium ion capacitor, which utilizes a lithium composite metal oxide having a large initial irreversible capacitance as a specific cathode additive in addition to a carbon-based material applied as a cathode active material, and a production method thereof, and a lithium ion capacitor including the same. According to the present invention, lithium can be electrochemically doped on an anode without using metal lithium, and the capacitance characteristics of a lithium ion capacitor and the safety of a lithium-doping process can be significantly improved.

Abstract: There is provided a high performance solid electrolytic capacitor that can be manufactured stably. The present invention provides the solid electrolytic capacitor comprising an anode foil and a cathode foil, and a separator arranged between the anode foil and the cathode foil, wherein the anode foil, the cathode foil, and the separator are wound around, so that the separator is intervened between the anode foil and the cathode foil, the anode foil has a dielectric oxide film layer, the separator comprises a solid electrolyte and a nonwoven fabric holding the solid electrolyte, the nonwoven fabric composing the separator is a laminated nonwoven fabric having at least two layers of the nonwoven fabric layers, and the laminated nonwoven fabric comprises a nonwoven fabric layer (layer I) composed of ultra fine fiber having a fiber diameter of 0.1 to 4 ?m, and a nonwoven fabric layer (layer II) composed of a thermoplastic resin fiber having a fiber diameter of 6 to 30 ?m.

Abstract: A capacitor containing a solid electrolytic capacitor element that includes a sintered porous anode body and an anode lead assembly is provided. The lead assembly is electrically connected to the anode body for connection to an anode termination. The lead assembly contains at least a first lead wire comprising at least one notch that is located on an embedded portion of the first lead wire. The at least one notch can be formed by crimping the lead wire prior to embedding the lead wire within the anode body. The at least one lead wire is embedded within the anode body and extends from a surface of the anode body in a longitudinal direction. The resulting geometry of the lead wire increases the points of contact between the anode body and the lead wire after post-sintering shrinkage of the anode body to improve the electrical capabilities of the solid electrolytic capacitor.

Abstract: A capacitor assembly for use in high voltage and high temperature environments is provided. More particularly, the capacitor assembly includes a capacitor element containing an anodically oxidized porous, sintered body that is coated with a manganese oxide solid electrolyte. To help facilitate the use of the capacitor assembly in high voltage (e.g., above about 35 volts) and high temperature (e.g., above about 175° C.) applications, the capacitor element is enclosed and hermetically sealed within a housing in the presence of a gaseous atmosphere that contains an inert gas.

Abstract: In some embodiments, an apparatus includes a first substrate, a second substrate, a first coupler, and a second coupler. The first substrate is formed from a first material and includes an electrical pad. The second substrate is formed from a second material and includes an electrical pad. The first coupler is configured to mechanically couple the first substrate to the second substrate without a soldered connection. The second coupler includes a first end portion, configured to be soldered to the electrical pad of the first substrate, and a second end portion, configured to be soldered to the electrical pad of the second substrate. The second coupler configured to electrically couple the first substrate to the second substrate.

Abstract: A capacitor with an anode and a dielectric over the anode. A first conductive polymer layer is over the dielectric wherein the first conductive polymer layer comprises a polyanion and a first binder. A second conductive polymer layer is over the first conductive polymer layer wherein the second conductive polymer layer comprises a polyanion and a second binder and wherein the first binder is more hydrophilic than the second binder.

Abstract: A capacitor has a positive electrode, a negative electrode, and a solid electrolyte layer arranged between the electrode layers. At least one of the electrode layers of this capacitor has an Al porous body, and an electrode body held in this Al porous body to polarize the electrolyte. The oxygen content in the surface of the Al porous body is 3.1% by mass or less. The matter that the oxygen content in the surface of the Al porous body is 3.1% by mass or less is equal to the matter that a high-resistance oxide film is hardly formed on the surface of the Al porous body. Thus, this Al porous body makes it possible to make the current collector area of the electrode layer large so that the capacitor can be improved in capacity.

Abstract: A solid electrolytic capacitor includes a capacitor element including a cathode portion and an anode portion, a cathode terminal bonded to the cathode portion, an anode terminal bonded to the anode portion, and an enclosure resin covering the capacitor element. The cathode terminal includes a cathode lower surface portion, a cathode connection portion, and a cathode support portion. The cathode connection portion is connected to an end portion of the cathode lower surface portion on an anode side and bonded to the cathode portion through a conductive adhesive. The cathode support portion is connected to a side portion of the cathode lower surface and brought into contact with a lower surface of the cathode portion on an end portion side of the cathode portion without involving the conductive adhesive therebetween.

Abstract: A capacitor with an anode, a dielectric on the anode and a cathode on the dielectric. A blocking layer is on the cathode. A metal filled layer is on said blocking layer and a plated layer is on the metal filled layer.

Abstract: An improved process for forming a capacitor, and improved capacitor formed thereby is described. The process includes: providing an anode comprising a dielectric thereon; applying a first layer of an intrinsically conducting polymer on the dielectric to form a capacitor precursor; applying at least one subsequent layer of an intrinsically conducting polymer on the first layer from a dispersion; and treating the capacitor precursor at a temperature of at least 50° C. no more than 200° C. at a relative humidity of at least 25% up to 100%, or fusing the layered structure by swelling the layered structure with a liquid and at least partially removing the liquid.

Abstract: A capacitor provides a plurality of selectable capacitance values, by selective connection of six capacitor sections of a capacitive element each having a capacitance value. The capacitor sections are provided in a plurality of wound cylindrical capacitive elements. Two vertically stacked wound cylindrical capacitance elements may each provide three capacitor sections. There may be six separately wound cylindrical capacitive elements each providing a capacitor section. The capacitor sections have a common element terminal.

Abstract: There is provided an electrolyte capacitor, which has a low ESR, and is superior in the heat resistance and reliable under a hot condition. The electrolyte capacitors in constructed by including a conductive polymer and a conductive auxiliary liquid having a lower conductivity than usual electrolyte, having a structure below. The conductive auxiliary liquid includes a high boiling point organic solvent having a boiling point of 150° C. or more, and an aromatic compound having at least one hydroxyl group. The aromatic compounds preferably includes an aromatic compound having at least one carboxyl group or an aromatic compound having at least one nitro group, or a combination of an aromatic compound having at least one carboxyl group with an aromatic compound having at least one nitro group.

Abstract: A current collector with improved electrochemical stability having a conductive resin layer formed thereon is provided. The current collector 3 of the present embodiment is structured by forming a conductive resin layer 1 on at least one side of a conductive substrate 2. Here, the conductive resin layer 1 contains an acryl-based resin or a soluble nitrocellulose-based resin, and a conductive material. The current collector 3 has a maximum current response of 10 ?A/cm2 or lower, when the current response is measured under conditions that the current collector is placed in a nonaqueous electrolyte solution at an electrode potential of +3V to +4.5V versus a lithium reference electrode.

Abstract: One embodiment of an apparatus to store electrical energy comprises at least: a first multilayer section, a second multilayer section disposed above the first multilayer section; and an electrical battery comprising a first terminal having a positive polarity and a second terminal having a negative polarity, wherein each of the first and second multilayer sections comprises at least a first magnetic layer having a fixed magnetization direction, a second magnetic layer having a reversible magnetization, and an isolative layer disposed between the first and second magnetic layers, the first and second magnetic layers are substantially anti-ferromagnetically coupled to each other through the isolative layer, and wherein the first multilayer section and the section multilayer sections are coupled to the first and second terminals of the electrically battery. Other embodiments are described and shown.

Abstract: [Problem] To obtain a solid electrolytic capacitor capable of suppressing leakage current and a method for manufacturing the solid electrolytic capacitor. [Solution] A solid electrolytic capacitor including anode body 2, first dielectric layer 3a formed on anode body 2 and including metal oxide, second dielectric layer 3b formed on first dielectric layer 3a and including an insulating polymer, third dielectric layer 3c formed on second dielectric layer 3b and including a dielectric substance having a higher dielectric constant than that of the metal oxide, and solid electrolyte layer 4 formed on third dielectric layer 3c.

Abstract: An electrolytic capacitor is constructed as a stacked structure of alternating anode and cathode plates. A clip is fitted over a peripheral portion of each cathode plate, the clips being welded together to electrically connect the cathode plates in common. The dimensions of the clips are such that the clips take up approximately the same space away from the edges of the cathode plates as the thickness of the anode plate on each side of a cathode plate when the anode and cathode plates are stacked upon one another.