Abstract: A receiver is composed of a receiver-side amplifier which receives a clock signal, a receiver-side amplifier which receives a data signal, a variable delay circuit which generates a delay-adjusted clock signal and a delay-adjusted data signal by delaying the clock signal and the data signal, a latch circuit section which latches the delay-adjusted data signal in synchronous with the delay-adjusted clock signal, and a skew detecting circuit which generates skew detection data that by latching a specific data sequence transmitted as the data signal in synchronous with a first clock signal to Nth clock signal (N is an integer equal to or more than 2) with different delay times from the clock signal. The delay time in the variable delay circuit is controlled according to the skew detection data.

Abstract: Systems and methodologies are described that facilitate transmitting at least two different types of information in a single signal, whereby the different types of information can be encoded and decoded independently. Thus, changes to one type of information does not affect a second type of information.

Abstract: A receiver front end circuit includes a low-noise amplifier including: a first receiver path having: a first low-noise transconductor to amplify a received signal and output the amplified received signal; and a first mixer to down-convert the amplified received signal. A second receiver path includes: an auxiliary receiver having: a second transconductor to output an amplified received signal; a baseband amplifier having an input port and an output port; a first resistance coupling the input port to the output port of the baseband amplifier and to convert the amplified received signal from current to voltage and set a voltage gain of the second receiver path; and a second resistance coupled from the output port of the baseband amplifier to the first mixer output. In some examples, frequency-upconversion feedback path includes a third mixer to frequency up-convert the amplified received signal at an output of the second receiver path.

Abstract: Methods, systems, and devices are described for equalizing data from an optical signal. Samples are filtered with at least one filter to compensate for polarization mode dispersion in an optical path. The filtered samples may be used to determine errors based on a difference between a radius of a recovered symbol and a target radius. A parameter may be assigned to one or more of the errors and properties of the at least one filter may be updated based on the assigned parameters. The parameter may be assigned from a small set of parameters based on at least one threshold value. Outputs generated from the filtered samples may also be assigned a parameter from a different set of parameters. The parameter assigned to the output may be used to update the particular set of taps of the at least one filter from which the output was generated.

Abstract: In one embodiment, a receiver may receive a signal from a transmitter. The receiver may include a first sampler that may sample the signal when the value of the signal is zero. The receiver may further include a second sampler that may sample the signal halfway between a time when the first sampler samples the signal and the next time when the first sampler samples the signal to produce a set of sampled values. The receiver may be further operable to determine that a sampled value in the set of sampled values is a logic 1 if the sampled value is greater than the value of a reference voltage and that the sampled value is a logic 0 if the sampled value is less than the value of the reference voltage.

Abstract: One embodiment relates to a low intermediate frequency (IF) receiver. The low-IF receiver includes an analog front end that is configured to receive a modulated IQ data signal and provide an in-phase signal and a quadrature signal, where the in-phase signal is phase shifted by approximately 90° relative to the quadrature signal. The low-IF receiver further includes a digital processing block, and a single path that provides only one of the in-phase signal and the quadrature signal to the digital processing block. Other receivers and methods are also disclosed.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a clock and data recovery (CDR) unit comprising of a bang-bang phase detector to receive data and a recovered clock from a phase selector multiplexer. The phase detector produces a late and an early comparison output. A block (digital filter) receives the late and early input and produces a multiplexer selector control signal. The phase selector multiplexer selects a clock phase as the recovered clock signal using multiplexer selector control signal.

Abstract: A method of canceling sinusoidal interference from a received signal includes identifying a block of signal-free data containing sinusoidal interference. A model of the significant interference in the selected data block is constructed, scaled to subsequent data blocks and used to remove sinusoidal interference signals from the overall received signal.

Abstract: Methods and systems are described for improving a data at a receiver using one or more signal peak detectors. A signal is received having an initial signal level from the transmitter, the signal having a long bit and a short bit. The initial signal voltage of the signal is measured using a signal peak detector. A pre-emphasis value is determined using the signal voltage and is communicated to the transmitter, causing the transmitter to transmit the signal using an adjusted signal level. A second signal voltage of the initial signal is measured using a second signal peak detector, the second signal voltage being used to determine the pre-emphasis value. In another embodiment, a state machine having data relating to appropriate pre-emphasis is used in determining the pre-emphasis value. In another embodiment, one peak detector is used to measure the long bit and another peak detector is used to measure the short bit. In another embodiment, the signal does not have associated link training data.

Abstract: An apparatus provides a baseband signal for exploiting receive antenna diversity by means of a digital baseband processor. The apparatus includes a combiner configured to temporally delay a first received signal corresponding to a first receive antenna with respect to a second received signal corresponding to a second receive antenna, and to add the delayed first received signal and the second received signal to obtain a baseband representation of a combined signal at an output of the combiner as the baseband signal for exploiting receive antenna diversity.

Abstract: Disclosed are various embodiments for a symbol level Krylov method equalizer implemented in a wireless communications device. An HSDPA or WCDMA signal is input to the wireless communications device. A conjugate gradient method is applied to symbol-level samples of the signal until a termination condition is met. The termination condition may comprise having zero residual error, residual error below a threshold, or a specified number of iterations. Additionally, a preconditioning matrix may be applied to the inputs of the conjugate gradient method.

Abstract: In an embodiment, a channel estimator includes first and second stages. The first stage is operable to generate a respective one-dimensional array of first channel-estimation coefficients for each communication path of a communication channel, and the second stage is operable to generate a multi-dimensional array of second channel-estimation coefficients in response to the first channel-estimation coefficients. For example, such a channel estimator may estimate the response of a channel over which propagates an orthogonal-frequency-division-multiplexed (OFDM) signal that suffers from inter-carrier interference (ICI) due to Doppler spread. Such a channel estimator may estimate the channel response more efficiently, and with a simpler algorithm, than conventional channel estimators.

Abstract: In one embodiment, a method comprising receiving at a first node a first data frame having a first frequency and a first phase, receiving at the first node a second data frame having a second frequency and a second phase, and determining a first phase difference between the first phase and the second phase by correlating one or more first sampling values associated with data in the first data frame with one or more second sampling values associated with data in the second data frame.

Abstract: A carrier state modulator system is described in which a stream of digital data bits is encoded by modulating the amplitude or phase of a carrier wave. A transmitter modulates the amplitude of a selected number cycles of the carrier in accordance with the state of each digital data bit. A receiver decodes the carrier state modulated signal by determining a phase score for the specified number of cycles of the modulated signal, the phase score based on a number of samples of the amplitude on a positive side of each cycle of the modulated signal that is above a selected amplitude and a second number of samples of an amplitude on a negative side of each cycle of the modulated signal that is below the selected amplitude. The value of the encoded digital data bit of the modulated signal is determined from the phase score.

Abstract: An ultra-low power super-regenerative receiver and method thereof are provided. The ultra-low power super-regenerative receiver includes a quench waveform generator configured to generate a quench waveform. The ultra-low power super-regenerative receiver further includes a super-regenerative oscillator configured to generate an oscillation signal based on the quench waveform. The ultra-low power super-regenerative receiver further includes a bandwidth adjustor configured to control the quench waveform based on a bandwidth of a signal received by the ultra-low power super-regenerative receiver, to dynamically adjust a bandwidth of the oscillation signal.

Abstract: A radio signal transmission technique includes selecting a sample rate from a plurality of predefined sample rates so that the radio signal is contained entirely within a Nyquist zone corresponding to the sample rate. A digitized signal is converted to an analog signal, spectrally enhanced, and passed through a selected one of a plurality of selectable bandpass filters to form the radio signal.

Abstract: A method, apparatus, and computer program for detecting sequences of digitally modulated symbols transmitted by multiple sources are provided. A real-domain representation that separately treats in-phase and quadrature components of a received vector, channel gains, and a transmitted vector transmitted by the multiple sources is determined. The real-domain representation is processed to obtain a triangular matrix. In addition, at least one of the following is performed: (i) hard decision detection of a transmitted sequence and demapping of corresponding bits based on a reduced complexity search of a number of transmit sequences, and (ii) generation of bit soft-output values based on the reduced complexity search of the number of transmit sequences. The reduced complexity search is based on the triangular matrix.

Abstract: A method includes receiving signals transmitted over a communication channel in multiple blocks transmitted in respective frequency bins during respective time intervals. An estimate of the communication channel, for a given block transmitted during a respective time interval, is computed by (i) computing respective interim filtering results for the blocks transmitted in the respective time interval in the respective frequency bins belonging to the predefined subset, by filtering a first group of the reference signals that are transmitted in odd-order frequency bins and in a first set of symbols, so as to produce odd-order interim filtering results, and filtering a second group of the reference signals that are transmitted in even-order frequency bins and in a second set of symbols that does not overlap the first set, so as to produce even-order interim filtering results; and (ii) combining the odd-order interim filtering results and the even-order interim filtering results.

Abstract: An object of the present invention is to provide a receiving apparatus and a receiving method capable of preventing phase rotation of a signal after FFT from occurring on a frequency domain. Further, the receiving apparatus according to the present invention is provided with: a window control unit configured to control a position of an FFT window in which FFT is performed to the time domain signal, and output FFT data corresponding to the FFT window; a signal delaying unit configured to generate, from the time domain signal, a plurality of delay signals with different delay amounts; and a signal switching unit having a switch for outputting by switching between two of the time domain signal and the plurality of delay signals based on a predetermined switch timing, the signal switching unit being configured to output the FFT data including the output signal of the switch.

Abstract: One aspect of the present invention includes a bi-phase communication receiver system. The system includes an analog-to-digital converter (ADC) configured to sample a bi-phase modulation signal to generate digital samples of the bi-phase modulation signal. The system also includes a bi-phase signal decoder configured to decode the bi-phase modulation signal based on the digital samples. The system further includes a preamble detector comprising a digital filter configured to evaluate the digital samples to generate an output and to detect a preamble of the bi-phase modulation signal for decoding the bi-phase modulation signal based on the output.

Abstract: A satellite signal which carries a navigation message including satellite-specific information is received. Data of the navigation message is demodulated from received satellite signal. Error detection processing is carried out on demodulated data on a word basis of the navigation message. The number of bit transitions is counted at each corresponding bit transition position with respect to a first word in which an error is detected in the error detection processing and which carries the satellite-specific information, and plural second words belonging to a different frame from a frame to which the first word belongs and having a common part with the first word. A bit value of the first word is detected based on the number of bit transitions counted.

Abstract: Disclosed is a method of transmitting dual digital signals through a single antenna. The method includes receiving, by a transmitter, a first data stream and a second data stream which use the same carrier frequency, modulating, by the transmitter, each of the first data stream and the second data stream, lowering, by the transmitter, a power level of the modulated second data stream, combining, by the transmitter, the modulated first data stream and the second data stream with the lowered power level, and transmitting, by the transmitter, the added first data stream and second data stream to a single antenna in the same channel.

Abstract: A multichannel radio receiver may include a radio frequency (RF) subsystem and a digital subsystem. The RF subsystem may be configured to provide analog information associated with a radio band to an analog to digital converter (ADC). The ADC samples the analog input and sends digital output to the digital subsystem. The digital subsystem may be configured with one or more channelizers and one or more decoders. A channelizer within the digital subsystem may filter and re-sample the digital output to result in a channel plan having a desired bandwidth and a desired sample rate. The sample rate may be selected for compatibility with a decoder. The decoder may have design specifications based in part on a modulation scheme to be decoded. The design specifications may indicate the desired sample rate to be provided by the channelizer.

Abstract: A method and apparatus are described including receiving a first signal including first data in a first time slot of a first channel (705), receiving a second signal including second data in a second time slot of a second channel (710), determining a first pre-coding matrix (715), determining a second pre-coding matrix (720), applying the first pre-coding matrix to the first data to produce pre-coded first data (725), applying the second pre-coding matrix to the second data to produce pre-coded second data (730), generating a third signal by combining the pre-coded first data and the pre-coded second data (735) and transmitting the third signal on the first channel and on the second channel (740). Also described are a method and apparatus including transmitting a first signal (605), receiving a second signal including a first training sequence (610) and decoding the second signal by removing the first training sequence and removing the first signal (615).

Abstract: Testing a Decision Feedback Equalizer (‘DFE’), the DFE including a summing amplifier operatively coupled to a plurality of latches and an input signal line for receiving a data signal, including: preventing a differential data signal from being received by the summing amplifier; and iteratively for each tap to be tested: setting a tap coefficient for each tap to zero; setting an output of the plurality of latches to a predetermined value; setting a tap coefficient for the tap to be tested to a full scale value; and determining whether a resultant output signal from the DFE matches a predetermined expected output signal.

Abstract: An exemplary system comprises at least one antenna, first and second signal paths, and an N-plexer. The antenna may be configured to receive first and second diversity receive signals. The antenna is further configured to transmit first and second diversity transmit signals. The first signal path may have a frequency converter configured to downconvert the first diversity receive signal to an intermediate frequency and to upconvert the first diversity transmit signal to a radio frequency. The second signal path may have a frequency converter configured to downconvert the second diversity receive signal to an intermediate frequency and to upconvert the second diversity transmit signal to the radio frequency. The N-plexer may be configured to provide the first and second diversity receive signals to a cable and to provide from the cable the first and second diversity transmit signals to the first signal path and the second signal path, respectively.

Abstract: An analog modem circuit and carrier recovery method are disclosed for use between an RF receiver and a digital modem circuit configured for receiving a baseband RF input signal, and including an up-converter with frequency supplied by an up-converter voltage controlled oscillator, VCO; a down-converter with frequency supplied by a down-converter VCO; a Costas loop sub-module; and baseband outputs from the down-converter to a digital modem circuit. The up-converter feeds the down-converter, and the Costas loop module performs Costas loop functionality on the output of the down-converter to control the up-converter VCO frequency output to thereby control modification of rotation of symbols of the baseband signal.

Abstract: An HDMI signal adjusting method is provided. A method for adjusting an HDMI signal of a high definition multimedia interface (HDMI) signal receiving apparatus includes: setting an equalizer gain for an HDMI signal, receiving an HDMI signal which is adjusted according to signal adjustment information set by an HDMI signal transmitting apparatus from the HDMI signal transmitting apparatus, signal-processing the received HDMI signal according to the set equalizer gain, detecting an error rate of the signal-processed HDMI signal, and transmitting signal adjustment information corresponding to an HDMI signal having a lowest error rate from among a plurality of the signal-processed HDMI signals corresponding to a plurality of different combinations of the equalizer gain and the signal adjustment information to the HDMI signal transmitting apparatus.

Abstract: In some embodiments, a method includes receiving, at a receiver of a first device via a channel of a communication medium, multiple data transmissions. Each data transmission of the multiple data transmissions has a guard interval of multiple guard intervals, wherein the multiple guard intervals have different lengths. The method includes determining, based on signal characteristics of the multiple data transmissions, the data transmission from among the multiple data transmissions having a preferred physical data rate. The method includes setting a length of an adjusted guard interval for the channel for data communication from a transmitter of a second device to the receiver of the first device via the communication medium, to a length of the guard interval for the data transmission having the preferred physical data rate.

Abstract: A method for calibrating mismatches of an in-phase signal path and a quadrature signal path of a transmitter, including: additionally configuration at least one mixer calibration coefficient at a transmitting part of the transmitter; obtaining at least one mixer testing signal from the transmitting part via loopback for spectrum analysis to derive at least one mixer spectrum analysis result; adjusting the mixer calibration coefficient of the transmitting part according to the mixer spectrum analysis result; and additionally utilizing an in-phase signal path finite impulse response filter and a quadrature signal path finite impulse response filter to calibrate mismatches between a low pass filter of the in-phase signal path of the transmitting part of the transmitter and a low pass filter of the quadrature signal path of the transmitting part of the transmitter. A similar mismatch calibration operation may be applied to a receiver.

Abstract: A station in a wireless communication system includes a processor circuitry configured to form at least a first plurality of data streams and a second plurality of data streams, and a digital precoder configured to receive the first plurality of data streams and the second plurality of data streams. The wireless station can further include a plurality of radio frequency (RF) beamforming chains connected to the digital precoder and configured to form at least one RF envelope, wherein the digital precoder is configured to steer a plurality of digital beams within the at least one RF beam envelope, the digital beams forming a plurality of spatially distinct paths for the first plurality of data streams and a plurality of spatially distinct paths for the second plurality of data streams, and a plurality of antennas operably connected to the RF beamforming chains.

Abstract: Methods and apparatus for timing synchronization based on transitional pilot symbols. In an aspect, a method is provided for time tracking synchronization in an OFDM system. The method includes receiving at least one TDM pilot symbol comprising a plurality of modulated sub-carriers that are configured to provide a channel estimate having a length that extends up to a duration of an FFT used for data transmission. The method also includes determining one or both of an instantaneous and averaged channel estimates from the plurality of modulated sub-carriers, and calculating a timing offset based on one or both of the channel estimates. An apparatus includes a receiver configured to receive the at least one TDM pilot symbol, a channel estimator configured to determine the instantaneous and averaged channel estimates, and a time synchronizer configured to calculate a timing offset based on the channel estimates.

Abstract: A method for adaptive communication in an HF frequency band includes at least one of the following steps: the determination of a payload subband S that is available for a transmission in the HF band, the selection in the payload subband S of a set of n frequency channels of identical width according to a frequency allocation plan and the quality of the link of each of said channels, or the simultaneous transmission on the n frequency channels of a signal complying with an HF waveform.

Abstract: In one embodiment, an apparatus is provided that includes a first circuit configured and arranged to provide a modulated carrier signal in response to a signal provided from the antenna. The modulated carrier signal conveys data using peaks or amplitudes of the carrier signal. A second circuit is configured to rectify the modulated carrier signal and integrate the rectified signal in response to a first clock signal. A third circuit is coupled to an output of the second circuit and is configured to sample the integrated signal values and provide therefrom a sample-based approximation of the modulated carrier signal.

Abstract: A receiver system and method for recovering information from a symbol data sequence Y. The symbol data sequence Y corresponds to a symbol data sequence X that is transmitted onto the channel by a transmitter. The symbol data sequence X is generated by the transmitter based on associated information bits. At the receiver, a set of two or more processors operate in parallel on two or more overlapping subsequences of the symbol data sequence Y, where each of the two or more overlapping subsequences of the symbol data sequence Y corresponds to a respective portion of a trellis. The trellis describes redundancy in the symbol data sequence Y. The action of operating in parallel generates soft estimates for the associated information bits. The soft estimates are useable to form a receive message corresponding to the associated information bits.

Abstract: A method for symbol detection includes assigning a received symbol to at least one particular candidate symbol of a set of candidate symbols of a finite candidate symbol alphabet based on a metric between the received symbol and the at least one particular candidate symbol, the metric comprising contributions with respect to channel-based information and contributions with respect to a priori information.

Abstract: Systems for communicating over a communication interface are provided. An integrated circuit includes circuitry for monitoring a current flowing between two terminals of the integrated circuit. The integrated circuit also includes a voltage driver circuit for modulating a voltage between two terminals of the integrated circuit. The voltage driver modulates the voltage across the two terminals of the integrated circuit to encode data according to the Highway Addressable Remote Transducer protocol.

Abstract: A vectored-DSL method and system and a board relate to the field of digital subscriber line DSL data processing, so as to increase user capacity of a vectored-DSL system. The vectored-DSL method includes: receiving, by at least one board, and pre-processing user data of the board; transmitting, by the board, the user data of the board to an auxiliary vector processor on the board to perform internal vectorization processing, so as to obtain internally processed data; transmitting, by the board, the user data thereof to a centralized vector processor to perform external vectorization processing, so as to obtain externally processed data; and receiving, by the board, the externally processed data of the board, and post-processing the externally processed data and the internally processed data.

Abstract: This invention discloses a data receiving device and method thereof for identifying a transmission mode of a data signal. The method includes steps of: generating a first reference clock according to a source clock; generating a phase detection signal according to the data signal and a data recovery clock; adjusting the phase of the first reference clock according to the phase detection signal to generate the data recovery clock; generating a second reference clock according to the phase detection signal and the first reference clock, the second reference clock and the data recovery clock having the same frequency and a phase difference; detecting the transmission mode according to the second reference clock and the data signal to generate a mode signal; and deciding whether to change the frequency of the first reference clock according to the mode signal.

Abstract: A method of filtering an input sample stream having a downsampling rate is disclosed to generate an output sample stream having an upsampling rate that is less than the downsampling rate. The input sample stream is input to a rate change filter having multiple filter branches. The input sample stream is filtered at each of the multiple filter branches to output filtered sample substreams. Each of the multiple filter branches have filter coefficients corresponding to a different phase of the filter response. The filtered sample substreams are stored in a memory and the stored filtered sample substreams are combined to generate the output sample stream.

Abstract: Methods and apparatus for transferring data along a link with a 10GBASE-T transceiver at a variable data rate are disclosed. One exemplary method includes detecting a link quality metric; and selecting a symbol transmission rate and a data modulation scheme based on the detected link quality metric. In many implementations, for a selected symbol transmission rate, if the detected link quality metric is less than a link quality threshold, then the selecting of the data modulation scheme is performed such that a data bit per symbol value represented by the selected data modulation scheme is decreased by at least ½ data bit per symbol. The selected symbol transmission rate and the selected modulation together represent a selectable data rate from a selection of data rates.

Abstract: Provided is a timing signal supply device that can frequently perform a phase comparison on a side of receiving a supply of a timing signal and flexibly achieve various operation modes. A GPS receiver 11 includes a baseband processing module 16 and a PN code output terminal 26. The baseband processing module 16 performs a positioning calculation based on positioning signals received from GPS satellites. The PN code output terminal 26 is configured so as to be able to output, based on the result of the positioning calculation by the baseband processing module 16, a PN code that is repeated every second in synchronization with the coordinated universal time.

Abstract: A reception circuit that receives data in serial communications through a plurality of lanes includes a plurality of buffers provided for each of the plurality of lanes that each stores data received through corresponding lane, a multilane control circuit that detects the skew between the lanes, and outputs an adjustment instruction for adjusting a read address of a buffer and a deskew information indicating that a skew adjustment between which buffer the lanes is to be performed based on the detected skew, and a plurality of address control circuits provided for each of the plurality of lanes that each transmits the adjustment instruction to a corresponding buffer when receiving the deskew information, wherein the buffer that has received the adjustment instruction adjusting its read address.

Abstract: A communications system includes a receiver unit connected with a transmission channel. The receiver unit determines a signal power of a first communications signal received over the transmission channel. A transmitter unit is connected with the transmission channel and transmits a second communications signal, wherein a gain of the communications signal being output by the transmitter unit is controllable. A control unit controls the gain of the transmitter unit in response to the determined signal power. At the receiver unit, detection of broadcast signal ingress during data communication is improved and methods for avoiding disturbances between coexisting communications systems may become more reliable. Different distances between successive training symbols suitable for channel estimation may be provided to enhance the noise measurement.

Abstract: The invention may provide a receiver including a front-end block to provide a front-end gain on a radio-frequency input signal. The front-end block may include a mixer to convert the radio-frequency input signal to a baseband signal. The receiver also may include a wide-band peak detector coupled to the front-end block and a baseband block to provide a baseband gain on the baseband signal. An analog-to-digital converter may convert the baseband signal to a digital signal. The receiver may further include narrow-band peak detector coupled to an output of the analog-to-digital converter. An automatic gain control circuit may independently control the front-end gain and the baseband gain based on outputs from the wide-band peak detector and narrowband peak detector.

Abstract: A receiving station receives an orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) symbol via a shared medium, the OFDM symbol comprising a first set of frequency components modulated with preamble information and a second set of frequency components modulated with information. The receiving station processes sampled values of the received OFDM symbol based on channel characteristics estimated from the first set of frequency components to decode information encoded on a first subset of the second set of frequency components. The receiving station processes sampled values from the first symbol based on channel characteristics estimated from the first set of frequency components and the first subset of the second set of frequency components to decode information encoded on a second subset of the second set of frequency components.

Abstract: The present invention discloses a signal level decision device to determine the level of a source signal. Said source signal comprises a plurality of source messages along a time axis; each source message corresponds to one of a plurality of normal levels; and each normal level is equivalent to at least one of a plurality of extension levels. The signal decision device comprises: a storage circuit to store the level information of the normal level(s) and the equivalent extension level(s) thereof in connection with some or all of the source messages; a transition parameter calculation circuit to calculate a plurality of transition parameters of the normal level and its equivalent extension level(s) in connection with each of the source messages according to the level information; and a decision circuit to determine the level of each of the source messages according to the plurality of transition parameters.

Abstract: A modulator generates a modulation signal from an input signal, and a serial-parallel converter generates a subcarrier modulation signal from the modulation signal. An IFFT unit performs an inverse fast Fourier transformation on the subcarrier modulation signal to generate first data. An operator multiplies respective elements of the first data by amplitude coefficients, and further adds dispersion coefficients to the multiplication result, the amplitude coefficients being real numbers other than 0 defined for the respective elements, at least one of the amplitude coefficients having a value other than 1, the dispersion coefficients being complex numbers defined for the respective components, and at least one of the dispersion coefficients having a value other than 0. Then, data symbols are generated based on a calculation result. A transmitter transmits a transmission frame including the data symbols to another apparatus via an antenna.

Abstract: The present invention makes it possible to generate precoding weights reliably, even in downlink MIMO transmission using a plurality of transmitting antennas. The present invention includes: a first feedback information selection section (109) that, in a mode to include a PTI in a PUCCH and feed back the PTI to a radio base station apparatus for downlink MIMO transmission using a plurality of transmitting antennas, selects the same RI as the last RI that was fed back, when the value of the PTI is changed from 0 to 1; a multiplexer (115) that multiplexes the RI and the PTI after the change on a subframe; and a transmission section that transmits the multiplex signal to the radio base station apparatus by the PUCCH.

Abstract: A receiver includes a positive pulse determination circuit and a negative pulse determination circuit. The positive pulse determination circuit outputs a first L-level between when a pulse signal having a negative amplitude is detected and when neither a pulse signal having a positive amplitude nor a pulse signal having a negative amplitude is detected; otherwise a first H-level if a pulse signal having a positive amplitude is detected during another period. The negative pulse determination circuit outputs a second L-level between when a pulse signal having a positive amplitude is detected and when neither a pulse signal having a positive amplitude nor a pulse signal having a negative amplitude is detected; otherwise a second H-level is output if a pulse signal having a negative amplitude is detected during the other period.